Optimum Power Division for Phase-Modulated Deep-Space Communications Links

Optimum power division is required in deep-space communications links to maximize transmission range or data rate and to permit efficient performance of both carrier tracking and data reception functions. A simple, graphical technique has been developed for phase-modulated links to determine the particular set of peak phase deviations, or modulation indexes, which results in an optimum power division between the carrier and any combination of sine-wave and square-wave subcarriers. Whereas previous methods for the selection of modulation indexes generally necessitated either lengthy solutions of simultaneous equations or complex computer programs, the methods developed in this paper involve simplified graphical procedures, using the trigonometric and Bessel function expressions which describe the power balance between carrier and subcarriers. The optimization procedure is a valuable tool for preliminary design analysis and should be of interest to communications-system engineers, The techniques developed here are particularly applicable when subcarriers have wide differences in data rates, since under these conditions, it becomes increasingly difficult to select arbitrarily the proper modulation indexes. Channel optimization is developed for both nominal and worst-case link conditions and examples are presented to demonstrate the techniques involved.     

Synthetic Aperture Radar System Design for Random Field Classification

The optimum design of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems intended to classify randomly reflecting areas, such as agricultural fields, characterized by a reflectivity density spectral density is studied. Assuming areas of known shape and location, the binary case, and a certain Gaussian signal field property, and ignoring interfield interference, the problem solution is given. The optimum processor includes conventional matched filter processing, but is nonlinear; a coherent optical system realization is outlined. The performance is approximated using a x2 assumption and bounded by the Cernov bound. A fundamental design problem involves the system bandwidth analogously, in a special case, as in diversity communication systems; a solution is given based on the Cernov bound. A set of summary design curves is given and exemplified by a satellite SAR system design. Also discussed is the measurement of reflectivity spectral density amplitude with imaging sidelooking (synthetic or ?brute-force?) radars and the maximum likelihood estimator's accuracy and realization with a coherent optical system. It is also shown that a CW modulation is useable if the random reflectivity is, effectively, isotropic. Finally, the reflectivity density spectral density amplitude, when constant over the spatial bandpass of the measuring system, is related to the scattering cross-section density commonly measured.     

Distortion Reduction in Phase Modulation

When a phase-modulated carrier of the form sin (wt+?) is multiplied by cos (wt), the recovered phase modulation is sin (?), which is a distorted version of . For small ?, the error is small, but is appreciable as A approaches unity or more. When ? is complicated (several subcarriers for example), the intermodulation can seriously degrade the system. This paper discusses distortion reduction by means of predistortion and postdistortion.     

复杂组合曲线的设计与拟合——重节点B样条法

本文在非均匀B样条的基础上,采用重节点方法设计和拟合复杂组合曲线。对于各种不同的重节点情况,解决了反求特征多边形顶点时线性方程组的降秩问题,并建立了统一表达式。由于考虑到使用中可能遇到的各种情况,程序通用性强,使用方便,能快速地拟合、设计、修改复杂组合曲线,为计算机辅助几何设计与绘图中应用B样条提供了一种具有较大灵活性的方法。     

应用遗传算法优化设计板翅式换热器

本文提出了基于遗传算法的板翅式换热器优化设计方法,该方法不仅能够实现一般的结构优化,而且能够在提供多种类型翅片的情况下,进行翅片类型的优选。根据不同的设计要求,遗传算法能够分别以重量和效率为目标函数进行优化。为了方便翅片类型的优选,建立了一个常用翅片的数据库,库中包含了翅片的几何参数、传热特性和阻力特性,可直接应用于计算机程序的处理。与传统的优化计算结果比较,换热器的重量和体积都有不同程度的减小。本文的优化软件和翅片数据库具有通用性,可应用于一般板翅式换热器的优化设计。      

WAM-FM遥测系统

 根据正交分割理论,现在流行的频率分割制（FDM）和时间分割制（TDM）都属于正交分割的范畴。满足正交条件的信号不仅仅只有频分和时分两种形式。1923年美国数学家沃尔什（WALSH）提出的沃尔什函数就是一种正交完备的函数系。本文在理论上提出了一种以沃尔什函数为基础的序率分割制（SDM）,并以实验证明了新方案是可行的。文中详细地介绍了这种SDM系统的设计思想、方框图、工作原理以及具体实施中的技术问题。实验室研制成的样机是沃尔什调幅——调频制的,称为WAM-FM遥测系统。为了阐明新系统的优越性及其潜力,把它与现行的频分遥测系统作了简单的比较。说明新系统不仅具有一定的学术价值,而且具有一定的实用价值。     

A Semi-Empirical Approach to the PLL Threshold

This correspondence considers the response of the PLL near threshold to an input consisting of a modulated carrier and white, Gaussian noise. For high input signal-to-noise power ratios ?, the output noise power is Gaussian with a parabolic spectrum. As ? is decreased, the PLL tends to lose lock which gives rise to impulses or ?spikes? in the output with a resulting white power spectrum. The additional output noise due to these ?spikes? causes a threshold in the output signal-to-noise ratio. Unfortunately the loss of lock rate in the PLL depends on the modulation as well as the noise power. A semiempirical approximate expression for the loss of lock rate as a function of the noise and sinusoidal frequency modulation is presented and is used to determine the optimum design procedure for PLL's to demodulate FM signals of varying modulation indexes, ?.     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

飞机装配型架微机CAD系统的开发

飞机装配型架的设计在飞机的生产准备中占有很大比重。为缩短飞机的研制周期,在型架设计领域内采用ＣＡＤ技术非常必要。本文简要介绍洪都航空集团ＦＩＸＣＡＤ系统开发的指导思想及一些主要模块,包括型架常用标准件、通用件库、型架外形板（卡板）、骨架（框架）的参数化设计、型架元件空间角度计算、尺寸公差的查询与标注以及工程图绘制工作环境的设置等。     

二维协同设计系统的设计与实现

设计并实现了一个二维协同系统2DCoDesign,系统为B/S结构,采用Agent技术,系统中各个部分(如会议服务器,路由器,客户端)都是相互独立的Agent.为满足工程设计需求,系统提供了对DXF格式的图形操作支持以及公差等标注符号和会议纪要的支持,开发了一个分布式的协同设计环境,用于设计人员进行协同设计问题的讨论.     

