涡轮级间燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了进口空气马赫数、驻涡区余气系数影响涡轮级间燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧室性能参数的变化规律:随着进口马赫数的增大,总压损失从1.5%增加到7%,流阻系数变化不大,出口温度分布系数OTDF(overall temperature distribution factor)也相应变大;对于不同的进口马赫数,燃烧效率、OTDF随驻涡区余气系数的增大分别为降低和基本不变;燃烧效率大多在70%~85%之间;试验中得到的在燃烧室进口温度为473K时的最大贫油熄火余气系数为9.7.      

冲压发动机驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

针对某冲压发动机驻涡燃烧室模型,进行了不同进口温度、进口速度系数和余气系数下燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,研究结果证明:随着进口速度系数的增加(0.20~0.35),点火总油气比和贫油熄火油气比增加,燃烧效率变化不明显;随着进口温度的增加(573~773K),点火总油气比和贫油熄火油气比下降,燃烧效率提高;随着余气系数的增加(1.1~2.1),燃烧效率提高.试验中获得最小点火总油气比为0.0035,最小贫油熄火油气比为0.0028,最高燃烧效率93%.研究证明了驻涡应用于冲压发动机燃烧室的可行性.      

富油燃烧/快速淬熄/贫油燃烧(RQL)工作模式下驻涡燃烧室排放性能试验

针对使用液态燃料(航空煤油)的富油燃烧/快速淬熄/贫油燃烧(RQL)工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能开展了系统的试验研究,分析总结了驻涡区余气系数、进口空气流量和进口空气温度等参数影响RQL工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能的变化规律.结果表明:随着驻涡区余气系数增大(a=0.61～1.53),CO和UHC(未燃碳氢化合物)体积分数...     

全环涡轮级间燃烧室性能试验

以涡轮级间燃烧室(ITB)应用于涡轴发动机为研究平台,根据ITB的应用环境,采用凹腔驻涡燃烧室作为涡轮级间燃烧室,设计加工了全环凹腔驻涡燃烧室试验件,并进行了性能试验研究.试验结果表明:该燃烧室的贫油点火边界余气系数为10.2,降低驻涡凹腔体内外压差有利于点火;与常规燃烧室相比,燃烧室的燃烧效率偏低,但燃烧效率随进口温度的升高逐步加大;燃烧室的总压恢复系数较小,进口温度对燃烧室的总压恢复系数影响不大;燃烧室出口温度场分布较好,出口温度分布系数(OTDF)随进口温度的升高而减小;随着进口温度的提高,火焰筒壁温会局部偏高,火焰筒的冷却设计需优化改进.      

流动和油气参数对驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的影响

针对新型驻涡燃烧室开展了燃烧性能实验研究.研究首先设计研制了驻涡燃烧室模型和实验系统,然后在此基础上开展了不同油气比、进口温度和进口流量等参数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的实验研究.结果表明燃烧室可以在不同工况下顺利点火和稳定工作,同时研究表明随着进口流量的增加(0.45～0.7 kg/s),点火性能基本不受影响,熄火特性变差;随着进口气流温度的上升(360～510 K),点火和熄火性能改善,燃烧效率提高.     

RQL工作模式下驻涡燃烧室排放性能的试验研究

针对使用液态燃料（航空煤油）的RQL（Rich-burn Quick-quench Lean-burn）工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能开展了系统的试验研究,分析总结了驻涡区余气系数、进口空气流量和进口空气温度等参数影响RQL工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能的变化规律。结果表明：驻涡区余气系数增大（α=0.6～1.5）,CO、UHC体积分数升高,NOx体积分数降低;随着进口空气流量增大（Wa=0.4～0.6kg/s）,CO、UHC、NOx体积分数均升高;随着进口空气温度升高（283K～473K）,CO和UHC体积分数降低,NOx体积分数升高.     

声能喷嘴供油级间驻涡燃烧室的性能试验

对一种采用声能喷嘴供油方式的级间燃烧室进行了性能试验研究.试验结果表明:当进口马赫数为0.20~0.40,燃烧室的熄火余气系数为25~35,燃烧室的稳定工作范围较宽;随余气系数增大,出口温度分布均匀性提高;燃烧效率为96%~98%,随余气系数减小,燃烧效率降低;进口马赫数对点火性能、熄火性能、出口温度分布和燃烧效率的影响较小;壁面热点温度出现在凹腔的后壁面;总压损失系数为0.03~0.11,热态时比冷态时高0.015左右; CO和NOx的排放指数分别为20~46和0.9~2.1,进口马赫数、余气系数均对污染物排放有较大影响.      

