航空沉头铆钉动态加载试验及失效模式研究

为研究航空沉头铆钉在动态加载下的失效模式,以航空器结构中使用的100°沉头铆钉为研究对象,采用高速液压伺服材料试验机,进行不同加载速度下的纯拉伸、30°拉剪耦合、45°拉剪耦合、60°拉剪耦合和纯剪切动态试验,获得不同工况下铆钉动态力学失效试验数据,研究加载角度、加载速度对铆钉失效模式和失效载荷的影响规律,并拟合铆钉失效本构参数及失效判据。结果表明,此种铆钉主要有沉头拉脱和钉杆剪断失效模式,不同加载角度下铆钉失效模式差异较大,不同加载速度下铆钉失效模式差异较小;失效载荷随加载速度增大而增大。对纯拉伸和纯剪切试验,失效载荷与加载速度线性相关;建立不同加载速度下的铆钉失效判据,可应用于铆钉有限元建模及机身结构适坠性仿真分析。     

铆钉数量及间距对自冲铆接头性能的影响北大核心CSCD

为研究铆钉数量及铆钉间距对自冲铆接头性能的影响,首先采用数值模拟和试验的方式优化了铆接参数,制备了三组不同形式接头;基于拉伸-剪切实验研究了各组接头的静力学性能及其失效形式;并运用MATLAB 2014b用户自定义开发平台精确计算出各组接头的能量吸收值。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验具有良好的一致性;单铆钉接头失效形式为铆钉从下板完全拉出,双铆钉接头失效形式为板材断裂失效;双铆钉接头性能明显优于单铆钉接头,而铆钉间距对接头静失效载荷和能量吸收性能的影响较小。     

铆钉数量及间距对自冲铆接头性能的影响

为研究铆钉数量及铆钉间距对自冲铆接头性能的影响,首先采用数值模拟和试验的方式优化了铆接参数,制备了三组不同形式接头;基于拉伸-剪切实验研究了各组接头的静力学性能及其失效形式;并运用MATLAB 2014b用户自定义开发平台精确计算出各组接头的能量吸收值。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验具有良好的一致性;单铆钉接头失效形式为铆钉从下板完全拉出,双铆钉接头失效形式为板材断裂失效;双铆钉接头性能明显优于单铆钉接头,而铆钉间距对接头静失效载荷和能量吸收性能的影响较小。     

1420 铝锂合金同种异种自冲铆单搭接头力学性能

为探究1420铝锂合金自冲铆接头的力学性能,本文采用自冲铆连接设备对1420铝锂合金(AL1420)同种及其与铜合金(H62)异种板材组合进行铆接,并通过拉伸-剪切试验测试接头的力学性能,运用SPSS数据分析软件对接头的最大载荷和最大位移量进行分析。结果表明:AL1420-AL1420和AL1420-H62两种接头的失效形式皆为铆钉从下板拉脱,铆钉头与上板接触区域出现不同程度撕裂;H62-AL1420接头除铆钉从下板拉脱,铆钉头与下板接触区域仅出现凹陷。AL1420-AL1420接头最大载荷最高(6 026.8 N),能量吸收性能最好(16.84 J)。对于异种板材组合,H62-AL1420接头的最大载荷(5 304.0 N)大于AL1420-H62接头(5 229.3 N),AL1420-H62接头的能量吸收值(16.79 J)大于H62-AL1420接头(15.08 J),异种板材铆接时则优先采用能量吸收性能较好的AL1420-H62搭接形式。     

几种金属材料自冲铆接头的静态失效机理

利用自冲铆连接系统、材料试验机及扫描电子显微镜等设备来研究钛合金、铝锂合金及铝合金自冲铆接头的力学性能与静态失效机理。结果表明:TA1钛合金接头平均最大拉剪载荷(6 285.0 N)在3种接头中最大,8090铝锂合金接头(5 478.3 N)次之,5052铝合金接头(3 217.7 N)最小;不同金属材料自冲铆接头的静态失效模式有很大的区别,TA1钛合金接头出现铆钉从沿晶断裂向韧性断裂转变的失效过程,8090铝锂合金接头出现材料被擦伤与解理断裂的失效过程,5052铝合金接头仅出现材料被擦伤的失效过程。     

