A 12 years brazilian space education activity experience

A multidisciplinary group of students from the university and latter also from the high school was formed in 1988 with the objective to make them put in practice their knowledge in physics, chemistry and mathematics and engineering fields in experimental rocketry. The group was called “Grupo de Foguetes Experimentais”, GFE.Since that time more than 150 students passed throw the group and now many of them are in the space arena.The benefits for students in a space hands-on project are many:

1. More interest in their school subjects is gotten as they see an application for them;

2. Interrelation attitudes are learned as space projects is a team activity;

3. Responsibility is gained as each is responsible for a part of a critical mission project;

4. Multidisciplinary and international experience is gotten as these are space project characteristics;

5. Learn how to work in a high stress environment as use to be a project launch.

This paper will cover the educational experiences gotten during these years and how some structured groups work. It is explained the objectives and how the group was formed. The group structure and the different phases that at each year the new team passes are described. It is shown the different activities that the group uses to do from scientific seminars, scientific club and international meetings to technical tours and assistance to rocket activities in regional schools.It is also explained the group outreach activities as some launches were covered by the media in more then 6 articles in newspaper and 7 television news.In 1999 as formed an official group called NATA, Núcleo de Atividades Aerospaciais within the Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, by some GFE members and teachers from university. It is explained the first group project results.     

高超声速飞行器热防护结构参数优化及对比分析

高超声速飞行器对结构性能、热防护性能以及结构重量有很高的要求。为了获得最小的结构重量,文章从热防护的角度进行了优化分析:分别选择铝合金和先进复合材料作为蒙皮,在不同的热载荷条件下,对多种热防护结构（TPS）建立一维传热模型,并进行了结构尺寸优化,得到了单位面积TPS的最小重量;分析飞行器再入过程中的温度载荷、再入时间以及蒙皮材料可承受的最高温度对热防护结构最小重量的影响。ANSYS仿真分析结果表明:温度对TPS的单位面积最小重量有显著影响,LI900刚性陶瓷隔热瓦和先进金属蜂窝夹层防热结构有重量优势;采用复合材料蒙皮的TPS可使重量大幅减轻;飞行器再入时间和再入初始温度对刚性陶瓷隔热瓦重量的影响大于对金属盖板式隔热结构。     

高速SpaceWire协议IP的可靠性增强方法

针对航天高速SpaceWire总线系统对协议IP的高可靠性要求，提出一种用于静态随机访问存储器(SRAM)型现场可编辑逻辑门阵列(FPGA)的增强三模冗余(TMR)方法。该方法对传统三模冗余和部分三模冗余做了改进，将需要进行三模冗余的原设计分为一般单元集和可靠性薄弱的关键单元集，对一般单元集中的每个单元做三模冗余，对关键单元集中的每个单元做顺序四模冗余。给出了顺序四模冗余的可靠度计算式和表决器的布尔表达式。建立了系统可靠性的马尔科夫模型并基于模型开展了可靠性仿真。仿真结果表明增强三模冗余系统的可靠性不仅明显优于传统三模冗余系统，而且优于部分三模冗余系统，使系统可靠性得到有效提高。     

低轨卫星缺失时序数据的模式识别方法

在航天应用中，低轨卫星经常会由于原始数据缺失而影响卫星时序数据模式识别结果，降低准确率。针对该问题提出了一种新型MR-GRU模型，可有效处理缺失时序数据，并获得较好的模式识别准确率。区别于传统模型的补全缺失数据的方法，MR-GRU模型直接在缺失时序数据上运用循环神经网络进行训练，对传统门控循环单元结构进行了改进，增加了两个新变量：掩蔽项和衰减项。掩蔽项作用于输入，衰减项作用于输入和隐层单元输出。MR-GRU模型不仅能够保持时序数据固有的时间特性，还能有效提高模式识别精度。在卫星时序数据上的模式识别试验表明，MR-GRU模型准确率优于传统模型。     

BPT-4000霍尔推力器功率处理单元

BPT-4000是世界上迄今为止在空间应用中功率最大的霍尔推力器,其配套的功率处理单元输出功率可达4.5 kW。详细介绍了BPT-4000功率处理单元的性能参数,内部各电源模块的设计状况。BPT-4000功率处理单元测试结果表明,其各项电性能指标均优于设计要求。     

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute's education and public outreach program: Working toward a global 21st century space exploration society