Design and analysis of a microprocessor-controlledpeak-power-tracking system [for solar cell arrays]

Stability and dynamics of a series configuration peak-power tracking (PPT) system are analyzed. The operating modes of the system, as well as mode transitions, are investigated based on qualitative graphical representations of dc load lines at various interfaces of the system. Analysis of multiloop control in the PPT mode is discussed. This includes the design of the inner voltage loop and analysis of the closed-loop system stability around the peak-power point. For an optimum dynamic performance and stability, design parameters of the inner voltage loop and the outer PPT loop are identified. Experimental verifications, supported by simulation results, are performed     

基于幅频特性曲线簇公共点的智能弹簧减振系统参数设计

研究了无阻尼智能弹簧减振系统的一种参数设计方法.采用等效线性化方法将系统中的干摩擦阻尼等效成黏性阻尼,建立系统的数学模型,推导出无量纲化的振动微分方程,得到系统频响特性的解析解.对系统幅频特性进行了数值分析,结果发现:幅频特性曲线簇通过一个公共点,该公共点随质量比的增大向左偏移,随刚度比的增大向右偏移;系统存在一个最优控制参数值,使系统幅频特性曲线峰值最小,其随质量比的增大而减小,但不受刚度比的影响.根据公共点的性质,得到幅频特性曲线簇公共点对应的频率比、最优控制参数和最小振幅的计算公式.确定系统参数的选用原则与范围,并利用公共点提出智能弹簧减振系统参数设计的方法和步骤.      

航空发动机机载健康管理系统设计方法

为解决航空发动机机载健康管理系统正向设计流程不清晰、设计需求不明确、需求设计对应及追溯不规范的问题，在对 比国内外现有健康管理功能架构体系的基础上，结合正向设计中需求捕获、需求分析和功能分配，研究了由上到下的航空发动机 健康管理系统正向设计基本流程，开发了航空发动机健康管理正向设计流程平台，实现了机载功能架构的设计。引入基于模型的 系统工程思想，采用面向对象的工程设计思路，建立功能目标量化、功能描述、模块定义等图形化设计方法，验证了该设计方法在 硬件设计中的可用性。通过研究航空发动机机载健康管理系统设计方法并分析机载功能组成，建立了可扩展的流程平台，基于模 型设计方法建立了可用的硬件设计模型，可为航空发动机机载健康管理系统设计提供参考。     

无损检测可靠性与寿命控制方法

提出一种测定缺陷检出概率曲线的方法, 成功地解决了传统方法无法解决的检出频率波动性和非单调性问题, 给出了缺陷检出概率置信下限公式和POD/CL裂纹尺寸公式。并且提出控制寿命的新概念, 给出了最佳检查周期和最佳独立检测次数方法, 该方法既可以有效地控制裂纹漏检概率, 又可以控制结构的裂纹扩展寿命和检查周期, 从而可对结构进行概率损伤容限设计。      

工程项目与图档管理系统中组件的设计与实现

采用组件技术、JSP技术和数据库技术开发了基于B/S结构的工程项目与图档管理系统,实现了工程项目和图档的协同管理。在图档的管理中,通过JavaBeans和COM两种组件的互操作实现了电子图纸信息的自动提取、归档以及查询等功能。本文详细介绍了JavaBeans和COM两种组件互操作的工作原理,以及在工程项目与图档管理系统中所使用的主要组件的设计与实现方法。     

Threshold Performance of Suboptimum PPM Receivers

The threshold performance of a pulse position modulation (PPM) telemetry system which uses a slicer for a detector, suboptimum technique, is investigated, and curves for predicting the occurrence of threshold are developed.     

测控应答机下行调制度问题的技术分析

针对应答机采用不同的接收信号功率控制方式，对下行测距调制度、残留遥控调制度以及转发噪声调制度的情况进行了理论分析，得到了各种情况下的调制度数学模型，可供读者在航天工程的测控链路设计及应答机设计时参考。     

Radar Altimeter Optimization for Geodesy Over the Sea

The optimum processor and its accuracy limit for radar altimetry for geodetic use over the sea are studied with a model accounting for random surface reflectivity, sea height variation, additive noise, and pointing errors, and allowing for arbitrary antenna patterns, signal modulations, and other system parameters. The ?threshold? case solution (which can have any specified accuracy) dictates a signal modulation bandwidth just shy of resolving the sea height variation and/or illuminated sea area (as scaled into time delay and ?smeared? by pointing errors). For such a modulation a relatively complete solution is obtained. These results are used to determine practical radar altimeter designs, additionally accounting for antenna size, stability, and peak power restraints. Conditions allowing neglecting of limiting or complicating effects due to temporally varying reflectivity, sea height, and vehicle position are given and shown to be satisfied for a typical satellite.     

PLL两点调制在GMSK调制器中的应用

分析了HDL数据链发信机设计中的几种GMSK调制方法;阐述了用PLL两点调制的必要性,进而给出了基于PLL的GMSK两点调制的模型。同时,对非线性模型进行线性化等效,列出它们的闭环传递函数,并通过Matlab仿真波形来观察频率响应曲线;最后对调制系统进行ADS仿真,分析系统的收敛性,通过时域、频域调制波形分析,得到最优系统参数。     

Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.