新的恒星临边昏暗线性经验公式的意义

新的恒星临边昏暗线性经验公式精度高的原因之一可用几何学观点加以解释,其LTE推广与太阳观测和心宿二的临边昏暗系数测量能很好一致.本文简要评述了两种常用零级近似UD和FDD的适用范围.      

从恒星到黑洞

１７６７年，丹麦天文学家罗麦首次证明了光速是有限的这一事实，为１００多年后预言黑洞的存在创造了条件。否则，人们是无法理解引力场将对光粒子产生影响这一效应的。一般认为，英国的约翰·米歇尔是最早对黑洞的存在做出预言的人。他于１７８３年发表文章指出，一个有足够大质量和密度的恒星，同时也拥有强大的引力场，甚至从恒星表面发出的光线也会被这个引力场吸引回来。１５年后，法国天文学家拉普拉斯也独立地提出了类似的观点：“一个密度如地球，而直径为２５０个太阳的发光恒星，由于引力作用，将不允许它的任何光线到达我们这儿…     

近地空间短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法

针对星敏感器在近地空间导航应用需求,开展了短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法研究。基于恒星目标与天空背景辐射特性,构建了恒星探测信噪比模型,并结合光学系统及图像传感器参数完成了仿真试验。结果表明,同一星等及太阳天顶角下,Ks波段下的恒星探测信噪比最大,H波段次之,J波段最小;同一太阳天顶角及波段下,星等越小,恒星探测信噪比越大;同一星等及波长下,太阳天顶角越大,即恒星与太阳之间角距越大,恒星探测信噪比越大。本文可为新一代近地空间全天时星敏感器系统的方案设计、指标论证、评估应用提供可靠的理论方法与技术支持。     

众眼看宇宙

斯必泽红外空间望远镜 上面两幅作品分别向我们展示了一颗炽热的恒星和它致密的行星在红外(右)和可见光波段中看起来是如何的接近在可见光波段中．明亮恒星的光芒将行星反射回来的光线完全湮没，而在红外波段中，这颗恒星就没有那么眩目了．行星反而变得更加明亮、活跃。     

姿态角幅值约束下的太阳帆Lissajous轨道保持控制

太阳帆航天器以两姿态角作为轨道控制输入时, 其轨道动力学方程具有非仿射非线性特性. 通过人工平动点处线性化获得的线性系统可完成太阳帆航天器轨道保持控制器的分析与设计. 由于线性近似模型为有误差模型, 存在近似有效范围约束, 表现为轨道高度约束和姿态角幅值约束. 本文研究了姿态角幅值约束对线性近似模型有效性的影响, 通过计算给出满足近似误差要求的姿态角幅值约束. 当控制输入存在幅值约束时, 控制器轨道修正能力受到束缚. 通过研究姿态角幅值约束下的最大允许入轨误差, 设计了最大允许入轨误差下线性二次型调节器(LQR)用于轨道保持控制, 并将控制器应用于太阳帆日地三体系统非线性模型中, 实现了日地人工L₁点Lissajous轨道最大允许入轨误差的控制收敛和良好精度下的轨道保持控制.      

预载荷下板料激光弯曲成形的工艺参数分析

预载荷下板料激光弯曲成形是一种较新的板料弯曲成形方法,本文对其工艺参数进行了分析研究。使用软件ABAQUS建立了预载荷下板料激光弯曲成形的有限元模型,并进行了试验验证,在此模型的基础上,采用均匀设计法进行了变工艺参数仿真试验设计,利用仿真试验结果建立了各工艺参数与变形量间的回归模型,并进一步分析了工艺参数对变形量的影响及其内在原因。研究表明,各工艺参数中扫描速度对变形量的影响最大,而激光功率的影响最小;光斑直径与扫描速度间存在对变形量有高度显著影响的负交互作用;变形量随预载荷增大近似呈指数上升,随激光功率的增大近似呈线性增大,随光斑直径的增大近似呈线性下降,随扫描速度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势。     