驻涡区进口结构参数影响TVC燃烧性能的试验

驻涡区的空气、燃油供给位置和两者之间的匹配关系是影响驻涡燃烧室性能最重要的参数之一.研究中把4种驻涡区油气进入位置和3种掺混空气孔位置组合成7组油气参数,在不同进口温度和进口流量下开展了相应的燃烧性能试验,获得了点火性能、贫油熄火特性和燃烧效率与7组油气参数之间的关系,并分析得出了第7组组合参数是综合性能最好的驻涡区油气进口参数.      

带驻涡凹腔的径向钝体稳定器燃烧特性研究

针对燃烧室高速气流中低压组织燃烧需求,本文分析驻涡稳定器-径向稳定器组合结构的燃烧性能,对驻涡燃烧室传焰和稳焰结构的优化设计提供支撑。研究采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,在0.06～0.08MPa的负压条件下,获得了组合稳定器结构的燃烧效率、出口温度分布和热态流场。结果表明,径向稳定器的存在使得燃烧室出口产生了明显的温度不均匀现象;降低燃烧室总压将导致燃烧效率明显恶化,总压每下降0.01MPa,对应的燃烧效率将下降约5%。燃烧区的位置与流场息息相关,在热态燃烧过程中,高温区集中在凹腔侧边和径向稳定器外侧,燃烧室中央部分存在来源于凹腔值班级、并沿径向稳定器传播的火焰。余气系数的提升将增加主流供油的穿透深度,导致燃烧区进一步集中在燃烧室两侧,出口温度不均匀程度将由此上升,当余气系数下降到2以下时,燃烧室两侧燃油的富集将导致燃烧效率下降。     

采用蒸发管供油的驻涡燃烧室点火及贫油熄火特性

为了研究驻涡燃烧室拓宽燃烧边界的能力, 设计了一种驻涡燃烧室实验件, 并对其点火性能和贫油熄火特性进行了实验研究.驻涡燃烧室采用汽化器和蒸发管的组合作为供油方式, 以煤油为燃料, 实验中改变燃烧室的进口条件, 测试其点火极限和贫熄极限.实验结果表明, 采用蒸发管供油驻涡燃烧室具有良好的点火特性和贫油熄火性能.      

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

 A trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NO_x emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that: a) the overall dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b) the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c) a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9癷s added. A series of experiments (cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure) has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the mid-height of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.     

涡轮级间单涡燃烧室壁温研究

由于燃烧区和壁面的距离过近,驻涡燃烧室壁温过高的问题一直存在,影响其在实际发动机上的应用.对某涡轮级间驻涡燃烧室进行壁温分布试验研究,研究供油量、主流进气参数对壁温分布的影响,并考察燃烧室的冷却和进气结构是否合理.试验结果表明,试验件的最高壁温出现在凹腔后壁面;供油量和主流马赫数对试验件的壁温分布趋势影响较大,主流温度对壁温分布趋势的影响较小.      

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

LPP低污染燃烧室单头部燃烧性能试验

对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室单头部三级旋流器进行燃烧性能试验,研究不同的油气比、进口空气流量和进口空气温度以及值班级喷嘴安装位置对燃烧室出口截面燃烧性能的影响,获得了燃烧室出口截面温度分布、燃烧效率以及污染物排放的规律.试验结果表明:①油气比增加,NOx排放相应增加;头部A燃烧性能稍优于头部B;②同一油气比下进口空气温度越高,其燃烧污染物排放越多;进口空气流量越大,污染物排放越少;③值班级喷嘴安装位置对LPP低污染燃烧室燃烧性能有一定影响.      

