星载电场探测仪的传感器空间布局研究

电场探测仪是卫星进行高精度电场探测的关键载荷,其传感器的空间布局对探测精度影响很大。文章对传感器空间布局的影响因素和分析方法进行了研究,并以轨道高度500km的太阳同步轨道卫星为例,结合卫星的实际任务运行,对虚假光电场控制、电场探测仪传感器的几何布局构型、传感器与卫星的相互遮挡和干涉关系进行了分析,并最终优化确定了传感器的空间布局。研究结果表明,优化的传感器空间布局可以在设计阶段就针对多种误差,有效地提高其探测精度。     

Application of the mechanical oscillator technique to the investigation of EVA decompression

The ultrasonic bubble detection technique has been used as a versatile tool in the investigation of hypobaric decompression procedures for the last two decades. However, this method can only detect relatively large bubbles > 30-50 micrometers (usually in venous blood) and not the very first stages of bubble formation. Recently, the mechanical oscillator technique has been applied in air diving trials in order to detect small blood density changes due to hypothetical fluid shifts. However, sharp density drops were found in the decompression process, and these have been attributed to gas bubble formation. In this study, this method was applied together with Doppler controls to a series of altitude decompressions to 300 and 500 hPa, which represents the range of EVA operational pressures currently used or planned. Six subjects participated in both series; the oscillator sample tube could be pressurized. By the application of pressure on a blood sample containing questionable gas bubbles, these are reduced in volume, like in recompression therapy, and thus the density of the sample is increased. This effect has been shown in all 6 subjects undergoing decompression to 300 hPa, whereas in the 500 hPa series only 3 out of 6 subjects corresponded with gas phase formation immediately after decompression. Typically, Doppler bubbles appeared only after some latency time between 20 and 60 min; after this time, the density effect had nearly vanished. It is concluded that the mechanical oscillator technique represents a complementary research instrument to the Doppler method, because it is able to deliver a quantitative resolution of the early stage of gas phase formation.     

新型含硅芳基乙炔的固化及成炭机理研究

通过FTIR、DSC、TG和XRD等分析了新型含硅芳基乙炔树脂的组成、固化反应、炭化过程、炭化机理及热分解动力学.结果表明,树脂主链上含有Si元素,在222 ℃发生Diels-Alder固化反应;固化树脂的起始热分解温度为380 ℃,900 ℃的残留率为89.5%.热解动力学分析表明,树脂的炭化分为几个阶段,在250～445 ℃阶段,为引发阶段,结构变化小;450～725 ℃为热分解阶段,聚合物的主链破坏并转变为玻璃态炭结构;在830～855 ℃是芳环发生脱氢交联反应引起的放热阶段;860～895 ℃为碳化物逐渐向乱层石墨结构转变,此阶段以后热稳定性高.XRD和拉曼光谱表明, 1 500 ℃处理后出现SiC峰,2 200 ℃处理后出现石墨峰,表明材料在高温处理时可发生部分石墨化.     

Test results of the air turbo ramjet for a future space plane

The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) has been engaged in the development study on the Air Turbo Ramjet (ATR) engine since 1986 in cooperation with the Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd (IHI). The ATR is one of the most preferable candidates for the propulsion system of a future space plane. Our ATR engine is a combined cycle air breathing propulsion system which consists of the turbojet and the fan boosted ramjet using the liquid hydrogen as a fuel. This engine system was named “ATREX” after employing the expander cycle. The ATREX is energized by thermal energy extracted regeneratively in both the pre-cooler installed in the air intake and the heat exchanger in combustion chamber. The ATREX works in the flight condition from sea level static up to Mach 6 at 35 km altitude. The ATREX employs the tip turbine configuration for compactness of turbo machinery. We are assessing the feasibility of the ATREX system by the sea level static tests using the 1/4-scale model (ATREX-500) with a fan inlet diameter of 300 mm and overall length of 2120 mm. In 1990, the ATREX-500 engine was tested in a sea level static condition to verify the performance characteristics of the turbo machinery and the combustor. In September of 1991, the heat exchanger was installed in the combustion chamber and tested independently from the turbo system. In November of 1991, the heat exchanger was coupled with the turbo system and tested to verify the overall system of the ATREX. In this paper are presented the test results of the ATREX-500 engine tested in the sea level static condition.     