暗物质和暗能量

不久前．美国航空航天局发表了最新的微波宇宙全图，初步分析显示宇宙的年龄为137亿年，误差为1％。第一代的恒星在大爆炸后2亿年开始发光。     

星上定标的观测恒星确定方法研究

基于观测恒星的星上定标方法已成为近年来大型红外相机的主要定标方法之一。而这种定标方法的核心就是确定观测恒星及其在相机探测波段的辐照度。为了研究恒星在不同波段的辐照度,首先将恒星视为点源目标对其辐照度进行建模,在此基础上提出了泰勒级数展开和改进的遗传算法对恒星的温度T进行求解;然后对WISE星表的1000颗恒星进行辐照度外推,取得外推精度<3%的恒星所占比例高达68.34%的结果,满足项目需求;最后对不同精度下恒星的光谱分布特征进行了分析总结,验证了该外推方法的有效性。     

哈勃星空

1.哈勃观察到恒星形成活跃的NGC7090星系 这张侧面图向我们展示了NGC7090星系星系的星系盘和其鼓鼓的核心，而通常这些区域是以一大群冷却下来的、衰老的恒星挤在一个紧凑的、球状区域为典型特色的。     

孕育

触须星系是位于乌鸦座的一对交互作用星系。早在1785年就被威廉·赫歇尔发现．因为经由星系碰撞而产生的由恒星、气体和尘埃组成的两条长尾很像昆虫的触须而得名。     

A concept mission for the Stellar Population and Evolution with Cubesats (SPEC)

Binary or multiple stellar systems, constituting almost a third of the content of the Milky Way, represent a high priority astronomical target due to their repercussions on the stellar dynamical and evolutionary parameters. Moreover the spectral study of such class of stars allows to better constrain the evolutionary theories of the Galactic stellar populations. By resolving the members of stellar systems through photometric observations we are able to perform more detailed measurements to infer their mass. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of a cubesat based mission including an optical payload to directly optically discriminate the members of a selected sample of binary systems. The scientific targets, consisting 11?M class dwarf stars binary systems, have been extracted from the already studied Riaz catalogue. These subset has been selected considering the star distance, the members angular separation, and the distance from the Galactic plane (due to limit the background and foreground contamination). The satellite concept is based on a 6 unit Cubesat embedding some commercial off the shelf components and an ad hoc designed optical payload occupying almost 4 units. The optical configuration has been chosen in order to fit the angular resolution requirements, as derived from the target characteristics. Moreover, according to the optical analysis and the computed field of view some requirements on the attitude control system have been inferred and fulfilled by the component selection. The paper is organized as in the following: a brief scientific introduction is made; consequently the project is described with particular attention to the optical design and the standard sub-systems; finally the conclusions are drawn and the future perspectives are investigated.     

Autonomous satellite navigation using starlight refraction angle measurements

An on-board autonomous navigation capability is required to reduce the operation costs and enhance the navigation performance of future satellites. Autonomous navigation by stellar refraction is a type of autonomous celestial navigation method that uses high-accuracy star sensors instead of Earth sensors to provide information regarding Earth’s horizon. In previous studies, the refraction apparent height has typically been used for such navigation. However, the apparent height cannot be measured directly by a star sensor and can only be calculated by the refraction angle and an atmospheric refraction model. Therefore, additional errors are introduced by the uncertainty and nonlinearity of atmospheric refraction models, which result in reduced navigation accuracy and reliability. A new navigation method based on the direct measurement of the refraction angle is proposed to solve this problem. Techniques for the determination of the refraction angle are introduced, and a measurement model for the refraction angle is established. The method is tested and validated by simulations. When the starlight refraction height ranges from 20 to 50 km, a positioning accuracy of better than 100 m can be achieved for a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite using the refraction angle, while the positioning accuracy of the traditional method using the apparent height is worse than 500 m under the same conditions. Furthermore, an analysis of the factors that affect navigation accuracy, including the measurement accuracy of the refraction angle, the number of visible refracted stars per orbit and the installation azimuth of star sensor, is presented. This method is highly recommended for small satellites in particular, as no additional hardware besides two star sensors is required.     

