A starting system for measuring low airspeeds of a single-rotor helicopter

We consider the peculiarities of constructing and the algorithms of primary information processing for a starting system of measuring the value and direction of the wind velocity vector during parking, in moving and maneuvering on the ground surface. Also the components of the true airspeed vector at the takeoff/landing and hovering regimes are considered.     

基于声学风洞的麦克风阵列测试技术应用研究

根据声学风洞气动噪声试验研究的需求,介绍了一种适用于声学风洞试验的麦克风阵列测试技术,并针对声学风洞的特点,利用风洞射流剪切层修正方法,提高了麦克风阵列识别声源的精准度。通过数值仿真和在0．55m×0．4m声学风洞的试验研究,验证了麦克风阵列测试系统和麦克风阵列数据处理方法识别声源的能力。研究结果表明所采用的麦克风阵列测试技术可用于声学风洞试验。最后还采用36通道的麦克风阵列在0．55m×0．4m声学风洞开展了NACA23018翼型气动噪声试验研究,试验明显地观察到翼型后缘噪声,获得不同迎角下翼型的噪声特性。     

双发进气道抽吸试验系统及流量高精度测量技术

针对常规进气道试验方法存在流量测量精度低、综合试验能力差等诸多问题,及无法满足不同类型进气道在不同工况下开展性能试验的需要的状况,建立了一套应用于TBCC等双发发动机进气道风洞试验的抽吸试验系统及流量高精度测量技术.系统采用文氏流量计测量方法,以提高进气道流量测量的精度;采用在流量计末端直接加装中压环形引射器抽吸进气道主气流的方法,以满足不同类型进气道在不同工况下对吸入流量的需求;通过设计两套独立的管道系统并分别进行流量的测量与控制,以满足双发进气道不同工况性能匹配和耦合试验的需求.通过风洞验证试验验证了流量计的测量效果和引射器的引射能力,通过风洞应用试验验证了试验系统对不同形式进气道的综合试验能力.试验结果表明,试验系统测量精度高,引射抽吸能力和综合试验能力强,能全面满足各类进气道风洞试验的需求.     

风洞模型位移光学测量技术应用综述

风洞试验中,模型姿态的测量是影响数据精准度的一个重要因素,而测量上的一个微小变化,常常对实际应用价值造成巨大影响。当代测量技术发展的一个新领域是应用光学技术。概述了国外主要的风洞模型位移光学测量系统,包括测量依据、应用风洞、模型要求、数据后处理以及精度情况。这些测量系统应用于静态试验和动态试验中,用于模型位移、姿态角和弯曲变形的测量。从应用现状、应用环节、操作步骤、发展趋势等方面进行了描述,并给出了结论。比较这些模型位移光学测量技术可知它们各有优缺点,应用条件不一样。     

基于PSD的模型姿态角和振动测量技术原理性研究

为了适应风洞发展的需要,满足风洞测量技术精细化、多样化的要求,开展了基于位置敏感器件（PSD）技术的模型姿态角测量系统的原理性研究。对PSD探测头进行了详细设计,完成了姿态角测量试验平台和数据采集处理系统,并开展了初步的测量试验。通过原理性试验证明,测量系统的测量范围为-10°～10°,测量准确度为0.036°,测量精度为0.016°。还对系统应用于振动的测量进行了原理性的研究,获得了初步的研究数据。随着进一步的细化和精确度的进一步提高,基于PSD技术的模型姿态角测量系统在风洞模型的姿态和振动测量、姿态角测量机构的标定和检定、视频测量系统的相互验证等领域具有非常大的应用潜力。     

用直接测力方法进行软质翼型的气动特性研究

在西北工业大学NF-3低速风洞运用翼型气动力直接测量的方法对软质翼型进行风洞试验研究,对比了软、硬质翼型模型的试验结果。结果表明：软质翼型模型与硬质翼型模型在相同风速下具有不同的气动力特性。在一定风速下,软质翼型模型的表面会发生变化,从而影响了气动力。由于该影响非常复杂,因此在研究软质翼型模型的气动特性时进行风洞试验是必要的。     

带五分量抑制机构的高精度滚转力矩测量技术

滚转通道是飞行器控制的重要通道,且在试验中滚转单元受天平其它元干扰较大。为了准确测量滚转力矩,特别开发了带五分量抑制机构的高精度滚转测量技术。该技术设计原理是通过带机械深沟球轴承的抑制机构对除滚转力矩外的五个分量进行抑制。该技术一方面具有较高的滚转力矩测量灵敏度,另一方面能够有效抑制除滚转力矩外的其它五个分量,从而得到准确滚转力矩信号。     

The Cassini Magnetic Field Investigation

The dual technique magnetometer system onboard the Cassini orbiter is described. This instrument consists of vector helium and fluxgate magnetometers with the capability to operate the helium device in a scalar mode. This special mode is used near the planet in order to determine with very high accuracy the interior field of the planet. The orbital mission will lead to a detailed understanding of the Saturn/Titan system including measurements of the planetary magnetosphere, and the interactions of Saturn with the solar wind, of Titan with its environments, and of the icy satellites within the magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