铆钉成形技术研究及性能评价

针对电磁铆接和普通铆接镦头变形差异,建立铆钉成形过程的数学模型,并通过试验验证了有限元模型的合理性,得出了不同铆接工艺铆钉的变形规律;设计了铆钉拉脱试验方法,验证了电磁铆接在成形质量和轴向抗拉强度方面均高于普通铆接,得出了电磁铆接工艺性能优于普通铆接的结论。     

热处理对工业纯钛自冲铆接头力学性能的影响

对工业纯钛自冲铆接头整体进行去应力退火和淬火处理,并对未热处理和热处理后的接头进行静拉伸试验,对比分析热处理工艺对接头的力学性能及失效机理的影响。结果表明:两种热处理工艺可以提高工业纯钛自冲铆接头的静强度,去应力退火可以提高接头的静态能量吸收能力,淬火对接头的静态能量吸收能力几乎没有影响;三种接头的失效模式都为铆钉被拉出或拉断,且未热处理的接头的铆钉断口呈现为沿晶脆性断裂特征,去应力退火后的接头的铆钉断口呈现为韧性断裂特征,淬火处理后接头的铆钉断口呈现为准解理断裂特征;去应力退火为工业纯钛自冲铆接头较优的热处理工艺。     

飞机铆接构件PRFECT探头的线圈夹角影响

远场涡流检测技术不受集肤效应影响,对金属铆接构件隐藏缺陷检测具有巨大优势。针对飞机金属铆接构件的远场涡流检测,建立了铆接构件隐藏缺陷检测三维模型,分析不同屏蔽阻尼材料及组合方式的屏蔽性能,采用激励线圈与检测线圈均环绕铆钉旋转的检测方法,对比激励线圈-铆钉-检测线圈夹角为90°、135°和180°时缺陷检测灵敏度,研究不同缺陷尺寸检测信号特征。仿真与试验结果表明：当屏蔽阻尼为铝+铜时具有最佳屏蔽性能,且远场区距离激励线圈中心最近;当激励线圈和检测线圈间距为30 mm时,激励线圈-铆钉-检测线圈夹角为180°时检测效果最佳;优化后的探头可检测埋深为6 mm、长×宽×深尺寸为5 mm×0.2 mm×1 mm的铆接构件隐藏缺陷,缺陷信号幅值与其体积当量关系相对应,且随缺陷长度及深度的增加呈上升趋势。     

铝锂合金同异质自冲铆接头静力学性能研究

以1420铝锂合金(AL1420)为载体制备其同质及其与H62铜合金(H62)、Q215镀锌钢(Q215)和TA1工业纯钛(TA1)异质单搭自冲铆接头。通过静力学试验分析各种接头的静失效载荷及能量吸收性能;就其失效模式分析推断其宏观失效机理。结果表明:TA1-AL1420接头静失效载荷最高,Q215-AL1420接头能量吸收性能最强;除TA1-AL1420接头外,其余各组接头失效位移呈现出的大小规律与能量吸收值的高低规律一致。当上下板材屈服强度相差不大时,接头的失效模式均为下板与铆钉分离;相差较大时,主要以屈服强度较低板断裂失效。     