预燃/流向涡掺混超声速燃烧室的稳焰火炬实验研究

 为研究飞行马赫数Ma_flight=4~7的双燃室碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的原理和工程参数,进行了直连双燃室超声速冷主流和亚燃室稳焰火炬热流的掺混实验和燃烧实验。将进气道输出的超声速气流的10%流量经亚燃进气道导入亚声速预燃室,先低速地与雾化预燃油掺混并建立稳定的预燃。该预燃气流与二次喷入的主燃油掺混而形成富含吸热分解油气的高温射流,再经一组波瓣掺混器与超声速主流在下游流向涡中深入掺混/燃烧,扩大燃区厚度而趋于深入超声流层,以期实现稳定超燃。在总温约为285 K、总压为1.5×10⁶ Pa和1.0×1.0⁶ Pa,燃烧室进口马赫数Ma_inlet=2.5的来流下,对3种不同结构参数的预燃室和一种超燃室,进行了冷态流场和预燃/主燃的喷油/燃烧实验。实验与计算结果表明,冷/热态实验中整个超燃室保持了超声速流动,尽管斜激波系存在一些变化。利用存在的4种旋涡掺混现象,增强超/亚声速流之间的掺混。当采用三波系进气道和较小容积热强度的大体积预燃室和流向涡掺混器,可以形成稳定的高温富油火炬,成为超燃室稳定点火源。在超燃室下层流层的原无预热冷态来流的亚声速和低超声速区域中出现火焰,且其并不破坏超燃室上层的高超声速未燃流动。     

低压条件下复合式多级旋流杯燃烧室燃烧效率研究

对低压(常压或低于常压)条件下航空发动机燃烧室的燃烧效率作了初步的研究,主要目的是研究复合式多级旋流杯燃烧室燃烧效率的改进。复合式多级旋流杯组织方案由离心雾化和旋流杯空气雾化组成,采用双油路,副油路为小流量离心喷嘴,主油路为直射式喷嘴匹配空气雾化,头部采用三级涡流器组织燃烧。燃油采用RP-3航空煤油。使用单头部燃烧室为试验件,在常压和低压状态下,模拟燃烧室进口速度和总油气比。燃烧效率采用燃气分析法,用效率分析仪进行测量。研究结果表明,复合式多级漩流杯燃烧组织方案能改善低压下的燃烧,提高燃烧效率。      

多级旋流预燃区补氧对常压点火特性的影响

在常温常压进口条件下开展点火试验,研究对象为多级旋流空气雾化喷嘴模型燃烧室,在火焰筒压降为1%~6%工况下分别采用20J和12J点火能量的电火花点火器进行点火试验,控制预燃区补氧空气流量比在0~0.04范围内,研究了多级旋流空气雾化喷嘴的点火油气比变化规律.结果表明:在点火油气比足够小的情况下,预燃区补氧流量越高,临界进口速度越大;在相同点火能量和火焰筒压降下,预燃区补氧空气流量比越高,点火油气比越小;随着预燃区补氧空气流量比增大到一个阈值(20J点火能量时为0.01,12J点火能量时为0.015),点火油气比曲线的发展趋势将发生变化;当预燃区补氧空气流量比继续增大到另一个关键阈值(20J点火能量时为0.025,12J点火能量时为0.03),点火油气比不再发生明显改变.     

Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally-staged combustor under low-power operation

An ultra low emissions combustor, namely low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor was studied, based on a scheme of internally staged/lean premixed and prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage, between which there exists a physical isolation, namely the step height. The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance. A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments, and pollutant emission experiments. The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%, the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 574% and 375%, the NOx emission increased by 35.1%, and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%; while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant. Non reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights. A comparison of flow characteristics, spray structure, and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted. The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards. The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission, while the CO, UHC emissions decreeased.      

替代燃料贫油熄火边界影响因素

为了研究燃油以及入口空气压力对于贫油熄火(LBO)边界的影响大小及规律,采用航空煤油(RP-3)、高沸点费托油(FT)和柴油进行了三种不同燃烧室入口压力工况下的贫油熄火实验并进行规律分析。分析结果表明:入口压力对贫油熄火边界的影响(19.17%)要大于燃油性质造成的影响(6.26%)。导致熄火油气比变化的主要因素包括入口空气压力,火焰体积,燃烧室温度,燃油雾化直径以及燃油的热值和密度,其中火焰体积和燃油雾化直径主要受燃油性质影响,而燃烧室温度则与入口压力有很大关系。入口压力影响的贫油熄火油气比变化会受其影响的火焰体积和燃烧室温度变化而削弱。碳数高支链烷烃含量少的燃油可能会提高火焰体积对熄火油气比的影响,使其在低入口压力下有更好的贫油熄火边界。