连续变迎角测力试验技术在大型暂冲式跨声速风洞中的应用

由于暂冲式高速风洞运行时间短暂,普遍采用阶梯变迎角方式进行静态测力试验,其试验信息量难以满足先进飞行器研制的试验需求。为在暂冲式高速风洞中获得更为详尽的气动力信息,在2．4m跨声速风洞中进行了连续变迎角测力试验技术应用研究。主要介绍了该项试验技术的基本特点,给出了J7标模的主要试验结果。结果表明,该项试验技术获得的气动力数据与常规阶梯方式具有很好的一致性,可以满足工程实用的要求。     

航空矢量喷管测试平台用六分量盒式天平结构设计

为了满足航空发动机推力矢量高精度测量的需求,研制了一种结构紧凑的能够实现推力矢量彻底分解的六分量盒式天平.该天平关键结构包括:三维传感器、固定框和浮动框.其中三维传感器的弹性体采用串、并联组合的结构型式.基于有限元分析,对传感器弹性体的设计进行了模拟,结果显示传感器各测力元件对本分量载荷作用敏感程度均远高于其他分量,支撑元件也较好地阻隔了各测力元件之间的相互干扰,该结论也通过了传感器的校准验证.六分量盒式天平整体的刚度和模态分析结果:天平无需做弹性角修正;1阶固有频率为218.8Hz,高于设计指标180Hz.六分量盒式天平校准表明:天平各分量精确度优于3‰,准确度优于5‰.      

基于彩色编码的副油箱风洞模型位姿测量方法

高速飞行器副油箱分离位姿参数是飞行器以及副油箱设计的重要基础数据。位姿参数测量工作多在高度模拟飞行器飞行状态的风洞环境下进行,对缩比模型实施高速非接触测量。受风洞试验段观察视窗限制以及副油箱模型形状影响,副油箱模型位姿测量十分困难。首先针对风洞观察视窗以及风洞复杂环境对图像采集效果的影响,提出了基于自发光单元的副油箱运动序列图像采集方法,采用双目视觉系统高速采集获得目标物的清晰序列图像;其次,提出基于环绕式彩色编码的自发光标记点匹配方法,实现风洞复杂环境内标记点的高精度匹配;最后,根据副油箱表面合作标记点的三维坐标获取副油箱模型的位姿信息。试验结果表明:所提出的位姿测量方法满足测量要求,其最大位移误差不超过0.102mm、最大角度误差不超过0.201°。     

The Plasma Ion and Electron Instruments for the Genesis Mission

The Genesis Ion Monitor (GIM) and the Genesis Electron Monitor (GEM) provide 3-dimensional plasma measurements of the solar wind for the Genesis mission. These measurements are used onboard to determine the type of plasma that is flowing past the spacecraft and to configure the solar wind sample collection subsystems in real-time. Both GIM and GEM employ spherical-section electrostatic analyzers followed by channel electron multiplier (CEM) arrays for detection and angle and energy/charge analysis of incident ions and electrons. GIM is of a new design specific to Genesis mission requirements whereas the GEM sensor is an almost exact copy of the plasma electron sensors currently flying on the ACE and Ulysses spacecraft, albeit with new electronics and programming. Ions are detected at forty log-spaced energy levels between ∼ 1 eV and 14 keV by eight CEM detectors, while electrons with energies between ∼ 1 eV and 1.4 keV are measured at twenty log-spaced energy levels using seven CEMs. The spin of the spacecraft is used to sweep the fan-shaped fields-of-view of both instruments across all areas of the sky of interest, with ion measurements being taken forty times per spin and samples of the electron population being taken twenty four times per spin. Complete ion and electron energy spectra are measured every ∼ 2.5 min (four spins of the spacecraft) with adequate energy and angular resolution to determine fully 3-dimensional ion and electron distribution functions. The GIM and GEM plasma measurements are principally used to enable the operational solar wind sample collection goals of the Genesis mission but they also provide a potentially very useful data set for studies of solar wind phenomena, especially if combined with other solar wind data sets from ACE, WIND, SOHO and Ulysses for multi-spacecraft investigations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

核热源功率测量系统冷端温度控制策略

基于核热源功率测量系统冷端温度控制需要，建立系统动态特性模型.在开环仿真分析的基础上，分别设计了PID（proportion integration differentiation）控制、模糊控制以及支持向量机(SVMsupport vector machines)智能预测控制3种控制算法，并完成了其仿真研究，验证了测量系统控温的可行性.结果表明:将SVM优秀的非线性函数逼近能力与预测控制相结合来拟合被控非线性系统模型，并通过支持向量机的预测结果进行反馈校正，使系统具有良好的鲁棒性和稳定性，易于工程应用.      

