具有叶尖小翼的涡轮叶栅间隙流动的实验研究

涡轮动叶叶顶间隙流动是引起动叶内部流动损失的重要因素之一,大约30%的流动损失是由间隙流动引起的。对高负荷涡轮叶栅在间隙高度1%叶高、0°冲角的条件下,加装不同宽度和安装位置的叶尖小翼进行了实验研究,结果表明,压力面小翼在一定程度上削弱了泄漏涡强度,0.3倍叶片当地厚度的压力面小翼效果最佳。吸力面小翼可使泄漏涡运动轨迹向相邻叶片的压力面侧偏移、泄漏涡强度减弱,间隙泄漏损失降低。随着吸力面叶尖小翼宽度的不断增加,叶尖小翼对泄漏流动的控制作用也不断增强,当宽度在1.2倍叶片当地厚度时,对泄漏流动控制效果最好,可使叶栅测量截面总损失与不加小翼的叶栅相比降低28%。组合小翼不如单纯的吸力面小翼效果好。     

压力面小翼对涡轮叶栅不同间隙下流场影响的实验

对某涡轮叶栅加装不同宽度的压力面小翼对叶栅间隙流场的影响进行了实验研究,详细测量了间隙高度为0.5%h,1%h,1.5%h时叶栅出口流场和叶片表面静压分布情况.通过实验结果分析得出:随着间隙高度的增加,间隙泄漏流动加剧,泄漏涡增强,叶栅总损失增加,同时使上通道涡的强度减弱;压力面小翼在间隙高度为0.5%h时对间隙泄漏流动的控制效果较好,宽度为0.4倍当地叶片厚度的压力面小翼能使叶栅总损失降低18%.间隙高度为1%h时,0.3倍当地叶片厚度的压力面小翼效果最佳,使叶栅总损失降低10.37%.间隙高度为1.5%h时,压力面小翼对间隙泄漏流动基本没有影响,但在一定程度上降低了叶栅总损失.      

变冲角下吸力面小翼对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响

为了进一步揭示吸力面小翼对压气机叶栅间隙流动的影响机理,采用数值模拟方法对压气机叶栅加装吸力面小翼控制间隙流动进行研究,着重考察了吸力面小翼在不同来流冲角下(-5°、0°、+3°)对叶栅气动性能的影响。结果显示,负冲角时,吸力面小翼有效降低了叶尖泄漏损失及遏制了压力面分离。随着冲角增加,叶顶最大压差作用区向叶栅上游移动,泄漏涡与通道涡的相互作用增强,吸力面小翼对叶栅气动性能的改善逐渐降低。     

叶尖小翼对小流量跨声速压气机转子的影响研究

为了控制压气机转子叶尖泄漏流动,减少叶尖泄漏流和叶尖泄漏涡对压气机内部流场带来的不利影响,针对小流量压气机进口跨声速转子进行了叶尖小翼的数值研究,探索了叶尖小翼对小流量跨声速压气机转子性能的影响和对叶尖泄漏流的控制机理。研究表明,4倍压力面宽度的压力面叶尖小翼可以使得压气机转子的流量裕度增加24.5%;吸力面叶尖小翼和压力面叶尖小翼影响失速的主要因素不同,吸力面叶尖小翼增大了吸力面侧流体的逆压梯度,扩大了低速流体区域,压力面叶尖小翼通过降低叶尖负荷,从而减弱泄漏强度,减小了低速流体区域。     

间隙高度对某涡轮叶尖间隙泄漏流影响的研究

利用三维湍流数值模拟方法模拟某跨声速高压涡轮流场,研究了转子叶尖间隙高度对涡轮转子间隙泄漏流动的影响,详细描述了间隙流动结构随间隙高度的变化情况。研究结果表明:随着间隙高度的增加,间隙泄漏流流量线性增加,并导致转子叶尖附近流体偏转角度减小。间隙高度每增加1%相对叶高,间隙泄漏流量占总流量的比例约增加2.1%。间隙高度变化对间隙内部流动的影响明显:当间隙比较小时,随着间隙高度的增加,分离泡的大小迅速增加,回流区域减小。随着间隙高度的增加,间隙泄漏涡尺度迅速增加,同时由于泄漏流中高速流体流量增加,通道涡远离叶片吸力面并向靠近机匣的方向移动,泄漏涡也向远离吸力面方向运动。     

