跨声速翼型绕流的Euler／边界层方程干扰数值解

本文利用Euler方程和可压缩湍流边界层积分方程研究绕跨声速翼型的有粘与无粘强干扰流动。应用有限差分法在贴体的网格上求解时间相关的Euler方程,以剪功积分方法求解翼面贴附和分离湍流边界层流动,并引入一个松弛方程描述剪应力对上游湍流历程的延迟响应。有粘/无粘干扰采用表面源模型。计算结果表明,对翼面存在强干扰流动情况,获得了与实验值基本吻合的结果。     

纳秒等离子体激励控制翼型流动分离机理研究

为研究纳秒介质阻挡放电(NSDBD)等离子体控制翼型流动分离的物理机理,采用已建立的NSDBD唯象学模型耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程模拟纳秒等离子体对流场的作用。使用非定常雷诺平均NavierStokes方程(URANS)和大涡模拟(LES)两种求解方法,研究纳秒等离子体激励对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制。结果表明:NSDBD等离子体激励促使边界层提前转捩,转捩对控制流动分离起重要作用;NSDBD激励开始时在翼型前缘形成展向涡,展向涡促使分离剪切层失稳并最终进入尾迹,展向涡贴近壁面运动,将外区的高能气流带入近壁区,使上翼面流场结构发生变化,然后翼型前缘流动提前转捩促使流动经过一个小层流分离泡后发生湍流再附,最终在上翼面形成稳定的附着流动。     

雷诺数变化对翼型边界层发展及失速特性的影响

翼型失速及其边界层发展是飞行器设计中的基础科学问题,而雷诺数变化对其影响很大。针对后缘失速翼型,采用Menter k-ω SST模型及耦合扰动放大因子输运方程的转捩模型,进行雷诺数变化对层流-湍流转捩边界层特性和失速特性的影响分析。结果表明:雷诺数增大时,对于转捩边界层,当地涡量雷诺数增大,转捩前移且分离泡减小,流动能量耗散减小,翼型整体表面剪切效应增强,动能更充沛,流动自持能力增强,压力分布可以维持较长距离的梯度抵抗分离能力增强;因此雷诺数增大使翼型失速迎角提高、升力系数增加。     

绕翼型低雷诺数流动的数值分析研究

分离泡的产生是绕翼型低雷诺数流动的一个重要特征,分离泡通常都是非定常的,会对整个流场产生极大的影响,由于分离附面层的不稳定性,很快诱发转捩,并产生湍流再附。文中通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程,数值模拟了绕Eppler387翼型的低雷诺数非定常流动,并对两方程SSTk-ω湍流模型,代数B-L模型和层流的计算结果作了比较。N-S方程和两方程湍流模型的控制方程非耦合求解,时间推进均采用近似因子方法(AF);空间离散无粘项采用ROE格式,粘性项用中心差分方法计算;计算非定常流场时,采用伪时间子迭代(τt-s)方法保证二阶时间精度,湍流模型计算时都是在固定点转捩。最后分析了转捩对低雷诺数流动的影响、分离泡的存在引起的流动不稳定性和周期性的脱出涡,数值计算给出的时间平均升力系数、阻力系数和压力分布与实验结果比较吻合。     

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

真实气体效应对双楔绕流流动特性的影响

为研究高马赫数下真实气体效应对双楔绕流流动特性的影响，采用量热完全气体模型和化学非平衡气体模型两种气体模型对层流流态、转捩流态、全湍流流态的双楔绕流流场进行了数值模拟，其中转捩流态计算采用基于间歇因子的γ-Re_θt转捩模型，全湍流计算中采用k-ωSST湍流模型。结果表明：双楔拐角附近发生流动分离，与量热完全气体模型相比，相同流态下，化学非平衡气体模型计算得到的分离区尺寸更小。在边界层转捩位置的分析中发现，双楔拐角附近的分离区对边界层转捩有重要影响，分离激波产生的位置与边界层开始转捩的位置高度吻合，与量热完全气体模型相比，化学非平衡气体模型时的边界层转捩起始位置更靠后。针对真实气体效应下单位雷诺数、拐角角度对边界层转捩的影响规律研究发现，真实气体效应在一定程度上抑制了分离区内的转捩流动，随着单位雷诺数减小、拐角角度增大，真实气体效应对边界层转捩的影响随之增大。     

NS方程中耦合转捩判断的风力机翼型气动力数值模拟

在Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合Michel经验判据和Chen-Thy-son转捩模型对风力机翼型S809进行计算。由RANS方程求得翼型表面压力分布作为层流边界层方程求解的输入参数,然后使用Michel经验判据分析判断层流边界层的解得到转捩点的位置,使用Chen-Thyson转捩模型得到从层流到湍流的转捩过渡区,这样随着流场的迭代求解,求解器自动更新判断出转捩点位置。对S809翼型进行全湍流和耦合转捩判断的RANS方程计算,可以看到考虑转捩判断后得到的升阻力系数与实验值吻合较好,验证了方法的可行性。     

二维可压湍流边界层改进的积分方法

采用含高阶项的边界层动量积分方程,同时对常规边界层卷吸方程及延迟方程进行相应的高阶影响修正,得到改进的边界层积分方程组。应用此方程组对多种高亚音速及跨音速翼型边界层流动作了计算,并与一阶Ｇｒｅｅｎ方法计算结果及实验结果作了比较。结果表明,在边界层积分方程中保留法向压力梯度项及雷诺法向应力项,明显改进了翼面边界层接近分离区域处参数的计算精度。     