飞机典型壁板结构剪切屈曲疲劳试验与分析方法

依据疲劳分析中的细节疲劳额定值法，提出了一种针对纯剪状态下飞机典型壁板结构的屈曲疲劳分析方法。采用整体垫板形式设计典型壁板试验件，避免“对角拉”方式施加剪切载荷时的非关键区破坏；建立剪切屈曲疲劳状态下细节疲劳额定值的分析模型，并给以试验验证；分析结构屈曲疲劳破坏模式，给出结构破坏及裂纹扩展特征，为结构抗屈曲疲劳设计提供技术支持。结果表明：屈曲疲劳的破坏多由于铆钉处受弯曲应力和剪切应力双重影响造成；起裂裂纹沿着垂直于屈曲波的方向扩展，当裂尖靠近屈曲波中心时，扩展速率急速增长；结构屈曲临界载荷随循环次数的增加而减少；提出的屈曲疲劳分析模型是合理可行的，这为结构后屈曲状态下的疲劳评估提供一种便利的工程算法。     

基于对称加载的均匀干涉配合铆接方法

铆接干涉量均匀度是影响飞行器装配接头疲劳寿命、结构铆接变形的重要因素之一。为了提高铆接干涉量均匀度,采用基于应力波加载的电磁铆接双面铆接方法,对对称加载的铆接工艺方法进行了研究。利用应力波传播和叠加原理对对称加载的钉杆应力水平进行理论分析,试验测量了电磁力应力波及其叠加效应。通过工艺试验和微观分析,研究了对称加载方法对铆接质量的影响。研究结果表明:对称加载方法下,双向应力波同步触发,脉冲宽度相等,钉杆理论应力水平高于单面加载;在对称应力波作用下,整体钉杆干涉量均匀,并形成有效干涉,钉头与夹层贴合紧密;对称加载钉孔绝对干涉量更大,平均干涉量大于单面加载14%,干涉量均匀度高出单面加载37.5%,有利于实现连接结构的疲劳寿命增益;对称加载方法引起的结构件铆接变形量小于单面加载,更容易保证装配件外形准确度。     

Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.     

对不同转角扩压叶栅内弯叶片的数值模拟

通过数值模拟,分析了叶片周向弯曲对不同转角的压气机叶栅内分离结构和叶栅损失系数的影响。折转角分别为37,°46°和54°;冲角分别为±5°和±10°,弯角分别为±10,°±20°,±30°。结果表明,在不同折转角下,叶片正弯的表现不同:折转角较小时,正弯增强了吸力面的二次流,叶栅总损失增加;中等折转角时,叶片正弯可以有效遏止角区分离,并改善吸力面分离型态;大折转角时,较小的叶片正弯可以改善流动,但弯角大于20°时,流动重新恶化。反弯使得叶栅内角区分离趋势增加,气动性能明显降低。不同冲角下,弯角对损失影响的变化趋势基本相同,只是正冲角增强了这种趋势,负冲角减弱这种趋势。     

Computational engineering analysis of external geometrical modifications on MQ-1 unmanned combat aerial vehicle

This paper focuses on the effects of external geometrical modifications on the aerodynamic characteristics of the MQ-1 predator Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) using computational fluid dynamics. The investigations are performed for 16 flight conditions at an altitude of 7.6 km and at a constant speed of 56.32 m/s. Two models are analysed, namely the baseline model and the model with external geometrical modifications installed on it. Both the models are investigated for various angles of attack from −4° to 16°, angles of bank from 0° to 6° and angles of yaw from 0° to 4°. Due to the unavailability of any experimental (wind tunnel or flight test) data for this UCAV in the literature, a thorough verification of calculations process is presented to demonstrate confidence level in the numerical simulations. The analysis quantifies the loss of lift and increase in drag for the modified version of the MQ-1 predator UCAV along with the identification of stall conditions. Local improvement (in drag) of up to 96% has been obtained by relocating external modifications, whereas global drag force reduction of roughly 0.5% is observed. The effects of external geometrical modifications on the control surfaces indicate the blanking phenomenon and reduction in forces on the control surfaces that can reduce the aerodynamic performance of the UCAV.     

