高精度地磁场模拟系统的设计与研究

根据地磁导航半实物仿真中磁场环境仿真需求,建立了高精度地磁场模拟系统,通过试验说明了系统中建立零磁空间的必要性并验证了磁屏蔽筒的屏蔽效果,同时对系统的准确性和实时性进行了试验研究。仿真结果表明,在考虑响应时间的前提下,系统能够准确实时地模拟飞行航迹上的地磁总场值,能够为地磁匹配导航半实物仿真提供真实可信的磁场仿真环境。     

Refinement of the Oblique Dipole Model in the Evolution of Rotary Motion of a Charged Body in the Geomagnetic Field

When solving problems related to the induction of the Earth's magnetic field, the potential of which is expressed in the form of a series of spherical harmonic functions, it is necessary to use an approximate model of the geomagnetic field that satisfies the two conflicting requirements of simplicity and accuracy. As is noted in [3, p. 10], at the stage of design of satellites, especially at the stage of preliminary analysis of their dynamics, simple models of the geomagnetic field are usually employed. This offers additional possibilities for theoretical analysis of the problem. The averaged model and the model of a right dipole are just such simple models. The quadrupole model of the geomagnetic field developed in [4] is more accurate, but also more complex. The model of an oblique or skewed dipole is intermediate. The quadrupole model generalizes the simpler models mentioned above, and its analysis allows estimation of the accuracy of each model. It turns out that the oblique dipole model, which differs from the model of a right dipole by small correcting terms, does not take into account other correcting terms caused by the quadrupole part of the geomagnetic field, which are greater in magnitude. The evolution of the rotary motion of a charged rigid body in the geomagnetic field is considered, and the incorrectness of the oblique dipole model is demonstrated. The effect of the quadrupole component of the geomagnetic field on the body dynamics is revealed.     

Concentration of ions in the topside ionosphere as measured onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">DEMETER</Emphasis> satellite: Morphology and dependence on solar and geomagnetic activity

Variations in concentration of ions H⁺, He⁺, and O⁺ are studied at a height of about 700 km using the data of continuous observations onboard the DEMETER satellite at the decline and in the minimum of solar activity from 2004 to 2008. Latitudinal distributions, seasonal behavior, and irregular variations in ion concentrations and their dependence on solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. Within this altitude range, for the first time an analysis is performed of the dataset of many-year continuous observations in both hemispheres from the equatorial to subauroral latitudes. This made it possible to describe the seasonal and irregular variations of the concentrations of main ion species with better time and spatial resolution than in the available empirical models. The dependence of concentrations of three types of ions on solar and geomagnetic activity is studied at time scales from several days to several years, and it is shown that the anti-phase change in concentrations of O⁺ and light ions known from publications is partly a result of mutual dependence of solar and geomagnetic activity and is observed only at time scales beginning from several months. At time scales from several days to several weeks, variations in the concentration of O⁺ and light ions are governed mainly by solar and geomagnetic activity, respectively.     

近地空间磁场梯度分布特性及磁力效应研究

以国际地磁参考场模型IGRF11为基础,推导出地球磁场梯度分布公式,并对近地空间磁场分布特点进行了分析。由基本磁力学可知,带强磁体的航天器在地磁环境中不仅受到磁力矩作用,还将受到与地磁梯度相关的磁力的影响。根据地磁环境下的磁体受力机理,文章讨论了以弱磁力改变轨道倾角的方法,并通过数值仿真验证了其有效性。     

航天器空间动态磁场模拟技术

文章论述了卫星空间动态磁场模拟技术的原理和方案,阐述了对方案的工程化实现所进行的必要计算及对系统的各个部分所进行的研究设计。在此基础上建立了一套动态磁场模拟系统,为卫星空间动态磁场模拟试验提供了条件。     

Magnetic Storms in October 2003

Preliminary results of an analysis of satellite and ground-based measurements during extremely strong magnetic storms at the end of October 2003 are presented, including some numerical modeling. The geosynchronous satellites Ekspress-A2and Ekspress-A3, and the low-altitude polar satellites Coronas-F and Meteor-3M carried out measurements of charged particles (electrons, protons, and ions) of solar and magnetospheric origin in a wide energy range. Disturbances of the geomagnetic field caused by extremely high activity on the Sun were studied at more than twenty magnetic stations from Lovozero (Murmansk region) to Tixie (Sakha-Yakutia). Unique data on the dynamics of the ionosphere, riometric absorption, geomagnetic pulsations, and aurora observations at mid-latitudes are obtained.     

