壁面组合孔喷注增强混合研究

为增强超声速气流中壁面喷注的燃料射流与气流混合,提出了一种壁面组合孔喷注方式.通过对单孔及组合孔喷注方式燃料射流流场仿真结果的对比分析发现,采用壁面喷注孔喷注燃料时,燃料射流与来流的混合过程在射流近场穿透深度起主导作用,而在射流远场涡则起主导作用.计算结果表明,采用壁面组合孔喷注氢气时,燃料射流增强了流场展向涡量,从而在射流远场获得了更好的射流与来流混合.     

激波干扰支板射流混合增强规律

实现超声速来流和燃料射流在燃烧室内的快速混合一直是提升超燃冲压发动机性能亟待解决的关键问题之一。为了有效提升燃烧室内空气来流和燃料射流的混合效果,通过数值模拟的方法,在超声速来流和支板喷注的前提下,在燃烧室上壁面添加了斜坡型激波发生器,并通过改变斜坡型激波发生器的结构参数,包括角度(15°、20°、25°、30°),尺寸(5、10、15、20 mm),位置(100、110、120、130 mm处)等,以探究不同结构参数对混合效果的影响。研究结果表明:斜坡型激波发生器的引入能够有效地增强混合效果,且不同的结构参数对混合效果的影响也存在差异,斜坡型激波发生器尺寸的大小对混合效果的影响大于角度,斜坡型激波发生器角度的大小对混合效果的影响大于位置;混合效率和总压恢复系数成负相关关系。     

两种优化组合式燃料喷注方案的凹腔稳焰特性实验研究

在马赫数2.0,总压0.98 MPa和总温920 K的超声速来流条件下,针对现有常见的凹腔组合式燃料喷注方案出现的燃烧不稳定和火焰吹熄现象,通过改变凹腔上游壁面双路燃料喷注的位置,设计了两种优化的凹腔组合式喷注方案,并对不同燃料喷注方案下的火焰稳定过程进行研究。通过高速摄影和CH*基自发辐射成像技术,详细观测了后缘突扩凹腔燃烧室中乙烯火焰传播过程。研究表明,原始的喷注方案容易发生火焰振荡,并伴随着火焰回传现象以燃烧模式的转换;当量比超过0.3时,就难以实现稳定燃烧,并出现火焰吹熄现象。两种改进的喷注方案均能增强燃料射流与凹腔的相互作用,可在更宽燃料喷注当量比范围内维持火焰不被吹熄。相比于增加上游喷注与凹腔前缘距离的喷注方案而言,增加双路燃料喷注之间距离的喷注方案的稳焰效果更好,燃烧反应区也更加靠近凹腔前缘,燃烧释热也更强。这种喷注方案可为超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中凹腔燃料喷注方案的优化设计提供参考。     

超声速气流中液体横向射流的气液相互作用过程数值研究

采用Euler-Lagrange方法对来流马赫数为1.94的超声速气流中液体横向射流的气液相互作用过程进行数值研究。计算给出的射流穿透深度、液滴Sauter平均直径(SMD)及液滴速度分布均与实验吻合较好。仿真结果较详细地揭示液体射流喷雾与气流之间的强烈相互作用过程。受液雾影响,射流前形成较强激波,气流依次经过激波及液雾区域,气流速度存在两次下降过程。计算结果揭示,超声速来流可以与射流的液滴轨迹相交,气流经液雾前沿进入液雾区域后,流向往壁面偏折。本文首次发现并提出,由于气液相互作用诱导形成两组反向反转漩涡对,这对于理解两相混合过程具有重要意义。气液相对滑移速度的分析表明,液滴在穿透自由来流并开始转向时受气流作用最为显著,完成转向后气液相互作用逐渐减弱。     

超声速燃烧不稳定性研究进展

对超声速燃烧不稳定性这一新兴领域的研究进行了综合评述，并对未来研究进行了展望。首先分析了超声速燃烧不稳定性现象的基本特性及其影响因素；随后讨论了超声速燃烧不稳定性的多种机理；接着概括了基于上述机理的超声速燃烧不稳定性建模；最后对超声速燃烧不稳定性还需重点研究的方向给出建议。综述表明，超声速燃烧不稳定性的现象、机理和建模都还需持续开展研究，特别需要关注的是燃烧室构型布局和燃料喷注方式对超燃冲压发动机燃烧不稳定性现象的影响，在超声速混合层和射流等典型流动中更深入探索超声速燃烧不稳定性机理，基于超声速燃烧系统的湍流时空演化特性进一步发展超声速燃烧不稳定性模型。     

