Assessment on critical technologies for conceptual design of blended-wing-body civil aircraft

Civil aviation faces great challenges because of its robust projected future growth and potential adverse environmental effects. The classical Tube-And-Wing(TAW) configuration following the Cayley's design principles has been optimized to the architecture's limit, which can hardly satisfy the further requirements on green aviation. By past decades' investigations the BlendedWing-Body(BWB) concept has emerged as a potential solution, which can simultaneously fulfill metrics of noise, emission and fuel burn. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the developments of critical technologies for BWB conceptual design from a historical perspective of technology progress. It was found that the high aerodynamic efficiency of BWB aircraft can be well scaled by the mean aerodynamic chord and wetted aspect ratio, and should be realized with the trade-offs among stability and control and low-speed performance. The structure concepts of non-cylinder pressurized cabin are of high risks on weight prediction and weight penalty. A static stability criterion is recommended and further clear and adequate criteria are required by the evaluations of flying and handling qualities. The difficulties of propulsion and airframe integration are analyzed. The energy to revenue work ratios of well-developed BWB configurations are compared,which are 31.5% and 40% better than that of TAW, using state-of-art engine technology and future engine technology, respectively. Finally, further study aspects are advocated.     

Aerodynamic Design Methodology for Blended Wing Body Transport

This paper puts forward a design idea for blended wing body(BWB).The idea is described as that cruise point,maximum lift to drag point and pitch trim point are in the same flight attitude.According to this design idea,design objectives and constraints are defined.By applying low and high fidelity aerodynamic analysis tools,BWB aerodynamic design methodology is established by the combination of optimization design and inverse design methods.High lift to drag ratio,pitch trim and acceptable buffet margin can be achieved by this design methodology.For 300-passenger BWB configuration based on static stability design,as compared with initial configuration,the maximum lift to drag ratio and pitch trim are achieved at cruise condition,zero lift pitching moment is positive,and buffet characteristics is well.Fuel burn of 300-passenger BWB configuration is also significantly reduced as compared with conventional civil transports.Because aerodynamic design is carried out under the constraints of BWB design requirements,the design configuration fulfills the demands for interior layout and provides a solid foundation for continuous work.     

翼身融合飞机的空气动力学研究进展

翼身融合飞机(Blended Wing Body Aircraft-BWB Aircraft)是一种新型高升阻比无尾布局的大型运输机,其气动特性的研究是BWB布局飞机克服众多技术难题的基础。文章首先简述了BWB布局的研究历程,给出巨型BWB布局飞机的总体几何特征参数和基本性能,并简述风洞和自由飞试验情况;接着介绍BWB研究中的多学科优化平台,着重讨论气动优化技术,它是解决BWB布局气动问题的基础手段之一;然后综述BWB布局研究的热点领域:气动特性研究、气动弹性研究和发动机/机体一体化设计研究;最后提出BWB布局发展趋势的若干方面。     

翼身融合民机总体气动技术研究进展与展望

翼身融合（BWB）布局作为下一代亚声速民机主流方案已得到共识，研究步伐正在加快，进入工程应用指日可待。在回顾国内外BWB民机发展历程的基础上，简要阐述了飞翼布局（FW）和BWB布局的差异，明确了BWB概念特征及应用范围。聚焦BWB飞机总体气动设计中的技术挑战和对策，重点论述分析了BWB布局技术瓶颈及设计思想演化，新型结构与重量估算、适航符合性等总体设计问题，气动布局设计原则、高-低速性能协调等气动布局设计问题，飞-发干扰与一体化设计、新型发动机技术应用等飞机-发动机综合集成设计问题，降噪技术及其衍生的设计冲突、考虑噪声指标的总体设计策略等问题。并从技术进展和工程可实现性角度，展望了BWB民机的发展趋势。     

翼身融合布局飞机机体-发动机气动干扰效应

翼身融合（BWB）布局飞机是一种相对较新的飞行器概念，具有商业运输飞机的潜在用途。研究表明，翼身融合布局客机可获得比常规布局客机更好的性能。但是，由于各方面限制，BWB飞机不宜使用传统的机翼安装或机身安装的发动机布局，发动机背部安装成为首选布局。然而，背部安装发动机容易产生激波、分离、进气畸变等空气动力干扰问题，发动机与机身一体化的气动设计已成为BWB飞机发展的关键技术。针对BWB布局飞机的机体和发动机之间的气动干扰进行了数值研究，结果表明，背部安装发动机对BWB布局飞机的全机气动特性和发动机本身的推力性能都会产生较为明显的影响。     