基于地磁场测量估计卫星姿态的UKF算法

提出了利用UKF（Unscented Kalman Filter）处理地磁场测量数据进行低轨道（LEO）卫星自主定姿的算法。通过使用估计姿态、轨道参数和国际地磁场参考（IGRF）计算得到的地磁矢量与三轴磁强计（TAM）的测量矢量之差作为更新信息，可以实现实时的姿态角和角速度估计。针对卫星稳态定姿、大角度快速机动的定姿以及姿态失控状态下的定姿等三种任务，分别用UKF和传统的EKF（Extended Kalman Filter）进行了数值仿真。仿真结果显示出本文提出的定姿算法的优越性。     

基于IGRF地磁场模型的航天器地磁干扰力矩数值仿真

航天器长期在轨运行期间,空间磁场与其自身磁矩相互作用的累积,会对航天器的姿态造成较大影响,加重姿态控制系统负担,降低航天器的可靠性。文章分别针对航天器轨道计算及地磁场模型的使用,对航天器地磁干扰力矩数值的仿真进行了系统的研究,最终得到航天器在轨运行时地磁干扰力矩计算仿真方法。     

中低轨道地磁动态模拟器

文章介绍了1台能为中低轨道飞行器提供动态地磁场环境的模拟器,详细论述了模拟器的系统组成、线圈结构、电源和磁强计指标参数、控制方式和调试方法,介绍了根据WMM2000地磁场模型计算出轨道上各点的磁场值,利用数值分析的方法找出输出电流与产生磁场大小的对应表达式,从而根据计算出的磁场值和输出电流,用程控电源成功实现了中低轨道地磁场的动态模拟.     

Reconstruction of space weather physical parameters on 400-year scale

The main goal of this paper is to get physically informative comprehensive data about dynamics of the solar magnetic field, geomagnetic field, and interplanetary magnetic field over large time scales. The total sunspot magnetic flux, aa and IDV indices of geomagnetic activity, the IMF strength, the dipole-octopole index of the large-scale magnetic field of the Sun, and the open magnetic flux are reconstructed for 400 years. The reconstruction of the π index of the large-scale polar magnetic field of the Sun is performed for 150 years.     

Bursts of geomagnetic pulsations in the frequency range 0.2-5 Hz excited by large changes of the solar wind pressure

We present the results of studying the magnetospheres’s response to sharp changes of the solar wind flow (pressure) based on observations of variations of the ions flux of the solar wind onboard the Inreball-1 satellite and of geomagnetic pulsations (the data of two mid-latitude observatories and one auroral observatory are used). It is demonstrated that, when changes of flow runs into the magnetosphere, in some cases short (duration ~ < 5 min) bursts of geomagnetic pulsations are excited in the frequency range Δf~ 0.2–5 Hz. The bursts of two types are observed: noise bursts without frequency changes and wide-band ones with changing frequency during the burst. A comparison is made of various properties of these bursts generated by pressure changes at constant velocity of the solar wind and by pressure changes on the fronts of interplanetary shock waves at different directions of the vertical component of the interplanetary magnetic field.     

卫星整星充、退磁机理研究

文章从理论上阐述了卫星整星充、退磁的机理,对其中地磁场环境中退磁与零磁场环境中退磁的差别,地磁场环境中退磁的时效性,退磁频率、波形、幅值以及周期与退磁效果的关系,磁波形与退磁效果的关系,不同材料、不同尺度的情况下退磁的效果,充磁试验与地磁场环境中材料的充磁的差别以及卫星整星充、退磁试验中退磁场的选取等问题进行了详细的理论分析,对于卫星整星充、退磁试验技术有指导作用.     

失效卫星电磁消旋涉及的地磁扰动计算及磁场源优化设计方法

以失效卫星为代表的空间碎片受各种扰动因素影响,其旋转速度可达几到几十(°)/s。这种旋转运动给碎片清除带来困难,因此对旋转空间碎片进行消旋势在必行。电磁消旋因其非接触、无碰撞特性得到广泛关注,但在实际应用中须首先判别地磁场与磁场源相互作用产生的扰动力和力矩。文章在简要介绍基于旋转磁场的电磁消旋方法的基础上,建立电磁消旋过程中的电磁扰动力和力矩的分析模型,仿真分析计算地磁扰动力及力矩的分布,并给出减小地磁扰动的源磁场结构设计原则。通过设计组合式磁场源,优化磁场源各个磁体的磁化方向排布,可减小磁场源总磁矩以及地磁扰动。     

Dust Plasma Dynamics in the Geomagnetic Tail

The results of numerical modeling of dust plasma dynamics in the geomagnetic tail are presented for the southward and northward orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field in the model with reconnection of magnetic field lines of geomagnetic and interplanetary magnetic fields. It is shown that in reconnection regions the compression shock waves arise, at the fronts of which the dust plasma fluxes with higher-than-background density are generated.     