燃气喷注条件对中心支板式固体冲压发动机燃烧性能影响研究

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点，然而在超声速空气流的燃烧室中，如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混，增加颗粒停留时间，在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。提出了一种基于中心支板燃气喷注的含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机方案，开展了模拟马赫数6.0、高度25 km来流条件下的地面直连试验和数值仿真研究，验证了该方案的合理性和优势，并获取了燃烧室内的燃烧特性，探寻了固体燃气喷注方式对燃烧室性能的影响规律。结果显示，相比于中心支板喷注方案，侧壁喷注存在总压损失大、反压激波串长度大、进气要求严苛等问题，但能够增强掺混，提高燃烧效率,缩短燃烧所需距离；而在中心支板式固体冲压发动机中，在燃烧室侧壁面引入较小流量的一次燃气，可以增大固体颗粒在燃烧室内的穿透深度，提高燃烧效率和燃烧室性能。     

RBCC燃烧室超声速反应混合层特性的大涡模拟

以飞行马赫数为4.5Ma的RBCC发动机典型工作状态为研究背景,采用大涡模拟研究了支板火箭射流和空气来流形成的超声速反应混合层的掺混燃烧过程,获得了燃烧室内详细的流场结构和流动特征,分析了强射流条件下超声速反应混合层的特性。结果表明由于速度梯度的存在,火箭射流进入燃烧室后与空气来流形成环形剪切层,剪切层内丰富的旋涡结构主导火箭射流和空气来流的掺混燃烧,随着湍流能量的串级输运,化学反应过程中释放的能量将被转化成细观尺度的湍流动能,大尺度旋涡将能量传递给小尺度旋涡并最终耗散,细小尺度的旋涡一方面能够促进燃烧反应物的掺混并强化燃烧过程,另一方面会给化学反应过程带来强烈的脉动,使得局部火焰淬灭,火焰结构表现出明显的非定常性。     

RBCC混合燃烧模式下燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能影响研究

通过数值模拟发现,喷注位置前移有利于改善燃烧性能。为了更加细化探讨,在直连式实验台上进行了进一步的实验研究,研究了RBCC混合燃烧模式中燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能的影响。实验中,详细比较了相同实验条件、不同喷注位置条件下燃烧室压强及燃烧性能。实验发现,在燃烧室前端进行燃料喷注,有利于提高燃烧室压强,提高发动机比冲。可见,燃料提前喷注加强了燃料与火箭羽焰剪切层的掺混,且火箭羽焰对燃料的雾化蒸发效果更佳,使得燃料的燃烧性能得到更大提升,从而提高发动机性能。     

来流状态对超声速气动斜劈诱导爆震起爆过程的影响

超声速斜爆震热射流起爆特性受到气流状态参数的影响。针对低速持续热射流,采用高速激光纹影技术和压力传感器测压技术,研究低速热射流预混气来流当量比、温度和速度等状态参数的影响。实验发现,当量比对起爆过程的影响具有一定的随机性,但一般情况下,当量比的增加,有利于爆燃向爆震转变(Deflagration toDetonation,DDT)过程;提高来流温度,将缩短DDT时间,有利于起爆;而提高来流速度,则将阻碍剪切层发展,导致混合效果变差,不利于起爆。     

基于混合燃料的旋转爆震发动机燃烧室冷态流场研究

为研究基于混合气体燃料的旋转爆震发动机燃烧室内流场特性,对混合气体燃料(H2+C2H4+C2H2)与空气在燃烧室内掺混的冷态流场进行了三维数值仿真研究。根据数值仿真结果,系统地描述了燃烧室内混合气体的流动特性,对比分析了不同喷注结构(燃料喷注深度、空气喷注环缝宽度)及不同的气体质量流率等因素对三维冷态流场及掺混的影响,并用掺混不均匀度定量评价了混合气体燃料与空气掺混的程度。研究结果表明,在文中给定的计算参数条件下,随着空气环缝宽度的增大,掺混效果能够得到一定提升;随着燃料喷注深度的增大,掺混效果有所下降;随着空气及燃料的质量流率的增大,燃烧室头部掺混效果略有下降,在中部掺混效果得到提升。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

Influences of the turbulence model and the slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field in supersonic flows

Transverse slot injection scheme is very important for the mixing process between the air and the fuel in supersonic flows. The effect of the turbulence model and slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field has been investigated numerically based on the grid independency analysis, and the predicted results have been compared with the experimental data available in the open literature. The obtained results show that the grid scale makes only a slight difference to the wall pressure profiles for all jet-to-crossflow pressure ratios employed in this study, and the wall pressure profile with low jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is predicted accurately by the RNG k–ε turbulence model, the SST k–ω turbulence model for the flow field with high jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. High jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio can increase the jet penetration depth in supersonic flows, and the gradient of the length of the upstream separation region is larger than that of the height of the Mach surface. At the same time, when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is maintained constant, the jet penetration depth increases with the increase of the slot width.     