不同宽度吸力面小翼控制压气机叶栅间隙流动的实验研究

为了进一步揭示吸力面叶尖小翼控制压气机叶栅间隙泄漏流动的作用机制,实验研究了三种不同宽度吸力面小翼在3%弦长间隙下对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响,并建立了带吸力面小翼的压气机叶栅旋涡结构模型。研究结果表明,吸力面小翼使得泄漏流在翼顶通道内发生掺混,延缓了泄漏涡的形成并降低了泄漏涡强度,三种宽度吸力面小翼分别使叶栅损失降低6.9%,7.7%和8.2%。吸力面小翼对叶栅损失值的降低量并不与其自身宽度增加量成线性关系。较大宽度的吸力面小翼会导致近端壁区气流欠偏转程度增加及泄漏流掺混损失等附加损失增大。     

轴向非均匀凹槽叶顶的实验与数值研究

为探究不同轴向非均匀凹槽间隙控制泄漏流动的效果和机理,采用实验与数值结合的研究方法,对两种间隙条件下的叶顶凹槽结合渐缩型间隙、均匀型间隙和渐扩型间隙方案对涡轮叶顶泄漏流动的控制效果进行研究。结果表明:减小泄漏流流量与控制叶栅总压损失之间没有直接联系,渐扩型间隙增大了26.7%的泄漏流流量,但在小间隙和大间隙条件下分别减小了2.44%和3.53%的总压损失；渐扩间隙减小总压损失,是通过有效减小通道涡在节距向和展向的尺度,并在一定程度上减小泄漏涡在节距向的尺度实现的；渐扩间隙减小通道涡和泄漏涡的尺度,其原理在于渐扩间隙的布置增强了凹槽内的径向流动,使压力面再附线更靠近叶片,吸力面泄漏涡分离线位置更靠后,从而抑制了泄漏流动。      

融合式叶尖小翼对低速压气机转子气动性能的影响

为了进一步揭示融合式叶尖小翼对压气机转子间隙流动的影响机理,采用数值模拟方法对低速压气机转子加装叶尖小翼控制间隙流动进行研究,着重考察了不同几何宽度及安装方式小翼对转子气动性能的影响。结果显示,叶尖小翼改变了转子中的泄漏涡轨迹,影响着叶片吸力面附面层的分离程度,适当几何宽度的压力面小翼可以在压气机转子效率略有降低的情况下使其失速点流量系数减小8.20%。     

压力面小翼对涡轮叶栅不同冲角下流场影响的实验研究

为了控制和降低涡轮动叶由叶顶间隙所引起的泄漏损失,对加装不同宽度压力面小翼的涡轮叶栅间隙流场进行了实验研究,详细测量了±10°,±5°,0°冲角时涡轮叶栅出口流场和叶片表面静压分布情况。结果表明:随来流冲角由负到正,泄漏涡强度减弱,泄漏损失降低;通道涡强度增强,其引起的损失增大。压力面小翼在不同冲角下均对叶顶泄漏流动具有一定的控制作用,在设计冲角和较小的正冲角工况下PW0.3方案压力面小翼作用效果较好,分别使叶栅总损失降低10.38%和8.11%。在冲角变化范围更大时,PW0.4方案压力面小翼效果更好。     

1+1/2对转涡轮可调高压导叶流场及损失的数值研究

调节高压导叶开度可以有效控制1+1/2对转涡轮流量,同时导叶的调节也伴随着一些附加损失的产生,为了使采用可调导叶获得的效益不被涡轮效率的下降抵消过多,有必要对可调导叶的流场及间隙流动进行详细的分析。通过数值研究表明,当采用可调导叶端部加入间隙后,在上下两端壁附近会出现高损失区。间隙泄漏流除了进口端壁的来流之外,还有一部分来自于叶片压力面的附面层,使得压力面出现明显的展向二次流。泄漏流的流量越大越容易形成泄漏涡,压力面和吸力面之间的压差是泄漏涡形成的主要动力。     

Effect of tip geometry and tip clearance on aerodynamic performance of a linear compressor cascade

The tip leakage flow between a blade and a casing wall has a strong impact on compressor pressure rise capability, efficiency, and stability. Consequently, there is a strong motivation to look for means to minimize its impact on performance. This paper presents the potential of passive tip leakage flow control to increase the aerodynamic performance of highly loaded compressor blades. Experimental investigations on a linear compressor cascade equipped with blade winglets mounted to the blade tips have been carried out. Results for a variation of the tip clearance and the winglet geometry are presented. Current results indicate that the use of proper tip winglets in a compressor cascade can positively affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the tip leakage vortex. Results also show that the suction-side winglets are aerodynamically superior to the pressure-side or combined winglets. The suction-side winglets are capable of reducing the exit total pressure loss associated with the tip leakage flow and the passage secondary flow to a significant degree.     

