NLR-7301高升力翼型绕流评估计算

探讨了在二维高升力多段翼型绕流计算中附面层网格采用各向异性三角形网格的技术。通过对经典的NLR-7301两段翼型绕流的计算,从数值计算角度评估了自研混合网格雷诺平均N-S方程求解软件对该类型附面层网格的解算能力。通过与确认试验数据对比,在附面层采用各向异性三角形网格进行二维高升力多段翼型绕流计算,其结果具有较高的可信度。在此基础上,采用同样策略,评估了多段翼型绕流计算中翼型后缘的几何处理、湍流模型选取等关键CFD要素对计算结果的影响。     

复杂积冰翼型气动性能分析

为了克服复杂外形难以划分结构化网格的问题, 采用结构/非结构混合多块网格对复杂积冰翼型的气动性能-进行了分析计算.在靠近积冰边界的内层采用了非结构网格, 在非结构网格外采用结构化网格以节省存储空间和计算时间.不同类型网格之间采用了点点对接的方式以简化通量重构的处理方式.整个流动区域采用SST湍流模型, 求解了雷诺平均N-S方程.数值计算结果表明结构/非结构混合多块网格在复杂积冰翼型气动性能计算上的可行性, 积冰对翼型的气动性能造成了严重的影响.      

基于Euler方程的二维高速海面效应数值分析

以近海面飞行器的海面效应为研究背景,通过数值求解可压缩Euler方程模拟了波形壁对翼型高亚声速气动力特性的影响.计算网格布局采用了重叠网格方法,避免了翼型与波形壁之间网格生成的困难.详细分析了波形壁边界条件,给出了正确的通量计算公式.时间推进方法采用了双时间方法,子迭代过程由LU-SGS方法完成.通过数值分析,给出了飞行高度、波长和波幅等因素对翼型气动力特性的影响.     

应用混合网格分析复杂积冰翼型气动性能

通过发展一种点-点对接的结构/非结构混合网格生成方法,避免了复杂积冰外形难以划分结构化网格的问题,并对复杂积冰翼型的气动性能进行了分析计算.在靠近积冰边界的内层采用了非结构网格以拟合复杂的边界,在非结构网格外采用结构化网格以节省存储空间和计算时间.为了检验网格对选用湍流模型的影响,整个流动区域分别采用SST和SA湍流模型,求解了雷诺平均N-S方程.数值计算结果表明SST模型更适于模拟复杂分离流动,积冰对翼型的气动性能造成了严重的影响.     

多段翼型高精度数值模拟技术研究

采用五阶精度的加权紧致格式(WCNS)数值模拟了NLR7301两段翼型、30P-30N三段翼型的复杂流场,主要目的是考核WCNS格式模拟多段翼型复杂流场的能力,研究湍流模型、转捩位置对多段翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响。通过求解任意坐标系下的雷诺平均的N-S方程,采用多块对接结构网格技术,在与相应实验结果对比的基础上,详细研究了SA一方程湍流模型、SST两方程湍流模型、转捩位置对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响。研究结果表明,基于WCNS格式,采用全湍流模拟方式可以较好地模拟该多段翼型的压力分布,但对边界层速度型和阻力系数的模拟精度较差;模拟实验的转捩位置可以改善边界层和尾迹区的模拟精度,提高阻力的数值模拟精度。     

基于N-S方程的直升机旋翼翼型反设计方法

为了在实际旋翼翼型设计中考虑粘性影响,采用N-S方程为主控方程,建立了旋翼翼型流场求解方法。使用以Poisson方程为控制方程的网格生成程序生成围绕旋翼翼型的N-S粘性贴体网格,该网格生成程序能在反设计迭代过程中自动更新过渡翼型的粘性网格。在翼型流场计算及网格生成基础上,采用了MGM方程作为翼型反设计方程,建立了一套能够考虑粘性影响的直升机旋翼翼型的反设计方法。应用该方法,分别对二维NACA系列翼型、OA系列翼型、超临界翼型进行了反设计分析,获得了满足要求的二维旋翼翼型,并与目标值(压力分布、升力系数、阻力系数、力矩系数)吻合良好。     