HB-2 high-velocity correlation model at high angles of attack in supersonic wind tunnel tests

Responding to a need for experimental data on a standard wind tunnel model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, and in the absence of suitable reference data, a series of tests of two HB-2 standard models of different sizes was performed in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel of Vojnotehnickˇi Institut(VTI), in the Mach number range 1.5–4.0, at angles of attack up to+30°. Tests were performed at relatively high Reynolds numbers of 2.2 millions to 4.5 millions(based on model forebody diameter). Results were compared with available low angle of attack data from other facilities, and, as a good agreement was found, it was assumed that, by implication, the obtained high angle of attack results were valid as well. Therefore, the results can be used as a reference database for the HB-2 model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, which was not available before. The results are presented in comparison with available reference data, but also contain data for some Mach numbers not given in other publications.     

Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/Si C composite: Part I – Experiment and analysis

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the macroscopic mechanical behaviors and damage mechanisms of the plain-woven(2D) C/Si C composite under in-plane on- and offaxis loading conditions. Specimens with 15, 30, and 45 off-axis angles were prepared and tested under monotonic and incremental cyclic tension and compression loads. The obtained results were compared with those of uniaxial tension, compression, and shear specimens. The relationships between the damage modes and the stress state were analyzed based on scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) observations and acoustic emission(AE) data. The test results reveal the remarkable axial anisotropy and unilateral behavior of the material. The off-axis tension test results show that the material is fiber-dominant and the evolution rate of damage and inelastic strain is accelerated under the corresponding combined biaxial tension and shear loads. Due to the damage impediment effect of compression stress, compression specimens show higher mechanical properties and lower damage evolution rates than tension specimens with the same off-axis angle. Under cyclic tension–compression loadings, both on-axis and off-axis specimens exhibit progressive damage deactivation behaviors in the compression range, but with different deactivation rates.     

三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料的拉伸性能及破坏机理

 对不同编织角、不同体积含量的三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料进行了纵向（编织方向）拉伸实验和横向拉伸的对比实验，获得了这些编织复合材料的主要拉伸力学性能。实验后对拉伸试件的断口进行了照相和扫描电镜观察，分析了材料的变形及其破坏机理。实验结果表明: 编织角仍是影响三维五向编织复合材料拉伸力学性能的主要因素，并且复合工艺的质量对复合材料的力学性能有重要影响。此外,发现三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料的横向拉伸与纵向拉伸具有完全不同的破坏机制。     

铆模倾角对铆接质量的影响研究

 电磁铆接(EMR)作为一种新的铆接工艺方法,可以使铆钉在铆模型腔内一次完成镦头成形。为了研究铆模构型对EMR质量的影响,通过数值模拟和试验对不同倾角铆模铆接的铆钉镦头、干涉量和残余压应力进行了研究分析。设计疲劳试验对不同倾角铆模铆接的试件进行验证和分析。研究结果表明:铆模倾角对干涉量有较大影响,倾角越小,干涉量越大;采用66°铆模倾角可以实现较理想的干涉配合,接头疲劳寿命最长。     

Electromagnetic riveting technique and its applications

With the increasing applications of novel materials and structures in new-generation aircraft, conventional joining techniques in aircraft component assembly are greatly challenged. To meet those challenges, the electromagnetic riveting (EMR) technique was developed as an advanced joining tool, which exhibits obvious advantages in the assembly of new-generation aircraft. In this paper, the riveting principle of EMR was analyzed, and its development history and status were presented in detail. Then, equipment features of three typical EMR systems were given. Moreover, three important applications of EMR were covered, i.e., composite structure riveting, titanium rivet and large-size aluminum rivet riveting, and interference fit bolt installation. Specially, a novel strengthening method for mechanical linking holes based on EMR was also presented, which can significantly improve the fatigue behaviors of mechanical joints. Finally, open questions in the EMR field were discussed, and some recommendations for future work were also made. This paper can be useful for optimizing the joint designs of aircraft components and improving the level of aircraft maintenance.