Experimental and numerical study of tip injection in a subsonic axial flow compressor

Parametric study of tip injection was implemented experimentally on a subsonic axial flow compressor to understand the underlying flow mechanisms of stability improvement of the compressor with discrete tip injection.Injector throat height varied from 2 to 6 times the height of rotor tip clearance,and circumferential coverage percentage ranged from 8.3％ to 25％ of the annulus.Static pressure fluctuations over the rotor tip were measured with fast-response pressure transducers.Whole-passage time-accurate simulations were also carried out to help us understand the flow details.The combinations of tip injection with traditional casing treatments were experi mentally studied to generate an engineering-acceptable method of compressor stall control.The results indicate that the maximum stability improvement is achieved when injectors are choked despite their different sizes.The effect of circumferential coverage percentage on compressor stabil ity depends on the value of injector throat height for un-choked injectors,and vice versa.Tip blockage in the blade passage is greatly reduced by the choked injectors,which is the primary reason for stability enhancement.The accomplishment of blockage diminishment is maintained in the circumferential direction with the unsteady effect of tip injection,which manifests as a hysteresis between the recovery of tip blockage and the recovery of tip leakage vortex.The unsteady effect is primarily responsible for the effectiveness of tip injection with a partial circumferential coverage.Tip injection cannot enhance the stability of the rotor with axial slots significantly,but it can improve the stabil ity of the rotor with circumferential grooves further.The combined structure of tip injection with circumferential grooves is an alternative for engineering application.     

涡轮叶尖间隙泄漏涡不稳定性分析

结合Rains间隙泄漏涡模型和长波不稳定性理论,应用高雷诺数k-ε湍流模型加壁面函数,基于压力修正的三维计算流体力学程序,对某一轴流涡轮平面叶栅叶尖间隙流场进行仿真,通过将叶尖间隙泄漏涡与其在机匣表面镜像形成的虚拟泄漏涡组合成一对泄漏涡,对涡轮叶尖间隙泄漏涡的不稳定性进行了分析,并计算了五个不同叶尖间隙高度下泄漏涡的最不稳定的波长及对应的频率。结果表明,利用长波不稳定性理论可以预测叶尖泄漏涡的不稳定性和最不稳定的波长及对应的频率,从而为采用合成射流控制方法去控制涡轮叶尖泄漏涡提供理论基础。     

涡轮叶尖泄漏流被动控制数值模拟

结合基于密度修正的采用雷诺应力湍流模型加壁面函数的三维计算流体力学程序,通过在叶尖吸力面表面加肋条的被动控制方法以期减小叶尖间隙泄漏流动带来的损失,对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖间隙泄漏流场的被动控制进行了数值模拟研究,并详细分析了在不同肋条高度下泄漏流场细节,最后计算了涡轮效率。结果表明,在涡轮叶尖表面沿吸力面边缘镶肋条对泄漏流动进行被动控制,相对于与其相对叶尖间隙高度相等的基本间隙流场,涡轮效率增大;肋条高度对涡轮效率有较大影响,相对等绝对叶尖间隙高度的基本流场,增大肋条高度可以提高涡轮效率。在叶尖间隙区域前半部,肋条对泄漏流动的阻挡作用使得在叶尖表面出现回流区,阻碍泄漏流动;在叶尖间隙区域后半部,回流区消失。     

Experimental investigation of flow field in a laboratory-scale compressor

The inner flow environment of turbomachinery presents strong three-dimensional, rota-tional, and unsteady characteristics. Consequently, a deep understanding of these flow phenomena will be the prerequisite to establish a state-of-the-art design system of turbomachinery. Currently the development of more accurate turbulence models and CFD tools is in urgent need for a high-quality database for validation, especially the advanced CFD tools, such as large eddy simu-lation (LES). Under this circumstance, this paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the 3D unsteady flow field inside a laboratory-scale isolated-rotor with multiple advanced measure-ment techniques, including traditional aerodynamic probes, hotwire probes, unsteady endwall static pressure measurement, and stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV). The inlet boundary layer pro-file is measured with both hotwire probe and aerodynamic probe. The steady and unsteady flow fields at the outlet of the rotor are measured with a mini five-hole probe and a single-slanted hotwire probe. The instantaneous flow field in the rotor tip region inside the passage is captured with SPIV, and then a statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the instantaneous tip leakage vortex/flow is performed to understand its dynamic characteristics. Besides these, the uncertainty analysis of each measurement technique is described. This database is quite sufficient to validate the advanced numerical simulation with LES. The identification process of the tip leakage vortex core in the instantaneous frames obtained from SPIV is performed deliberately. It is concluded that the ensemble-averaged flow field could not represent the tip leakage vortex strength and the trajectory trace. The development of the tip leakage vortex could be clearly cataloged into three phases according to their statistical spatial distribution. The streamwise velocity loss induced by the tipleakage flow increases until the splitting process is weak and the turbulent mixing phase is dominant.     

