Multisensor tracking of a maneuvering target in clutter

An algorithm is presented for tracking a highly maneuvering target using two different sensors, a radar and an infrared sensor, assumed to operate in a cluttered environment. The nonparametric probabilist data association filter (PDAF) has been adapted for the multisensor (MS) case, yielding the MSPDAF. To accommodate the fact that the target can be highly maneuvering, the interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is used. The results of single-model-based filters and of the IMM/MSPDAF algorithm with two and three models are presented and compared. The IMM has been shown to be able to adapt itself to the type of motion exhibited by the target in the presence of heavy clutter. It yielded high accuracy in the absence of acceleration and kept the target in track during the high acceleration periods     

Precision large scale air traffic surveillance using IMM/assignmentestimators

We present the development and implementation of a multisensor-multitarget tracking algorithm for large scale air traffic surveillance based on interacting multiple model (IMM) state estimation combined with a 2-dimensional assignment for data association. The algorithm can be used to track a large number of targets from measurements obtained with a large number of radars. The use of the algorithm is illustrated on measurements obtained from 5 FAA radars, which are asynchronous, heterogeneous, and geographically distributed over a large area. Both secondary radar data (beacon returns from cooperative targets) as well as primary radar data (skin returns from noncooperative targets) are used. The target IDs from the beacon returns are not used in the data association. The surveillance region includes about 800 targets that exhibit different types of motion. The performance of an IMM estimator with linear motion models is compared with that of the Kalman filter (KF). A number of performance measures that can be used on real data without knowledge of the ground truth are presented for this purpose. It is shown that the IMM estimator performs better than the KF. The advantage of fusing multisensor data is quantified. It is also shown that the computational requirements in the multisensor case are lower than in single sensor case, Finally, an IMM estimator with a nonlinear motion model (coordinated turn) is shown to further improve the performance during the maneuvering periods over the IMM with linear models     

引入神经网络的交互式多模型算法

在交互式多模型算法中引入神经网络算法以改进目标跟踪的精度。利用神经网络算法对基于机动目标“当前”统计模型的均值和方差自适应滤波算法进行修改,提高该算法的性能,然后采用交互作用多模型算法跟踪机动目标,提高了机动目标的跟踪精度。     

Minimal submodel-set algorithm for maneuvering target tracking

The variable structure multiple model (VSMM) approach to the maneuvering target tracking problem is considered. A new VSMM design, the minimal submodel-set switching (MSMSS) algorithm for tracking a maneuvering target is presented. The MSMSS algorithm adaptively determines the minimal set of models from the total model set and uses this to perform multiple models (MM) estimation. In addition, an iterative MSMSS algorithm with improved maneuver detection and termination properties is developed. Simulations results demonstrate that, compared with a standard interacting MM (IMM), the proposed algorithms require significantly lower computation while maintaining similar tracking performance. Alternatively, for a computational load similar to IMM, the new algorithms display significantly improved performance.     

Tracking of multiple maneuvering targets using multiscan JPDA and IMM filtering

The paper considers the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering targets in the presence of clutter using switching multiple target motion models. A novel suboptimal filtering algorithm is developed by applying the basic interacting multiple model (IMM) approach and the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) technique. Unlike the standard single-scan JPDA approach, the authors exploit a multiscan joint probabilistic data association (mscan-JPDA) approach to solve the data association problem. The algorithm is illustrated via a simulation example involving tracking of four maneuvering targets and a multiscan data window of length two     

Interacting acceleration compensation algorithm for trackingmaneuvering targets

The two-stage Kalman estimator has been studied for state estimation in the presence of random bias and applied to the tracking of maneuvering targets by treating the target acceleration as a bias vector. Since the target acceleration is considered a bias, the first stage contains a constant velocity motion model and estimates the target position and velocity, while the second stage estimates the target acceleration when a maneuver is detected, the acceleration estimate is used to correct the estimates of the first stage. The interacting acceleration compensation (IAC) algorithm is proposed to overcome the requirement of explicit maneuver detection of the two-stage estimator. The IAC algorithm is viewed as a two-stage estimator having two acceleration models: the zero acceleration of the constant velocity model and a constant acceleration model. The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used to compute the acceleration estimates that compensate the estimate of the constant velocity filter. Simulation results indicate the tracking performance of the IAC algorithm approaches that of a comparative IMM algorithm while requiring approximately 50% of the computations     