Gurney Flap绕流气动特性研究

采用C-H型多块结构网格和SST k-ω湍流模型求解二维定常雷诺平均NS方程,对NACA4412单段翼型后缘附近和NACA63(2)-215B多段翼型襟翼后缘附近的Gurney Flap绕流进行了数值模拟。讨论了局部网格对计算结果的影响,重点研究了Gurney Flap位置和高度对气动特性的影响。计算结果表明:对于NACA4412单段翼型,Gurney Flap位置对气动性能的影响较小,但随着高度的增加,零升攻角和失速攻角减小,最大升力系数增大,同时阻力系数和力矩系数增加;对于NACA63(2)-215B多段翼型,Gurney Flap对气动性能的影响类似于NACA4412单段翼型情形。     

基于非结构网格的气动弹性数值方法研究

基于非结构网格和网格变形技术,研究了耦合求解流体和弹性结构体互相作用问题的数值方法.气动弹性模型采用了耦合求解可压缩雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程和线性结构动力学方程的方法.为了能处理在复杂几何域内的问题,采用了基于混合单元的非结构网格有限体积方法.开发的方法在二维翼型简谐振动进行了验证并应用于AGARD 445.6翼型颤振边界的数值模拟.      

多段翼型粘性绕流计算研究

针对多段翼型外形结构复杂,结构网格生成难度大的缺点,运用割补法对重叠网格技术进行了研究,生成贴体及与边界正交的高质量的结构化网格,在识别贡献单元方面,介绍了一种基于kd树的找重方法.流场求解应用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程结合Spalart-Allmaras一方程湍流模型在所生成的重叠网格上对多段翼型的粘性绕流进行了模拟,为了兼顾流场计算效率问题,在重叠网格的各个子块上采用多重网格方法.计算结果表明,用该方法可以很好地预计压力分布,并且计算效率得到很大的提高.     

多段翼型大迎角下主翼、襟翼上的分离流及缝道流动

使用雷诺平均N-S方程、采用可用于较大分离区的Johnson-King紊流模型、嵌套网格和有限体积法研究大迎角下的多段翼型绕流,特别是主翼、襟翼上的分离流动及缝道流动。利用嵌合体技术对组合体每一部分生成高质量并适于高效求解的贴体网格。以具有17%相对厚度的GAW-1翼型带30%襟翼翼型为例进行了计算,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好,证实该方法可以较好地预计多段翼型上的分离流、缝道流动与最大升力。     

超声速湍流流场的RANS/LES混合计算方法研究

采用对接/拼接网格技术,建立了基于分区混合和基于湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型,并对环翼低速绕流、翼型跨声速绕流和球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流进行了初步的数值模拟.环翼和翼型绕流计算表明,该混合模型可给出较合理的湍流宏观平均量;球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流计算表明,该混合模型可得到超声速瞬态湍流脉动流场,凹窗处存在复杂的旋涡结构和波系结构,呈现较大尺度的脉动.但该模型还需要进一步的考核验证.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of unsymmetrical aerofoil at various turbulence intensities

A series of wind tunnel tests were performed to investigate the effect of turbulent inflows on the aerodynamic characteristics of the unsymmetrical airfoil at various turbulence intensities and Reynolds number. To assess the aerodynamic characteristics, surface pressure measurements were made over the unsymmetrical airfoil surface by using a simultaneous pressure scanner MPS4264 of Scanivalve make. Self-generated passive grids made of parallel arrays of round bars were placed at four different locations to generate various Turbulence Intensities (TI) in the wind tunnel. The location of the passive grid has been normalized in terms of considering the distance between the entry of the test section and the leading edge of the model. Based on the wind tunnel results, by comparing the baseline without grid low turbulence case TI = 0.51% with other turbulence generated cases like TI = 4.68%, 4.73%, 6.04% and 8.46% at different Reynolds number, it is found that the coefficient of lift increases with the increase in the turbulence intensity. Results also reveal that the flow featuring turbulence can effectively delay the stall characteristics of an airfoil by attaching the flow over the airfoil for an extended region. Additionally, attempts were made to understand the influence of turbulence on the aerodynamic hysteresis.     