超声速进气道及冲压发动机动态特性分析

基于小偏差线性化思想,利用超声速进气道动力学模型计算得到,进气道激波位置和波后压力的响应幅值随频率增大整体趋于减小,但在各阶纵向谐振频率上存在谐振峰。并进一步考虑了燃烧室加质燃烧,分析了冲压发动机气路动态特性,推导出适用于冲压发动机的集中燃烧模型,研究表明在燃油喷注流量的扰动下,冲压发动机幅频响应谐振峰显著。     

SMC模式下RBCC发动机4Ma工况性能仿真

为研究SMC模式下火箭混合比对RBCC发动机性能的影响规律,完成了氢/氧火箭推力室中心布局、二元定几何结构模型发动机飞行马赫数Ma₀=4、高度H=17 km弹道点流场仿真,获得了不同火箭混合比(MR=2、3、4、5、6、8)及燃烧室长度的推力、比冲性能。研究表明:在火箭燃气富燃条件下(MR<8),产生了正的火箭推力增益,且随着混合比的减小,火箭推力增益增加;二次燃烧过程受火箭射流与冲压主流剪切层掺混主导,在给定的基准燃烧室长度下,燃烧效率随着混合比的提高而增加,且火箭射流与冲压主流的超/超射流剪切层燃烧过程一直持续到喷管出口;通过增加燃烧室长度,火箭富燃燃气获得更为充分的燃烧,发动机性能显著提升,但在具体发动机设计中,燃烧室长度的选取需在燃烧效率与结构惩罚之间进行权衡。     

燃油分配对超燃冲压发动机的性能影响仿真分析

针对超燃冲压发动机两级燃油分配对内流道流动过程、燃烧模态、发动机性能及调节特性的影响问题,建立了发动机一维流动分析模型;对马赫数6/当量比1,马赫数6/当量比0.6,马赫数4/当量比1三种工况不同的一级/二级燃烧室燃油分配比例下的流动过程进行了仿真,并获得了不同燃油分配规律下的发动机性能.通过分析表明：超燃冲压发动机的两级燃油分配比例直接影响发动机内流道内的流动参数分布、燃烧模态及发动机比冲等性能参数.对于马赫数6/当量比1工况,当一级燃烧室的燃油分配比例为30％～70％时,可在全流道内组织纯超声速燃烧,最高比冲超过800 s;对于马赫数6/当量比0.6工况,即使将所有的燃油均在一级燃烧室喷入,流道也不会壅塞,该工况下最大比冲超过800s;对于马赫数4/当量比1工况,燃烧室内组织亚声速燃烧,最大比冲为1 031.9 s;为保证亚声速燃烧扰动不传递到燃烧室入口外,一级燃油分配比例不应过高.     

Igniter jet dynamics in solid fuel ramjets

The dynamics of a two dimensional plane jet injected at the base of a step, parallel to the wall, in backward facing step flow geometry is numerically studied. The objective of this work is to gain insight into the dynamics of the igniter flow field in solid fuel ramjet motors. Solid fuel ramjets operate by ingestion of air and subsequent combustion with a solid fuel grain such as polyethylene. The system of governing equations is solved with a finite volume approach using a structured grid in which the AUSM⁺ scheme is used to calculate the convective fluxes. The Spalart and Allmaras turbulence model is used in these simulations. Experimental data have been used to validate the flow solver and turbulence model simulation results. The comparison of the numerical results and experimental data has validated the use of the adopted turbulence model for the study of this type of problem. A special attention is paid to the igniter jet exit location. It is shown that the wall jet igniter, issuing from the base of the step, drastically changes the structure of recirculating region of backward facing step flow and produces large and damaging shear stress on the fuel surface. Moving the igniter jet exit location to the top of the backward facing step changes the flow field favorably, by reducing the fuel surface shear stress by an order of magnitude and maintaining the recirculating region behind the step, which can provide proper residence time for the fuel–air mixture chemical reactions.     

电子设备射流送风冷却特性试验研究

射流送风是载人航天器密封舱内电子设备冷却的一种有效方式,具有简单可靠、系统质量轻、换热系数大等优点.文章对中国载人航天器密封舱内2台大功耗电子设备射流送风冷却特性进行了试验研究,分析了射流风量、送风孔数、表面状态对设备平衡温度的影响.利用不超过0.4m3/min的风量,可将热流密度为315.8W/m2的设备温度控制在5...     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.