民机的一种新型布局形式——翼身融合体飞机

 讨论了一种区别于机翼与圆柱机身的传统民机外形——翼身融合体（BWB）外形。从给定容积下减少浸润面积和摩擦阻力的考虑发展出了翼身融合体的概念。在满足系列设计约束条件下讨论了适于大型（800座）客机的翼身融合体的技术和商业上的可能性。概念设计研究表明,翼身融合体外形可获得比常规外形更好的性能。巡航升阻比可从传统外形的19提高至23。480座的BWB外形与同量级的传统外形（A380-700）相比,最大起飞重量可减少18%,每座位燃油消耗可减少32%,具有良好的环保性。通过气动载荷分布规律的反设计,翼型修型和三维优化设计等气动设计方法可以有效减阻和提高BWB的气动性能。由于BWB的高度融合性,讨论了多学科优化设计方法的重要性和有效性。BWB概念能够发展成BWB系列机,进一步提高巡航马赫数也是可能的。     

翼身融合布局民机克鲁格襟翼设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局是"绿色航空"发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。由于高度融合的外形特点，BWB布局难以通过应用传统增升装置实现低速增升与配平的协调设计。本文采用开缝钝头克鲁格襟翼提高BWB布局低速失速特性。首先，构建了克鲁格襟翼二维参数化方法，该方法符合克鲁格襟翼运动机构特点，可准确描述几何外形与缝道配置。其次，开展克鲁格襟翼几何参数与偏转角度的影响规律研究，分析流动形态与增升机理，提出设计原则。综合考虑外形、运动机构与遮蔽效应等设计约束，以提高增升能力为目标，开展前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼优化设计。优化设计结果满足设计约束，数值分析表明其增升能力比初始外形与经典缝翼均有明显提高。最终，采用前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼与后缘简单襟翼构建BWB增升构型，数值模拟与风洞试验结果表明，增升方案能够实现升力系数要求，降低了对配平能力的需求，减小了增升装置和高升力配平设计压力。提出的克鲁格襟翼设计方法不仅适用于BWB布局，也为传统布局民机增升装置设计提供了技术支持。     

翼身融合布局民机高低速协调设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局作为一种创新的布局形式，成为未来民用飞机发展的热点。与传统布局相比，BWB布局具有综合优势，是以安全性、经济性、舒适性和环保性为发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。针对BWB布局低速飞行性能不易满足"绿色航空"发展目标的技术现状，分析当前BWB布局高低速综合设计中出现的问题和面临的挑战，提出了改善低速性能的应对策略。通过总体参数对高低速性能的影响规律研究，分析了影响高低速协调设计的各种因素，指出翼载是影响高低速协调设计的核心参数。基于项目组长期研究工作，提出了综合考虑高低速性能的BWB布局设计要求，建立了高速向低速适当妥协，综合平衡高低速矛盾的设计思想，给出了由三点技术措施构成的高低速协调设计原则。根据本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则，采用多学科综合优化和气动综合设计方法，进行了概念方案的高低速协调设计，获得了高低速协调、综合性能优异的概念设计方案。CFD分析和风洞试验验证结果表明，协调设计后的概念方案，在保持优异巡航性能的同时，显著提高了低速性能，降低了对增升能力的需求，减小了高升力状态力矩平衡措施的设计压力，达到了保证巡航效率和提升低速性能的协调设计目标。本文提出的高低速协调设计思想和设计原则为提升BWB布局低速性能提供了新的思路和方法，可应用于翼身融合类民机布局研究，并可为其他用途翼身融合类飞机设计提供参考。     

分布式协同进化MDO算法及其在导弹设计中应用

 针对现有基于梯度的多学科设计优化 (MDO)算法不适用于具有离散和整数设计变量、设计空间非凸或不连通的多学科设计优化问题,以及倾向于收敛到接近初始点的局部最优点的缺点,为充分发挥进化算法的优越性,根据协同进化与 MDO在本质上的相似性,采用分布式协同进化机制进行 MDO算法研究。提出了分布式协同进化 MDO算法,并将该算法应用于导弹的气动 /发动机 /控制一体化优化设计。     

Aerodynamic/Stealthy/Structural Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle

An optimization strategy is proposed to deal with the aerodynamic/stealthy/structural multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) issue of unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV). In applying the strategy, the MDO process is divided into two levels, i.e. system level optimization and subsystem level optimization. The system level optimization is to achieve optimized system objective (or multi-objective) through the adjustment of global external configuration design variables. The subsystem level optimization consists of the aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design and the structural optimization. The aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design aims at achieving the minimum aerodynamic drag coefficient under the constraint of stealthy requirement through the adjustment of local external configuration design variables. The structural optimization is to minimize the structural weight by adjusting the dimensions of structural components. A flowchart to implement this strategy is presented. The MDO for a flying-wing configuration of UCAV is employed to illustrate the detailed process of the optimization. The results indicate that the overall process of the surrogate-based two-level optimization strategy can be implemented automatically, and quite reasonable results are obtained.     