Space Exploration educators worldwide are confronting challenges and embracing opportunities to prepare students for the global 21st century workforce. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), established in 1997 through a NASA competition, is a 12-university consortium dedicated to space life science research and education. NSBRI's Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) is advancing the Institute's mission by responding to global educational challenges through activities that: provide teacher professional development; develop curricula that teach students to communicate with their peers across the globe; provide women and minority US populations with greater access to, and awareness of science careers; and promote international science education partnerships.A recent National Research Council (NRC) Space Studies Board Report, America's Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Program with National Needs, acknowledges that “a capable workforce for the 21st century is a key strategic objective for the US space program… (and that) US problems requiring best efforts to understand and resolve…are global in nature and must be addressed through mutual worldwide action”. [1] This sentiment has gained new momentum through a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) report, which recommends that the life of the International Space Station be extended beyond the planned 2016 termination. [2] The two principles of globalization and ISS utility have elevated NSBRI EPOP efforts to design and disseminate science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) educational materials that prepare students for full participation in a globalized, high technology society; promote and provide teacher professional development; create research opportunities for women and underserved populations; and build international educational partnerships.This paper describes select EPOP projects and makes the case for using innovative, emerging information technologies to transfer space exploration knowledge to students, engage educators from across the globe in discourse about science curricula, and foster multimedia collaborations that inform citizens about the benefits of space exploration for life on Earth. Special references are made to educational activities conducted at professional meetings in Austria, Canada, France, China, Greece, Italy, Russia, Scotland and Spain.     

高校女生运用“运动套餐”课外体育锻炼效果的比较

本文拟对女大学生这一特殊的群体为研究对象,采用＂运动套餐＂实验法,结合问卷调查、文献资料法等,以《学生体质健康标准》为衡量标准,对其身体形态等方面产生的影响进行对照实验性的研究。经过十二周女大学生运用＂运动套餐＂课外体育活动实验,实验结果：实验组除体重指标以外呈现显著良性差异,实验组体重指数（BMI）朝正常体重区域发展,对控制体重有较好的作用,而对照组超重区域出现增长现象;实验组SCL90心理症状量表测试各项因子均值指标皆低于对照组,并抑郁、偏执两项因子出现差异;锻炼态度量表实验组各项指标除主观分量表均值以外皆高于对照组。结论：运用＂运动套餐＂实验组锻炼效果好于学校惯例式课外体育活动学生体育锻炼的效果,同时为高校体育课其它项目选项班设计不同的课外体育＂运动套餐＂提供参考。     

The ‘promise’ of smart materials for small satellites

In this paper the potential use of ‘smart’ materials to improve the performance and cost efficiency of small satellites is introduced. The basic operating performance of the structural smart materials are reviewed as are some of the foreseen application areas. The state of the art in applying smart materials for use in space is then discussed with a focus on areas where information is lacking. A series of actions to alleviate these shortcomings are proposed and some current activities of the DLR-Institute of Structural Mechanics to answer these calls for action are highlighted.     

运用语篇衔接手段 提高听力理解水平

语言是交际工具,而交际活动的前提是要听懂对方的语言.《大学英语教学大纲》要求学生通过两年的学习后,应具有一定听的能力.由此可见英语听力教学在整个英语教学中的基础地位.然而许多学习者虽然花费了大量的时间和精力,但在获取信息的能力方面仍然收效甚微.影响听力的因素很多,忽略了语篇的衔接是其中之一.     

金属模板对复合材料层板固化过程中残余应力的影响

采用商业软件对带有铝板的复合材料层板固化全过程残余应力进行数值模拟计算。在固化瞬态温度场模拟中，采用有限差分法考虑固化动力学模型和热一化学模型强耦合的关系。在残余应力数值模拟中，化学收缩引起的应变在每一计算步以初始应变施加在复合材料结构上。基于以上技术，对带有铝合金的复合材料层板的固化全过程残余应力的进行分析，并分析了金属模板在分析中的作用。结果表明：金属模板改变了两种材料残余应力最大值的时刻；由于金属模板约束作用使带有铝板的复合材料层板在固化过程中承受更大的残余应力。     

Circumstellar habitable zones: an overview

We review aspects of circumstellar habitable zones based on results reported at the First International Conference on Circumstellar Habitable Zones (held in 1994 at NASA Ames Research Center). Recent advances in atmospheric radiative transfer modeling have shown that circumstellar habitable zones are wider than previously thought. New considerations may allow a much shorter time scale both for the origin as well as the evolution of biological forms. The most abundant M dwarf stars, contrary to previous views, appear to be able to support the necessary conditions for a habitable zone around them. New planet formation models indicate that at least one planet should form within the circumstellar habitable zone of single dwarf stars regardless of mass. Biogenic materials also appear to be widespread and delivery to terrestrial planets via cometary impacts may be a viable mechanism. Finally, biology will modify a planet and provide positive feedback, in general, to increase the habitability of a planet. Overall, new astronomical, planetary, and biological considerations each seem to indicate that habitable zones around other stars may be both more widespread and more stable than previous research had indicated.     

An Artificial Neural Network That Uses Coarse Allocentric Coding of Direction to Represent Distances Between Locations in a Metric Space

An artificial neural network was trained to rate the distances between all possible pairs taken from a set of thirteen different cities on the map of Alberta. After learning to solve this problem, the internal structure of the network was analyzed. It was found that in spite of the fact that the network was trained to rate distances, the hidden units in the network were not sensitive to distance at all. Instead, it was found that each hidden unit could be located at a particular latitude and longitude on the map of Alberta, and that at this location each hidden unit was associated with a specific heading. Each hidden unit measured the bearing of each city relative to the hidden unit's heading, and when a stimulus was presented to the network, the hidden units combined the two city bearings and generated an activity level based on this combination. The output units of the network generated an accurate distance rating by combining the directional signals that were being computed by the hidden units. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for theories about cognitive maps, in particular the modularization of distance measurements from directional measurements.     