Control of squealer-tip leakage flow with perforated-rib coolant injection in an axial turbine cascade

A novel perforated-rib configuration is proposed for controlling the tip leakage flow at the rotor tip of an axial turbine. Three perforated-rib layouts are considered, wherein a perforated rib is installed at (A) the Suction-Side squealer (SS-rib), (B) the Pressure-Side squealer (PS-rib), and (C) the additional squealer along the blade Camber Line (CL-rib). A numerical method is used to show how the novel rib layouts affect the aerodynamic performance of the tip leakage flow. Results show that the coolant jets issuing from the perforated-rib injection holes penetrate deeper into the tip clearance than those in the baseline squealer-tip case, and how the perforated-rib coolant injection affects the tip leakage flow depends strongly on the rib layout. The PS-rib and CL-rib layouts appear promising for controlling the tip leakage flow, playing a significant role in reducing the total pressure loss and improving the turbine blade’s isentropic efficiency. In particular, under an injection mass flow ratio of 1% and a tip clearance of 1% blade span, the PS-rib layout reduces the leakage mass flow rate by 27% and increases the isentropic efficiency by 1.25% compared with those in the baseline squealer-tip case. Meanwhile, the advantages of the PS-rib layout in tip leakage control are confirmed under small and large tip clearances.     

轴流压气机转子近失速工况点叶尖区流动非定常性分析

为了揭示某轴流压气机转子近失速工况点叶尖区域流场的非定常变化及其形成机理,采用定常和非定常数值模拟方法对其内部流场进行了全三维的数值模拟。通过和已有的试验测量结果进行对比分析表明,预测的总性能及基元性能与试验结果取得了很好的一致性。近失速工况点的非定常模拟结果表明,压气机的总性能及叶片承受的扭矩出现了周期性的波动,其波动周期约为转子通过频率的2.5倍。进一步详细分析叶尖区流场的瞬态流动结构发现,间隙泄漏涡在近失速工况下出现了泡式破碎,破碎的泄漏涡、主流以及来自相邻叶片的间隙泄漏流相互作用形成了另外一个特征明显的旋涡(命名为叶尖二次涡)。该旋涡的形成、发展和运动是压气机的总性能出现周期性波动的主要原因。     

多腔室凹槽对涡轮叶顶流动传热特性影响的数值研究

现代航空发动机为获得更大输出功率和推重比,涡轮进口温度不断提高,因此高温燃气在无围带动叶叶顶间隙的泄漏引起叶顶热负荷急剧增加,甚至导致叶片烧蚀、失效,严重影响涡轮运行安全。为降低叶顶热负荷,抑制泄漏流,本文以GE-E3第一级叶栅为研究对象,通过求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS）方程和湍流模型研究了多腔室凹槽对叶顶流动传热性能的影响。研究结果表明:在多腔室凹槽中,叶顶换热系数随着叶顶空腔数量的增加而逐渐减小,凹槽腔室内刮削涡可有效降低泄漏流量。格栅结构在凹槽中起到“气动篦齿”作用,在0至20%的流向区域内泄漏流控制效果显著。Case7的叶顶换热系数最小,比Case1降低了40.44％;Case2和Case3可显著抑制叶顶泄漏量,与Case1相比分别降低了33.82％、28.90％。     

涡轮叶尖迷宫式密封对泄漏流场影响的数值模拟

采用基于密度修正的三维计算流体力学程序,结合雷诺应力湍流模型加壁面函数的方法,对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖迷宫式密封对泄漏流场的影响进行了数值研究,分析了全叶冠密封和部分叶冠密封中的泄漏流场,并详细研究了迷宫密封采用的锯齿状肋条数目对密封效果的影响,最后计算了转子效率。结果表明:涡轮叶尖表面加叶冠对进行密封,可以显著提高涡轮效率,全叶冠密封下涡轮效率提高1.15301%,部分叶冠密封涡轮效率增加0.54713%;迷宫密封中锯齿状肋条数有一个最佳值,且在此锯齿状肋条数下进行迷宫密封涡轮效率相对无锯齿状肋条增加0.1%。