上面级直接入轨卫星的上升段温度控制及预示

为满足卫星在上升段持续时间长、外热流复杂、能源紧张等不利因素下的温度控制要求,需采取相应控温策略并进行预示。针对采用上面级"一箭双星"直接发射入轨的北斗三号中轨道导航卫星,进行了上升段期间的热分析并阐述了地面段和上升段的控温策略,通过仿真分析预示双星在上升段的温度变化,结合飞行数据,验证仿真分析的准确性以及控温策略的有效性,并获得星上各区域设备上升段的温度变化特性。结果表明:通过控制发射前整流罩内的初始温度以及采用延时指令开启相应区域固定功率加热器,上升段期间未开机设备均能保持缓慢的温度下降速率,所有星上设备温度均在要求的范围内。采取的控制策略对其他需保持较长时间低温储存状态的高轨航天器,以及深空探测器温控设计提供了一定参考。     

Radiation dose and shielding for the Space Station

Significant differences in dose prediction for Space Station arise depending on whether or not the magnetic field model is extrapolated into the future. The basis for these calculations is examined in detail, and the importance of the residual atmospheric layer at altitudes below 1000 km, with respect to radiation attenuation is emphasized. Dosimetry results from Shuttle flights are presented and compared with the computed results. It is recommended that, at this stage, no extrapolation of the magnetic field into the future be included in the calculations. A model adjustment, to replace this arbitrary procedure is presented. Dose predictions indicate that, at altitudes below 500 km and at low inclination, and with nominal module wall thickness (0.125 in. aluminum), orbit stay times of 90 days in Space Station would result in quarterly radiation doses to the crew, which are well within present limits both for males and females. Countermeasures would be required for stay times of a year or more and the measure of increasing shielding is examined.     

Optimization of transfer trajectories to the Apophis asteroid for spacecraft with high and low thrust

The problem of optimization of a spacecraft transfer to the Apophis asteroid is investigated. The scheme of transfer under analysis includes a geocentric stage of boosting the spacecraft with high thrust, a heliocentric stage of control by a low thrust engine, and a stage of deceleration with injection to an orbit of the asteroid’s satellite. In doing this, the problem of optimal control is solved for cases of ideal and piecewise-constant low thrust, and the optimal magnitude and direction of spacecraft’s hyperbolic velocity “at infinity” during departure from the Earth are determined. The spacecraft trajectories are found based on a specially developed comprehensive method of optimization. This method combines the method of dynamic programming at the first stage of analysis and the Pontryagin maximum principle at the concluding stage, together with the parameter continuation method. The estimates are obtained for the spacecraft’s final mass and for the payload mass that can be delivered to the asteroid using the Soyuz-Fregat carrier launcher.     

欧空局今后十年空间探测战略

欧空局目前正在研究今后十年的空间探测任务,这些任务可以分为两大类,一类是具有研究性的地球探测任务,另一类是可供使用的地球观察任务。这些研究要求的卫星质量不同,小的不足1000kg,大的可达3000kg;功率不同,小的不到500W,大的超过1500W;轨道高度也不同,从500km到800km。除降雨量观测任务由于飞行器结构和系统的限制是在低倾角轨道上执行外,其他大部分任务将在太阳同步轨道上执行。     