基于期望系统噪声模型的自适应机动目标跟踪

针对防空作战中的机动目标跟踪问题,分析了使用IMM算法跟踪目标所存在的缺陷,提出了一种基于期望系统噪声模型的自适应机动目标跟踪算法（MIMM）,改变IMM算法使用固定模型集合的方法,IMM算法中作用权重较大的只是少部分更接近于实际系统的模型,通过对部分系统噪声模型进行自适应辨识,计算出最接近于系统实际噪声水平的模型——期望系统噪声模型（ESNM）。这些模型作为IMM多模型集的子集,是在一定模型框架内所寻求出的一个（或多个）最优模型（集）。仿真结果证明了MIMM算法能够更好地描述目标机动,达到更理想的跟踪性能,其跟踪精度优于使用固定模型集的IMM算法。     

Interacting multiple model methods in target tracking: a survey

The Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) estimator is a suboptimal hybrid filter that has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective hybrid state estimation schemes. The main feature of this algorithm is its ability to estimate the state of a dynamic system with several behavior modes which can “switch” from one to another. In particular, the IMM estimator can be a self-adjusting variable-bandwidth filter, which makes it natural for tracking maneuvering targets. The importance of this approach is that it is the best compromise available currently-between complexity and performance: its computational requirements are nearly linear in the size of the problem (number of models) while its performance is almost the same as that of an algorithm with quadratic complexity. The objective of this work is to survey and put in perspective the existing IMM methods for target tracking problems. Special attention is given to the assumptions underlying each algorithm and its applicability to various situations     

机载雷达目标跟踪与航迹信息提取

针对机动目标跟踪中航迹信息提取精度不高的问题,提出一种ECEF坐标系下基于交互多模型的多机协同跟踪算法。首先,各载机以ECEF坐标系为融合中心对目标量测进行无偏转换处理,以有效减小量测转换误差对目标跟踪的影响;然后,利用交互多模型的方法对目标进行融合跟踪,以进一步提高目标机动时的跟踪精度;最后,通过二次滤波的方法,来有效实现目标航迹信息的精确提取。仿真结果表明,该算法可较好地提高目标机动时的跟踪精度和航迹信息提取精度。     

Maneuvering target tracking using IMM method at high measurementfrequency

The problem of tracking a maneuvering target with a high measurement frequency is considered. The measurement noise is significantly correlated when the measurement frequency is high. A simple decorrelation process is proposed to enhance the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm to track a maneuvering target with correlated measurement noise. It is found that the decorrelation process may improve system performance significantly, especially in velocity and acceleration estimations     

Multiple-model estimation with variable structure. IV. Design andevaluation of model-group switching algorithm

For pt. III see ibid., vol. 35, pp. 225-41 (1999). A variable-structure multiple-model (VSMM) estimator, called model-group switching (MGS) algorithm, has been presented in Part III, which is the first VSMM estimator that is generally applicable to a large class of problem with hybrid (continuous and discrete) uncertainties. In this algorithm, the model-set is made adaptive by switching among a number of predetermined groups of models. It has the potential to be substantially more cost-effective than fixed-structure MM (FSMM) estimators, including the Interacting Multiple-Model (IMM) estimator. A number of issues of major importance in the application of this algorithm are investigated here, including the model-group adaptation logic and model-group design. The results of this study are implemented via a detailed design for a problem of tracking a maneuvering target using a time-varying set of models, each characterized by a representative value of the expected acceleration of the target. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the performance (based on more reasonable and complete measures than commonly used rms errors alone) and computational complexity of the MGS algorithm, relative to the fixed-structure IMM (FSIMM) estimator using all models, under carefully designed and fair random and deterministic scenarios     

改进的基于隐马尔可夫模型的自适应IMM算法

针对机动目标跟踪中交互式多模型算法(IMM)的马尔可夫转移概率矩阵固定不变造成跟踪精度降低的问题,在已有的基于隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)的自适应IMM算法的基础上,对隐马尔可夫链的长度和Baum-Welch算法迭代次数的2个参数对该算法跟踪性能的影响,进行了深入研究分析,进一步明确了这2个参数选择的依据;并针对该算法在目标机动转换时峰值误差增大的问题,给出了2种修正方法,从而提出了改进的基于HMM的自适应IMM算法。最后,通过仿真分析了算法的参数和修正方法对跟踪性能的影响,并与传统IMM算法进行对比,证明了文章提出算法的有效性。     