翼身融合背撑发动机布局的动力短舱设计

为了解决翼身融合（BWB）背撑发动机布局的飞机-发动机流动干扰问题，依据BWB流场特征，提出背撑式动力短舱设计思想：采用轴对称短舱，结合可以减小短舱外部流动对机体影响的外罩型面和满足进气效率要求的进气道型面设计。基于本文构建的动力短舱参数化建模方法和多点优化设计方法，开展兼顾内外流的短舱综合优化设计研究，最后对设计方案安装状态流场进行分析。结果表明：提出的设计方法可以给出具有不同内外流气动特性、满足BWB背撑式发动机动力短舱多点设计要求的设计方案，巡航状态短舱外表面和全推力状态进气道最大马赫数最大可减小8.35%和11.81%，优化结果在最大推力和侧风起飞状态也具有良好的进气道性能；动力短舱安装状态消除了高速巡航飞行状态下短舱和机体之间的强激波和后体流动分离，低速大迎角状态机体外流能够为发动机提供均匀稳定的进气，进气道总压恢复系数满足设计要求。     

Stability characteristics and airworthiness requirements of blended wing body aircraft with podded engines

Blended-Wing-Body(BWB) aircraft have a relatively short fuselage and no horizontal tail, and they usually adopt podded engines and a V tail instead of a vertical tail. Generally,BWB aircraft have decreased longitudinal and directional static stability and damping. In this paper, the three-axis static and dynamic stability characteristics of an example BWB aircraft with podded engines are studied. According to the differences in flight characteristics of BWB aircraft and conventional aircraft, th...     

大型客机气动设计综述

中国大型客机研制过程中追求"三减，四性"：减阻、减重、减排，安全性、经济性、舒适性、环保性。中国大型客机采用翼下常规布局形式，放宽静稳定技术，发动机选用CFM公司Leapx-1C发动机，这对气动设计技术在工程适用性上提出了极高的要求。大型客机是中国第1架完全自主知识产权民用飞机，本文综述了其设计过程中采用的先进气动优化设计方法、CFD分析和充分的风洞试验验证，说明了超临界机翼设计、高效增升装置设计、飞机/发动机一体化设计、尾翼设计、翼梢小翼设计和部件精细化减阻设计技术，能实现大型客机的减阻应用设计。研究表明，中国大型客机在气动设计水平和设计方法上取得了一系列的进展和突破，实现了设计具有较强竞争力的先进民用飞机的目标。     

Structural mass prediction in conceptual design of blended-wing-body aircraft

The Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) is an unconventional configuration of aircraft and considered as a potential configuration for future commercial aircraft. One of the difficulties in conceptual design of a BWB aircraft is structural mass prediction due to its unique structural feature. This paper presents a structural mass prediction method for conceptual design of BWB aircraft using a structure analysis and optimization method combined with empirical calibrations. The total BWB structural mass is divided into the ideal load-carrying structural mass, non-ideal mass, and secondary structural mass. Structural finite element analysis and optimization are used to predict the ideal primary structural mass, while the non-ideal mass and secondary structural mass are estimated by empirical methods. A BWB commercial aircraft is used to demonstrate the procedure of the BWB structural mass prediction method. The predicted mass of structural components of the BWB aircraft is presented, and the ratios of the structural component mass to the Maximum TakeOff Mass (MTOM) are discussed. It is found that the ratio of the fuselage mass to the MTOM for the BWB aircraft is much higher than that for a conventional commercial aircraft, and the ratio of the wing mass to the MTOM for the BWB aircraft is slightly lower than that for a conventional aircraft.     