天基激光清除空间碎片方案与可行性研究

介绍了激光烧蚀驱动机理和空间碎片降轨清除原理,通过分析计算确立了空间碎片降轨清除判据和2 种降轨清除模式。理论计算给出了清除1200、800 和500 km 三个典型低地球轨道上空间碎片所必须的速度增量、激光器功率、单脉冲能量、激光发射镜直径等主要参数值。对比分析显示现有的硬件指标和条件能够满足清除低地球轨道上空间碎片的设计要求,因此,天基激光清除空间碎片方案从技术角度是可行的。     

大型反射面的充气展开动力学研究

为了掌握大型反射面从收拢状态到完全展开状态的动力学特性，采用气囊模型和控制体积(CV)法对反射面的充气展开过程进行研究。建立了包含中心轮毂、肋板、支撑杆、薄膜圆环和张拉绳的反射面有限元模型，提出逆解法获得折叠收拢状态下反射面的节点坐标，给出了充气展开动力学分析流程，获得了恒定充气速率下展开过程中圆环充气体积、环内压力等参数与展开时间的变化规律。结果表明，采用充气技术可进行大型反射面有序可控展开，反射面的充气展开过程分初始收拢状态、解锁释放、肋板展开、保压稳定四个阶段，地面充气展开试验结果验证了仿真分析的准确性。     

Launch cost reduction by the reuse of the core stage of Ariane 5

The high cost of launching payloads into Earth orbit is a main limiting factor on the development of space. In order to reduce the high cost of launch, reuse of (parts of) the launch vehicle is needed. This study analyses the possibilities of recovering and reusing the core stage of Ariane 5. Recovery of the core stage sets demands on re-entry trajectory, attitude, stability, thermal protection, structural strength, terminal deceleration, salt water protection, recovery and refurbishment. All these subject areas require solutions to their individual problems. Added subsystems to the stage are defined and their mass is determined. These masses are used to determine the financial feasibility of the recovery concept, by weighing the payload demise and operational cost against the gains of reduced production cost. It is concluded that the recovery is technologically feasible, using a detachable ablative heat shield on the nose of the stage and a stabilisation device (an inflatable drag cone), a parachute system and an engine enclosure device. Total mass of these systems is 1320 kg, with financial savings amounting to $8.5 million per flight.     

单股自由圆射流撞壁雾化实验

利用直流撞击式喷注器组织燃烧的发动机推力室喉部材料耐温极限制约了发动机燃烧效率提升,一种新型高性能直流冷壁式喷注器可以解决这一问题,为了指导这种新型喷注器的设计,从射流撞击雾化实验出发,探索了圆射流撞壁雾化规律。采用高速摄影捕获溅射雾化场整体形态,利用收集法测量溅射雾化率,选用PDA和PIV分别测量溅射液滴粒径及速度矢量。研究结果表明:射流撞壁后存在溅射,溅射液滴局部呈现螺旋状,液滴粒径为几十微米量级,溅射雾化率随撞击距离的变化规律可分为4个典型阶段:初始段、发展段、稳定段、衰减段,湍流动能为溅射雾化率的决定因素。     

从“初级阶段论”到“初始阶段论”——论江泽民对社会主义发展阶段理论的创新

江泽民同志关于社会主义初级阶段是整个建设有中国特色社会主义历史过程的初始阶段的重要思想，准确阐释了“社会主义初级阶段”和“建设有中国特色社会主义”的关系，丰富和发展了社会主义发展阶段理论，对于建设有中国特色社会主义的伟大事业具有长远的指导意义。     

载人登月舱概念设计阶段多方案比较方法初探

载人登月舱是完成载人登月任务的关键环节,也是登月飞行器系统的核心部分。由于登月舱推进剂占总质量的70％以上,因此在概念设计阶段,多方案比较应重点针对推进剂类型及其对应的构型开展对比分析,从而明确总体方案的深入方向。文章给出了该多方案比较的基本思路,并利用美国Altair登月舱作为实例具体说明该方法的基本流程,首先开展月面着陆器的分级方案选择分析、多种推进剂选择分析,并根据推进剂选择分析的结果,完成上升级、二级方案下降级、三级方案制动级的构型方案分析以及气闸舱的布局分析,最后给出组合多种可行方案,并对多种方案进行综合评价,开展比较分析,筘得帚倦对比音塞曲詹缝铖人签目舱柏袷证工椎打下了基础。     

