美国快速空间响应运载器发展研究

航天快速发射系统是具有将有效载荷快速送入预定轨道能力的航天运载系统。迄今为止,在控制空间思想的指导下,航天快速发射系统的发展在美国取得了重要进展。美国空军在1997年公布的《2020年设想》中把航天快速发射作为实现控制空间作战的4个重要能力之一,航天司令部在2001年的一份报告中更是首次明确给出了航天快速发射系统的定义。美国以此为基础已经形成了较为完整的以航天快速发射系统为重要基础之一的空间作战快速响应体系。目前美国正在通过制定长远规划、成立相应机构和增加投入等方式从空间作战快速响应体系的角度推进并带动航天快速发射系统的发展,进一步明确了研发空中发射系统和通过改装洲际弹道导弹获得快速发射能力两种技术方案。     

国际

NASA为新一代运载火箭寻求预研方案 据NASA网站3月20日报道,NASA马歇尔航天飞行中心日前发布了《NASA研究公告》（NRA）,为美国下一代重型运载火箭——航天发射系统（SLS）寻求先进的研发方案。     

空中发射运载火箭的技术特点分析

一、空中发射运载火箭发展概述空中发射运载火箭指利用第一级将携带有效载荷的一次性使用的第二级运输到一定高度释放、第一级安全返回地面的航天运载系统。在这个领域,美国、俄罗斯、欧洲等国很早就进行了有关的概念研究和研制工作,提出了多种方案。最早的“螺旋”空中发射运载火箭方案是由前苏联在1965年提出的。该方案后因成本过高、技术难度过大和研制周期过长而停止。美国的“飞马座”空射火箭是迄今为止唯一实用化的方案,同时美国正在大力开展     

诺格研制快速反应型运载器

美国诺思罗普·格鲁曼公司官员4月4日说,该公司正在研制一种可重复使用的不载人航天运载器,可在接到发射请求后48小时内将美国空军的卫星或专用有效载荷发射出去。与中型“渐进一次性运载器”(EELV)相比,称为“混合运载器”(HLV)的这种新方案还可使发射成本降低约2/3。HLV项目经理波罗斯称,该方案为美国防部提供了在接到支援请求后快速把标准化战术卫星送入轨道的一条相对便捷而经济的途径。之所以称为“混合运载器”并具备上述使用优势,是因为该方案把类似于飞机的可复用第一级与一次性使用上面级融合在一起。它采取垂直发射方式,带翼…     

国外新型一次性运载火箭技术的进展与发展趋势（上）

新世纪的航天运输将逐步向低成本、高发射率和可重复使用迈进。但在新一代可复用运载器诞生并取代现役航天飞机及各种一次性使用运载火箭之前,一次性运载火箭仍将在相当长的一段时间内继续充当航天发射的主力。目前有许多国家仍在努力发展自己的运载火箭,几个航天大国还在抓紧改进现有型号或研制全新的型号,过去几年中已有几种新型号陆续投入使用。可以肯定,随着参与竞争型号的增多及运载能力的提高,航天商业发射市场上将会出现更加激烈的竞争。     

俄透露新型运载器设计方案

俄透露新型运载器设计方案俄罗斯在今年的巴黎航展上展出了两种新型航天运载火箭的初步设计方案，其中一种将像美国的飞马座火箭一样要用黑杰克轰炸机作为载机到空中发射，但运载能力要比飞马座更大。在这次航展上，俄还透露了它与德国奔驰宇航公司共同推销由弹道导弹改装...     

美国积极开展“先进发射发展计划”

美国未来航天计划顾问委员会去年11月提出应以现有技术迅速研制新型运载工具,供空间布署大型有效载荷使用,从而减轻对航天飞机的压力。据此,美政府和航天局希望研制国有发射系统,以提高国防部和NASA的发射效率和成本效益。这一希望的实现,将极大程度地取决于先进发射发展计划(ALDP)     

各国运载火箭介绍：卫星运载器系列（印度）

各国运载火箭介绍：卫星运载器系列（印度）孙广勃印度国家航天计划的两个主要目标一是要建立起独立的遥感和通信卫星体系，二是要实现卫星发射的自主。在这一指导思想下，印度空间研究组织于７０年代初开始实施运载火箭计划。８０年代后期，印度将约３亿美元航天预算中的...     

国外先进运载技术创新研究

从1957年前苏联使用东方号运载火箭发射人类第一颗人造卫星至今,世界运载技术的发展已走过了40多年的历史。在此期间,以美国、俄罗斯、欧洲为代表的世界各国和地区先后研制了数十种运载火箭,进行了3000余次发射。运载技术不断发展创新,日益提高,从早期的由地地战略导弹改造的小型运载火箭发展到今天的大型商用运载火箭,运载能力逐步增强,发射成本逐步降低,可靠性逐步提高。目前,世界航天大国竞相发展新一代航天运载工具,多项新计划正在进行之中,多种新型号陆续投入使用,21世纪运载技术将进一步取得巨大发展。21世纪初,我国运载技术的发展也…     

国外新型运载火箭型号研制进度概览

正当前,世界主要航天国家正积极推进运载火箭新型号的研制。美国的运载火箭新型号主要包括"航天发射系统"(SLS)、"重型猎鹰"、"行星际运输系统"、"火神"、"新格伦"、"电子"和"矢量"等,欧洲则主要有"阿里安"6、"维加"C和"维加"E,俄罗斯正在研制"安加拉"和"中型质子",除此之外,还有日本的H-3、印度的"地球静止轨道卫星运载火箭"3(GSLV-3)。本文将分别对这些火箭的情况和最近研制进展加以介绍。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。