基于后缘小翼的旋翼翼型动态失速控制分析

针对后缘小翼(TEF)的典型运动参数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性的控制进行了研究。发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度CFD方法。通过求解Poisson方程生成围绕旋翼翼型的黏性贴体和正交网格,为保证后缘小翼附近的网格生成质量,建立了基于翼型点重构的方法来描述后缘小翼的偏转运动;为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程、双时间法、Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型和Roe-Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws(Roe-MUSCL)插值格式,发展了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS)隐式时间推进方法及并行技术提高计算效率。以有试验结果验证的HH-02翼型和SC1095翼型为算例,精确捕捉了动态失速状态下的气动力迟滞效应,验证了本文方法的有效性。着重针对SC1095旋翼翼型的动态失速状态开展后缘小翼的控制分析,提出了可以体现翼型升力、阻力及力矩综合特性的关系式Po和Pc,揭示了后缘小翼振荡频率、相位差和偏转幅值对动态失速特性影响的规律。研究结果表明:当后缘小翼偏转的相对运动频率为1.0,且小翼运动规律与翼型振荡规律之间的相位差为0°时,后缘小翼能够更好地抑制翼型动态失速现象;在此状态下,当偏转幅值为10°时,SC1095翼型最大阻力系数和最大力矩系数可以分别降低19%和27%。     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

湍流模型离散精度对数值模拟影响的计算分析

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程和结构网格技术,采用五阶空间离散精度的加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS),通过改变物面法向第一层网格间距,开展了剪切应力输运(SST)两方程模型不同离散精度的数值分析。主要目的是为高阶精度格式在复杂外形上的应用提供技术支撑。计算模型包含了低速NLR 7301两段翼型和高速RAE2822翼型,研究内容主要包括湍流模型的二阶精度离散和五阶精度离散两种方式对收敛历程、边界层湍流黏性系数分布、边界层速度分布、压力系数分布以及气动特性的影响。在与试验数据对比的基础上,计算结果表明:对于不同的第一层物面法向网格间距,湍流模型离散精度对低速绕流计算结果有比较明显的影响,对于高速小迎角附着流动计算结果影响不明显;相对于湍流模型二阶精度离散,湍流模型高阶精度离散网格敏感性较弱,具有更高的数值模拟精度,但收敛性略差。     

低速两段翼型的数值模拟

在多段翼型风洞实验中,很难观察翼型不同迎角下主翼、襟翼上的绕流及缝道流动。使用了O-H型混合的结构化网格,采用k-ε二方程湍流模型求解可压的N—S方程来模拟二元风洞中两段翼型的流场。计算结果与实验进行了比较,结果表明：计算与实验结果吻合良好,说明本方法可以较好地模拟两段翼型的绕流,并能很好地显示流场的变化情况。另外,从结果中可以看出：随着迎角的变化,主翼尾流和缝道间的流动对襟翼附面层分离有很大的影响作用。     

多段翼型大迎角分离流动的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法

多段翼型的大迎角绕流发生大范围附面层分离,具有明显的三维与非定常流动特性。RANS/LES混合算法继承了LES对流动分离区大尺度漩涡准确模拟的优点,避免了纯LES算法需求网格量巨大与亚格子模型壁面函数不成熟等问题,对分离流动的模拟效果优于RANS算法。以S-A湍流模型与Smagorinsky亚格子模型为基础,借鉴DDES的附面层延迟控制思想,构造了可用于对接网格、重叠网格的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法。研究了GA（W）-1多段翼型的大迎角分离流动及其气动特性。     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.