基于摄动轨道的卫星自主天文导航仿真研究

针对星光折射间接敏感地平的卫星自主天文导航方法 ,利用推广的卡尔曼滤波方法进行仿真研究。为了准确建立运动模型 ,在系统方程中引入了非球形地球引力中的二阶带谐项 ;在考虑具有指数密度的球状分层大气的基础上 ,建立了以星光视高度为观测量的量测方程。在建立了推广的卡尔曼滤波方程后 ,文章进行了计算机仿真 ,并对仿真结果进行了详细的误差分析 ,结果表明基于摄动轨道的星光折射间接敏感地平的卫星自主天文导航方法能取得较高的导航精度     

Alfvén waves as a driving mechanism in stellar winds

Alfvén waves have been invoked as an important mechanism of particle acceleration in stellar winds of cool stars. After their identification in the solar wind they started to be studied in winds of stars located in different regions of the HR diagram. We discuss here some characteristics of these waves and we present a direct application in the acceleration of late-type stellar winds.     

基于非开普勒轨道的高超声速临近空间飞行器自主天文导航研究

针对航天器自主导航方法不适合高超声速临近空间飞行器的问题, 研究了基于非开普勒轨道的高超声速临近空间飞行器自主天文导航方案. 论述了基于非开普勒轨道的自主天文导航机理, 通过对高超声速临近空间飞行器受力分析, 建立了动力学方程; 利用矢量倒数法则推导出空间运动方程; 设计了基于非开普勒轨道的状态模型和基于星光折射间接敏感地平的观测模型, 采用卡尔曼滤波进行了仿真验证. 仿真结果表明, 基于非开普勒轨道的高超声速临近空间飞行器自主天文导航可达到较高的位置和速度精度.      

基于恒星的电离层成像仪在轨几何定标

三轴稳定的地球静止轨道卫星在轨运行期间温度会有周期性变化.其上装载的远紫外电离层成像仪与卫星之间的热应力变化造成机械传递，导致仪器指向与装星时的初始位置发生偏差.恒星在惯性坐标系中的位置保持不变，可以将其作为电离层成像仪在轨几何定标的定标源.本文建立了基于恒星的电离层成像仪在轨几何定标模型，通过拍摄所筛选恒星图像，得出仪器在轨指向相对于初始值的偏离程度，从而提高电离层成像仪的成像几何精度.通过模拟试验，验证了运用此技术进行在轨几何定标的可行性.研究结果可为电离层成像仪常态化自动在轨几何定标奠定基础.      

Wolf–Rayet optically thick winds with Alfvén waves

The Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars are hot luminous objects which are suffering an extreme mass loss via a continuous stellar wind. The high values of mass loss rates and high terminal velocities of the WR stellar winds constitute a challenge to the theories of radiation driven winds. Several authors incorporated magnetic forces to the line driven mechanism in order to explain these characteristics of the wind. Observations indicate that the WR stellar winds may reach, at the photosphere, velocities of the order of the terminal values, which means that an important part of the wind acceleration occurs at the optically thick region. The aim of this study is to analyze a model in which the wind in a WR star begins to be accelerated in the optically thick part of the wind. We used as initial conditions stellar parameters taken from the literature and solved the energy, mass and momentum equations. We demonstrate that the acceleration only by radiative forces is prevented by the general behavior of the opacities. Combining radiative forces plus a flux of Alfvén waves, we found in the simulations a fast drop in the wind density profile which strongly reduces the extension of the optically thick region and the wind becomes optically thin too close its base. The understanding how the WR wind initiate is still an open issue.     

二次曲面拟合与拟合参数不确定度分析

由离散点进行二次曲面拟合问题可归结为存在约束条件的非线性优化问题,在总结了拟合参数初值计算和优化算法的基础上,研究了点位的坐标测量误差对拟合参数和曲面轮廓度评价的影响.给出了评价二者不确定度的解析方法和Monte-Carlo模拟方法,并指出,对于实际的测量数据,只有采用Monte-Carlo模拟方法进行拟合参数和轮廓度的不确定度评价才是可靠的.仿真实验和实物测量实验表明,给出的二次曲面拟合方法和不确定度估计方法是正确的.