用粘性／非粘性相互作用法求解机翼跨声速分离流

提供了一种计算机翼的跨声速绕流的粘性／非粘性相互作用的计算方法,包括无粘流场计算,混合边界层计算及两者之间的相互作用,其中三维混合边界的计算包括了层流边界层,转捩区,湍流边界层和分离流的积分方法计算了,特别是在靠近分离的区域采用边界层反方法计算,无粘流场由全速势方程计算得到,通过粘流无粘流耦合迭代求得了Ｍ６机翼跨声速绕流的收敛解,与实验结果比较,吻合得较好,本方法能够计算出激波诱导分离泡和后缘分离     

确定低雷诺数翼型转捩分离泡位置的实验研究

在翼型模型的表面粘贴表面热膜,由其给出脉动电压的均方根值和波形图,可测出层流边界层分离点和湍流边界层再附点,转捩分离泡的位置也就确定了。     

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

Experimental study on the PRE-X vehicle focusing on the transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions

This article is devoted to the experimental works carried out in the R2Ch blow-down wind tunnel in the framework of the atmospheric re-entry PRE-X demonstrator program and to the fundamental studies performed on a hollow cylinder-flare relative to crucial problem of the transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction.Shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions in hypersonic flows may have major consequences on thermal loads, especially if the shock is strong enough to induce separation. The heat-flux density levels in the interaction region strongly depend on the nature, laminar or turbulent of the boundary-layer. Special attention should be paid to transitional interactions, which are likely to exist at altitude where the Mach number is high and the density low.The wide Reynolds number range achievable in the R2Ch facility and reliable heat-flux measurements by infrared thermography have allowed to investigate the viscous interaction on the deflected flaps of the demonstrator model and to point out the laminar-to-turbulent boundary-layer natural and forced transition, in the light of the in-depth analysis of results obtained from the hollow cylinder-flare study.     

Boundary-layer transition prediction using a simplified correlation-based model

This paper describes a simplified transition model based on the recently developed correlation-based c ? Reht transition model. The transport equation of transition momentum thick-ness Reynolds number is eliminated for simplicity, and new transition length function and critical Reynolds number correlation are proposed. The new model is implemented into an in-house com-putational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and validated for low and high-speed flow cases, including the zero pressure flat plate, airfoils, hypersonic flat plate and double wedge. Comparisons between the simulation results and experimental data show that the boundary-layer transition phenomena can be reasonably illustrated by the new model, which gives rise to significant improvements over the fully laminar and fully turbulent results. Moreover, the new model has comparable features of accuracy and applicability when compared with the original c ? Reht model. In the meantime, the newly proposed model takes only one transport equation of intermittency factor and requires fewer correlations, which simplifies the original model greatly. Further studies, especially on separation-induced transition flows, are required for the improvement of the new model.     

一种关于静压气体轴承节流孔系数的计算方法

基于层流边界层方程的分离变量算法和雷诺方程的解析算法，提出了一种关于单节流孔静压气体止推轴承的节流孔系数的计算方法。该方法通过比较层流边界层方程计算获得的气体轴承的质量流量和雷诺方程计算获得的质量流量计算获得了节流孔系数。将计算获得的节流孔系数和节流孔系数为常数0.8代入单节流孔气体止推轴承的雷诺方程中，计算获得的承载力与分离变量算法求解层流边界层方程获得的承载力进行对比，可以发现，相对于采用节流孔系数为0.8来说， 采用该计算的节流孔系数求解雷诺方程的承载力与分离变量算法求解获得的承载力结果精度最大提高了8%。从而验证了该计算节流孔系数方法的正确性。      

耦合Navier-Stokes方程的可压缩边界层数值求解

为了在Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合eN方法进行转捩判断,在RANS方程求解过程中耦合求解了可压缩层流边界层方程为判断转捩提供了精确、可靠的边界层信息.利用等熵关系由RANS方程求出的物面压力分布确定边界层外边界的速度分布,进一步确定出边界层外边界.边界层方程的求解使用Keller提出的二阶BOX方法.为了验证方法求解边界层方程的正确性,在低速流动状态下将计算结果和XFOIL的计算得到的边界层解进行了比较,二者吻合较好.     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

NS方程计算中耦合转捩自动判断的阻力精确计算方法初探

在Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合了流动转捩的自动判断以提高现有求解器预测翼型阻力的准确性.由RANS方程求得翼型表面压力分布作为层流边界层方程求解的输入参数,然后使用简化的eN-数据库转捩判断方法分析层流边界层的解得到转捩点的位置,这样随着流场的迭代求解求解器自动判断转捩点的位置.在对NLF0416翼型的气动性能计算中考虑流动转捩的因素后得到的翼型升阻力特性和实验吻合较好,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

带尾支杆的超声速弹丸湍流底压计算

尽管在超声速湍流情况下，尾支杆对弹丸底部压力的影响没有层流情况下的影响大。但是实验研究表明，带尾支杆的超声速弹丸湍流底部压力随湍流边界层相对厚度增加而增加，随天平尾支杆的相对直径增加而减小。本文介绍一种考虑圆柱体上边界层状态以及尾支杆对绕弹丸超声速湍流底压影响的计算方法，计算结果和实验数据吻合较好，还根据计算和实验结果分析了尾支杆对底压系数的影响。