Storm deviations of the geomagnetic trap core from dipole configuration deduced from data on relativistic electrons

Satellite data on the position of maximum L _m of the belt of relativistic electrons during strong storms, obtained at low altitudes (∼500 km) and at high altitudes (near the geomagnetic equator plane), are compared (L is the McIlwain parameter). Both at low and high altitudes the maximum of the storm belt of relativistic electrons is formed on the outer edge of the ring current. It is shown that the geomagnetic field can substantially deviate from dipole configuration not only at the geomagnetic trap periphery, but at its core as well (at L ∼ 2.5–3.5), and these deviations are nonlinear. Simultaneous measurements of the fluxes of relativistic electrons at low and high altitudes can serve for estimation of the real shape of magnetic field lines at L < 4 during geomagnetic disturbances.     

A method of calculation of vertical cutoff rigidity in the geomagnetic field

On the basis of generalization of the results of extensive trajectory calculations for trial charged particles moving in the geomagnetic field the method of calculation of effective vertical cutoff rigidity, taking into account the values of K _p -index and local time, is developed. The IGRF and Tsyganenko-89 models are used for the geomagnetic field. A comparison of the results of model simulations with the experimental data on penetration of charged particles into near-Earth space is made, and penetration functions for typical spacecraft orbits are calculated.     

Magneto-ionospheric effects of active experiments conducted on February 18, 2004

Results of radiophysical and magnetometric observations of dynamical processes in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field that followed launches of four rockets of different power and made from different launching sites are analyzed. It is found that the rocket launches were accompanied by an intensification of wave activity in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field. The medium reactions from various sources (various rockets) were overlapping, which made their identification more difficult. Both ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances have, most probably, two groups of propagation velocities: about 1.2–1.7 km s⁻¹ and 440–760 m s⁻¹. Slow MHD waves and internal gravity waves corresponded to these velocities.     

The Earth's Magnetosphere Response to Solar Wind Events according to the INTERBALL Project Data

The results of studying the interaction of two types of the solar wind (magnetic clouds and solar wind of extremely low density) with the Earth's magnetosphere are discussed. This study is based of the INTERBALL space project measurements and on the other ground-based and space observations. For moderate variations of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters, the response of the magnetosphere is similar to its response to similar changes in the absence of magnetic clouds and depends on a previous history of IMF variations. Extremely large density variations on the interplanetary shocks, and on leading and trailing edges of the clouds result in a strong deformation of the magnetosphere, in large-scale motion of the geomagnetic tail, and in the development of magnetic substorms and storms. The important consequences of these processes are: (1) the observation of regions of the magnetosphere and its boundaries at great distances from the average location; (2) density and temperature variations in the outer regions of the magnetosphere; (3) multiple crossings of geomagnetic tail boundaries by a satellite; and (4) bursty fluxes of electrons and ions in the magnetotail, auroral region, and the polar cap. Several polar activations and substorms can develop during a single magnetic cloud arrival; a greater number of these events are accompanied, as a rule, by the development of a stronger magnetic storm. A gradual, but very strong, decrease of the solar wind density on May 10–12, 1999, did not cause noticeable change of geomagnetic indices, though it resulted in considerable expansion of the magnetosphere.     

小卫星磁场分布测量方法研究

文章通过分析卫星磁场与地磁场的关系,确立了磁场分布的测量方法,并对测量误差进行了分析.     

Effect of orientation of the solar wind magnetic clouds on the seasonal variation of geomagnetic activity

An analysis is made of the causes of seasonal dependence of geomagnetic activity, taking into account orientation of large-scale plasma structures (of the magnetic cloud type) of the solar wind. The contribution of magnetic clouds of different orientation in the periods of equinoxes and solstices is demonstrated. It is established that in equinox periods the geomagnetic activity increases due to ejections with small angles of inclination of their axis to the ecliptic plane, most frequently detected in near-Earth space. In solstice periods, such clouds are not geoeffective structures because of a decreased magnitude of projection of the magnetic field of cloud axis onto the Earth’s magnetic dipole during such intervals. This effect reveals itself in a reduced level of geomagnetic activity in summer and winter.