带落速落角约束的高超声速飞行器俯冲轨迹规划方法

针对高超声速飞行器俯冲段精确打击任务需求,提出了一种能够同时满足落速与落角约束的轨迹规划方法。建立了两段式轨迹规划策略,第一段采用参数化控制剖面调节飞行速度,第二段采用传统偏置比例导引律实现落角控制。将控制剖面的参数设计分解为多参数优化与单参数搜索两个问题：通过离线求解可行初始位置范围最大的多参数优化问题,提高控制剖面对初始偏差的适应性;通过在线求解带罚函数的单参数搜索问题,得到落速偏差最小的俯冲轨迹。结合高超声速飞行器模型,对所提出的俯冲轨迹规划方法进行了仿真。结果表明,该方法能够得到满足落速与落角约束的俯冲轨迹,具有较好的求解效率,且对初始状态偏差具有较强的鲁棒性。     

空间飞行器对接动力学研究

异体同构周边式对接机构是目前飞船对接已经采用了的一种对接机构。本文详细地分析了具有这种对接机构的飞船的对接动力学。对接过程分三个阶段进行,捕获与接触;调整对接环;对接成功后的飞船姿态调整。 本文根据Jourdain—Bertrand原理推导并给出这三个阶段的对接动力学模型。同时,给出一组数字仿真结果。     

天基激光驱动空间碎片降轨效果仿真研究

在当前天基激光移除碎片方案设计中,通常采用k J级高能激光器、100 m/s大速度增量和简单降轨模型计算移除系统参数,然而k J级天基高能激光器尚未实现。文章基于目前实验室现有的J级激光器水平,参考现阶段碎片移除方案,针对特定区域的目标空间碎片,结合碎片轨道特性信息建立降轨模型,仿真研究目标碎片在低能量天基激光驱动下的运动过程和降轨效果,分析了影响目标碎片降轨效果的因素。对部署在500 km轨道高度的天基平台移除附近碎片的仿真结果表明,速度增量和降轨高度的变化具有累积效应,提高频率、增大有效作用距离等可延长激光烧蚀驱动时间,进而增强碎片降轨效果。分析表明,J级小能量激光器通过长时间的烧蚀,也可有效驱动和移除1~10 cm碎片。     

星载合成孔径雷达图像的飞机目标检测

针对大场景下星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中飞机目标检测问题,提出一种端到端的飞机目标检测算法。先在大场景SAR图像中对机场目标进行粗检测,定位机场区域,再通过精确分割算法获得机场的精细区域。对机场区域中的飞机目标进行检测,采用一种基于Canny算子的边缘检测与卷积神经网络结合的飞机目标检测算法。通过飞机边缘检测、边界框预处理等操作确定潜在飞机目标在机场中的位置范围,采用基于GoogLeNet的卷积神经网络对可疑目标进行鉴别。利用星载合成孔径雷达数据对算法进行验证,证明该方法的有效性与实用性。     

基于有向图模型的卫星任务指令生成算法

面向任务的卫星操控模式具有操作简便、星载资源使用效率高的优点,正在取代指令序列注入成为遥感卫星运控的新模式。文章提出一种基于有向图模型的遥感卫星任务指令序列生成算法,具有线性存储复杂度和计算复杂度,适合存储资源和计算资源受限的星载计算机应用。此算法已在某遥感卫星应用,测试试验表明,采用3个面向任务的高级指令即可生成52种指令序列,任务上行注入效率提升了5倍。本文方法根据有效载荷的使用约束条件,配置有向图模型参数,即可满足各种类型卫星使用。