背撑发动机进排气对翼身融合民机气动特性影响

针对翼身融合(BWB)背撑发动机布局民机的发动机与机体流动干扰问题,以项目团队研究的某BWB布局民机方案为研究对象,采用CFD方法研究了发动机进排气对全机低、高速气动特性的影响规律及其流动机理。结果表明:进排气效应主要影响飞机的高速阻力特性,随着发动机进气流量的减小,机体/短舱之间流动干扰加剧,机体零升阻力增加；进排气效应对低速状态升力和俯仰力矩的影响主要由发动机的抽吸作用对机体表面流动的干扰引起。发动机不同的进气流量会对全机的升阻力特性产生较大影响,在BWB布局机体/发动机一体化设计中,要充分考虑机体与动力装置之间的干扰影响,同时权衡不同进排气状态对机体和发动机当地流动的影响。      

Control-oriented Modeling for Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicle Using Parameterized Configuration Approach

This article presents a parameterized configuration modeling approach to develop a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) rigid-body model for air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV). The modeling process involves the parameterized configuration design, inviscous hypersonic aerodynamic force calculation and scramjet engine modeling. The parameters are designed for airframe-propulsion integration configuration, the aerodynamic force calculation is based on engineering experimental methods, and the engine model is acquired from gas dynamics and quasi-one dimensional combustor calculations. Multivariate fitting is used to obtain analytical equations for aerodynamic force and thrust. Furthermore, the fitting accuracy is evaluated by relative error (RE). Trim results show that the model can be applied to the investigation of control method for AHV during the cruise phase. The modeling process integrates several disciplines such as configuration design, aerodynamic calculation, scramjet modeling and control method. Therefore the modeling method makes it possible to conduct AHV aerodynamics/propulsion/control integration design.     

高超声速轴对称再入机动飞行器气动外形设计与布局研究

为设计大气层内大范围机动、可实现急速拐弯与下压、终端飞行参数可调的高超声速轴对称再入机动飞行器气动外形,针对总体、控制等相关专业的工程研制需求,在剖析机动飞行法向加速度、机动配平能力和机动距离产生机理的基础上,通过经风洞试验修正过的无粘数值计算方法,得到了锥体与翼身组合体气动特性,分析得出了细长双锥体加四个全动式三角形空气舵是满足较高升力和升阻比、静稳定裕度合理、较高舵面效率和较小负载力矩等高超声速机动飞行要求的最佳气动外形;采用混合水平的正交设计法,得到各外形因素影响机动性能的规律和极差值.据此,开展风洞试验,选择出了满足工程研制总体技术指标要求的最优气动外形,并验证了理论预测的合理性.此外,针对优选出的+字布局与×字布局两种不同的布局形式,从舵面控制方式、舵面效率、机动性能和航向稳定性等方面进行了分析与比较,得到×字布局在升力、升阻比、舵面控制效率、静稳定裕度等方面均优于+字布局但工程实现相对复杂的结论.     

250座级翼身融合无尾布局客机操稳特性设计研究

 翼身融合(BWB)飞翼布局是未来新一代客机的热点方案之一,然而由于没有常规尾翼,面临着稳定性和操纵性方面的困难。为此,在一架250座级BWB客机布局设计研究基础上,根据平衡、增稳和机动等要求,设计了操纵面配置方案;根据适航要求和电传飞机飞行品质要求设定增稳目标,并将其直接纳入特征结构配置要求中,通过前向通道修正响应类型,保证获得与飞行阶段相适应的响应特征和满意的飞行品质参数;为了提高安全性,在增稳控制设计基础上,在指令回路增设了姿态保护和限制模块。研究结果表明, 该设计方案能够提供较合适的稳定性和操纵性,控制增稳后具有满意的飞行品质,保护模块可达到预期效果。     

翼身融合布局飞机总体参数对气动性能的影响

翼身融合布局是一种极具潜力和竞争力的新布局型式,该种布局型式飞机的总体参数对其自身的气动性能有重要影响,有必要开展相关的影响规律研究。本文基于某一翼身融合布局飞机概念方案,采用快速数值方法模拟了不同气动外形的高速流动,分析了总体参数(主要包括机翼面积、展弦比和外翼前缘后掠角)等对飞机高速气动性能的影响。结果表明,可以通过改变展弦比和机翼面积显著地改善气动性能,但未发现外翼前缘后掠角的改变与气动性能的改善有明显的关联。     

自由网格变形技术在涡轮叶片多学科设计优化过程中的应用

在涡轮叶片多学科设计优化过程中,结构计算的变形向气动模型传递是解决气固耦合时非常重要的一个环节。本文研究了一种网格变形技术———自由网格变形法(FFD)在涡轮叶片多学科设计优化(MDO)过程中的应用。通过涡轮叶片结构模型至气动模型变形传递的例子,表明应用该技术进行变形传递可以避免结构变形向气动网格传递时的气动网格重生成过程,在保证变形后气动模型网格质量的条件下,实现学科间的变形传递,可直接用于解决涡轮叶片MDO过程中学科间解耦的问题。