太赫兹超材料及其应用综述

在太赫兹波段高效响应的天然材料较为有限,制约了太赫兹技术的应用和发展。超材料是近年来兴起的人工合成电磁材料,可以通过其晶格单元形状、结构以及关键尺寸的设计实现人工电磁材料宏观电磁响应的调节,在太赫兹功能器件研制以及太赫兹波有效调控方面具有巨大潜力。总结了太赫兹超材料的最新研究成果及遇到的问题,概括了近十年来太赫兹超材料吸波体、调制器、天线等方面的研究进展,对太赫兹超材料的发展方向及未来热点进行了展望。     

International cooperation and competition in civilian space activities

This article considers how the USA can best maintain its commercial and governmental competitiveness in space, while facilitating private investment and international marketing, and at the same time keeping up significant cooperation with other nations. The current state of US civilian space activities in each of these areas is summarized, and several alternative solutions are presented. The article concludes that strengthening US competition with other space-capable nations, and improving US ability to cooperate effectively, will require careful coordination of the activities of federal agencies with each other and with the private sector.     

高速摄像技术在火箭橇头罩分离试验中的应用

火箭橇头罩分离试验中,需要采集头罩分离前后的高速图像。由于火工品爆炸时间短,振动与冲击环境恶劣,普通摄像设备难以满足要求。文章介绍了一种小型化、低功耗、能够适应强振动与冲击环境的高速摄像系统,该系统由具有Camera Link接口的工业相机、图像采编单元和数据存储单元组成,图像采编单元对工业相机图像数据进行编码,并通过LVDS接口传输至数据存储单元;数据存储单元使用FPGA控制SATA接口固态硬盘实现无损图像数据的实时存储。通过减振和自动调光设计,此系统能够适应强振动与冲击环境,并能自动快速适应各种光照环境,已成功应用在某火箭橇头罩分离试验中,实现了分辨率为800×600、帧率为120帧/s的连续图像存储,存储时间不低于30 min,存储的图像数据完整可靠。     

Observations from a 4-year contamination study of a sample depth profile through Martian meteorite Nakhla

Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system.     

基于GNSS的通信星座系统的时间同步研究

为近地通信卫星星座系统提出一个将星座各星上时钟同步到地面系统时钟的新技术方案,以GNSS导航系统时钟作为高精度、高稳定的时间基准,利用地面站和星座星上的GNSS接收机基于定位原理测得各自时钟相对于GNSS系统时钟的时差量（秒脉冲相位差）,进一步得出各星时钟相对于地面系统时钟的时差观测量。每个星上时间管理单元利用一个Kalman滤波器估计星地时差模型参数,周期性更新星上时差预报,并据此估计秒脉冲调相时机,以及按照最小调相残差原则估算的调相幅值,并令PPS发生器完成相关调相操作。还设计了上述时统方案在一个典型Walker（24/3/1）星座中的应用研究,并开展了数学仿真和半物理仿真。文章还设计了一个半实物仿真方案,通过数学仿真和半物理仿真,表明该时统方法可将星地秒脉冲相位差自动控制在指定误差范围内,证实其在近地通信卫星星座系统全网时间同步任务中应用的可能性和有效性。     

Representing space in a PDP network: Coarse allocentric coding can mediate metric and nonmetric spatial judgements

In one simulation, an artificial neural networkwas trained to rate the distances between pairsof cities on the map of Alberta, given onlyplace names as input. Distance ratings rangedfrom 0 (when the network rated the distancebetween a city and itself) to 10. The questionof interest was the nature of therepresentations developed by the network's sixhidden units after it successfully learned tomake the desired responses. Analyses indicatedthat the network used coarse allocentric codingto solve this problem. Each hidden unit couldbe described as occupying a position on the mapof Alberta, and each connection weight feedinginto a hidden unit was related to the distanceon the map between the hidden unit and one ofthe stimulus cities. On its own, a singlehidden unit's response was a relativelyinaccurate distance measure. However, bycombining all six hidden unit responses in acoarse coding scheme, accurate responses weregenerated by the network. In a secondsimulation, a second network was trained tomake similar judgements, but was trained toviolate the minimality constraint on metricspace when trained to judge the distancebetween a city and itself. An analysis of thisnetwork indicated that it too was using coarseallocentric coding.     

发射箱导轨用石墨填充碳/酚醛复合材料研究

采用石墨填充碳/酚醛模压复合材料技术成形导轨面材料,通过试验,研究和分析了材料各组分对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。试验结果表明,在石墨含量为10%,碳纤维含量为30%时,石墨、碳纤维填充酚醛树脂复合材料的摩擦磨损性能、烧蚀性能较好,且摩擦系数低,适于用作导轨表面材料。