IMM estimator with out-of-sequence measurements

In multisensor tracking systems that operate in a centralized information processing architecture, measurements from the same target obtained by different sensors can arrive at the processing center out of sequence. In order to avoid either a delay in the output or the need for reordering and reprocessing an entire sequence of measurements, such measurements have to be processed as out-of-sequence measurements (OOSMs). Recent work developed procedures for incorporating OOSMs into a Kalman filter (KF). Since the state of the art tracker for real (maneuvering) targets is the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator, the algorithm for incorporating OOSMs into an IMM estimator is presented here. Both data association and estimation are considered. Simulation results are presented for two realistic problems using measurements from two airborne GMTI sensors. It is shown that the proposed algorithm for incorporating OOSMs into an IMM estimator yields practically the same performance as the reordering and in-sequence reprocessing of the measurements. Also, it is shown how the range rate from a GMTI sensor can be used as a linear velocity measurement in the tracking filter.     

A nonlinear IMM algorithm for maneuvering target tracking

In target tracking, the measurement noise is usually assumed to be Gaussian. However, the Gaussian modeling of the noise may not be true. Noise can be non-Gaussian. The non-Gaussian noise arising in a radar system is known as glint noise. The distribution of glint noise is long tailed and will seriously affect the tracking performance. We develop a new algorithm that can effectively track a maneuvering target in the glint environment The algorithm incorporates the nonlinear Masreliez filter into the interactive multiple model (IMM) method. Simulations demonstrate the superiority of the new algorithm     

Modified input estimation technique using pseudoresiduals

An adaptive tracking filter for maneuvering targets is proposed using modified input estimation technique. Pseudoresiduals are defined using measurements and the velocity estimate at the hypothesized maneuver onset time. With the pseudoresiduals and a new target model representing transitions of nominal accelerations, a new input estimation method for tracking a maneuvering target is derived. Since the proposed detection technique is more sensitive to maneuvers than previous work, the shorter window length can be employed to detect and compensate target maneuvers. Also shown is that the tracking performance of the proposed filter is similar to that of interacting multiple model method (IMM) with 3 models, while computational loads of our method are drastically reduced     

Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part V. Multiple-model methods

This is the fifth part of a series of papers that provide a comprehensive survey of techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. Part I and Part II deal with target motion models. Part III covers measurement models and associated techniques. Part IV is concerned with tracking techniques that are based on decisions regarding target maneuvers. This part surveys the multiple-model methods $the use of multiple models (and filters) simultaneously - which is the prevailing approach to maneuvering target tracking in recent years. The survey is presented in a structured way, centered around three generations of algorithms: autonomous, cooperating, and variable structure. It emphasizes the underpinning of each algorithm and covers various issues in algorithm design, application, and performance.     

基于交互多模型和中值滤波的加速度估计方法

针对交互多模型算法对目标加速度估计误差较大的不足,提出了一种基于交互多模型和中值滤波的目标加速度估计方法.通过对交互多模输出的加速度信息进行中值滤波提高对加速度估计的精度.计算机仿真表明,该方法比交互多模型对匀速目标,特别是机动目标具有更好的加速度估计能力,且便于工程实现.     

ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGET WITH PHASED ARRAY RADAR

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ADAPTIVE MULTIPLE MODEL FILTER USING IMM AND STF

Consider a discrete- time stochastic hybridsystem　 x( k 1 ) =f( k, ( k) ,x( k) ,m( k 1 ) ) ζ( k,m( k 1 ) ) q( k) ( 1 )　 z( k 1 ) =h( k 1 ,x( k 1 ) ,m( k 1 ) ) v( k 1 ,m( k 1 ) ) ( 2 )where state x∈ Rn;measurement z∈ Rm;input∈ Rp;modeling noise q( k)∈ Rqis a zero- mean,Gaussian white noise with covariance Q( k) ;measurement noise v( k 1 )∈ Rm is also a zero-mean,Gaussian white noise with covariance R( k 1 ) ;q( k) and v( k) are statistically indepen-dent. Th…     

机动目标的多项式预测模型及其跟踪算法

根据匀变速运动的多项式描述形式,利用多项式预测滤波器对目标状态建模,提出了一种全新机动目标运动的动态模型——多项式预测模型,并针对这个全新的模型给出了相应的最优滤波算法。分析表明：该模型可以精确描述任意可以由多项式描述的目标运动,而不需要已知运动的具体参数,因此相应的最优滤波算法适用于任何可以用多项式描述的机动目标状态估计问题。一个机动目标跟踪问题的计算机仿真证明了本文方法的有效性和实用性。