Nickel Isotopic Composition and Nickel/Iron Ratio in the Solar Wind: Results from SOHO/CELIAS/MTOF

Using the Mass Time-of-Flight Spectrometer (MTOF)—part of the Charge, Elements, Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS)—onboard the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, we derive the nickel isotopic composition for the isotopes with mass 58, 60 and 62 in the solar wind. In addition we measure the elemental abundance ratio of nickel to iron. We use data accumulated during ten years of SOHO operation to get sufficiently high counting statistics and compare periods of different solar wind velocities. We compare our values with the meteoritic ratios, which are believed to be a reliable reference for the solar system and also for the solar outer convective zone, since neither element is volatile and no isotopic fractionation is expected in meteorites. Meteoritic isotopic abundances agree with the terrestrial values and can thus be considered to be a reliable reference for the solar isotopic composition. The measurements show that the solar wind elemental Ni/Fe-ratio and the isotopic composition of solar wind nickel are consistent with the meteoritic values. This supports the concept that low-FIP elements are fed without relative fractionation into the solar wind. Our result also confirms the absence of substantial isotopic fractionation processes for medium and heavy ions acting in the solar wind.     

小型无人飞行器风场扰动自适应控制方法

针对小型无人飞行器在执行任务时传感器测量精度低、受风场扰动影响大的问题,提出了一种利用矢量域与滑模控制相结合的复合控制方式,有效地实现了对小型无人飞行器的轨迹与航向的自适应跟踪。将复杂航迹分解为直线段与圆弧段分别构建矢量域,从而确定基于位置误差的航迹信息,并通过机载传感器获得状态和位置信息,利用滑模控制方法抑制风场扰动对小型无人飞行器的影响。试验结果表明,本文提出的控制算法能够保证阵风干扰情况下小型无人飞行器的航迹控制精度,同时具有良好的动态响应。     

微波谐振腔品质因数测量方法改进研究

提出一种用于测量微波谐振腔品质因数的标量反射系数平均法。建立简化的等效电路模型，对不同算法进行研究，发现修正标量反射系数法不受离散误差影响但比矢量法误差大，得到标量反射系数平均法，并利用矢量网络分析仪实测了底置式谐振腔，实验结果表明，标量发射系数平均法在准确性和稳定性方面均有一定的优越性。     

A scaling procedure for measuring thermal structural vibration generated by wall pressure fluctuation

This paper attempts to develop a scaling procedure to measure structural vibration caused simultaneously by wall pressure fluctuations and the thermal load of hypersonic flow by a wind tunnel test. However, simulating the effect of thermal load is difficult with a scaled model in a wind tunnel due to the nonlinear effect of thermal load on a structure. In this work, the temperature variation of a structure is proposed to indicate the nonlinear effect of the thermal load,which provides a means to simulate both the thermal load and wall pressure fluctuations of a hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) in a wind tunnel test. To validate the scaling procedure,both numerical computations and measurements are performed in this work. Theoretical results show that the scaling procedure can also be adapted to the buckling temperature of a structure even though the scaling procedure is derived from a reference temperature below the critical temperature of the structure. For the measurement, wall pressure fluctuations and thermal environment are simulated by creating hypersonic flow in a wind tunnel. Some encouraging results demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaling procedure for assessing structural vibration generated by hypersonic flow. The scaling procedure developed in this study will provide theoretical support to develop a new measurement technology to evaluate vibration of aircraft due to hypersonic flow.     

Fiber-optic gyros and quartz accelerometers for motion control

In article the opportunity of use strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) on the base of fiber-optic gyroscopes and quartz accelerometers corrected from star sensors and satellite navigation equipment (SNE) for perspective interplanetary spacecrafts motion control on phases of interplanetary trajectory insertion, trajectory correction, and braking during transition to Mars orbit is investigated. Results of onboard control complex accuracy characteristics estimation are presented at the given dynamic spacecraft scheme which is taking into account the liquid oscillations in tanks and structure elements elasticity. At modelling the errors of measuring devices installation, errors of SINS initial alignment and instrumental errors of SINS sensitive elements, variation of control engines parameters were taken into account. The structure of the developed complex of imitation modelling of interplanetary spacecraft controlled motion is resulted. Estimations of active flight legs realization accuracy were received by a method of statistical modelling of spacecraft controlled motion     

2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量精度研究

风洞试验中模型的位置和变形测量对试验数据精准度至关重要。为此,创建2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量系统,提出度量其测量误差的方法,并实验研究其测量精度。研究发现,试验中的振动对测量精度影响极大,采用振动环境中相机位、姿解算方法后,试验段底部的编码标记点的测量误差从22．80-48．48mm降至0．03～0．64mm。     

建筑风环境风洞试验中风速探头的研制与应用

研制简易风速探头并通过风洞试验研究探头的气动力特性,为探头的推广应用奠定基础。基于Irwin提出的风速探头原理,研制了用于建筑风环境风洞试验的简易风速探头,对风速探头压力测试结果的影响因素进行了试验分析,并对探头进行了标定,给出了不同高度风速探头的标定系数,同时对湍流场中不同风速下的测试精度和探头间干扰效应对测试精度的影响作了试验分析,最后对一典型小区进行了风环境测试分析。研究结果表明：所研制的简易风速探头对平均风速有较高的测试精度,能够用于建筑风环境风洞试验。