遥感卫星载荷海洋耀斑观测几何模型研究

为研究遥感卫星观测海洋耀斑时耀斑观测角度及耀斑长度的变化规律,为遥感载荷视场设计提供基础参考数据,文章在假设海洋表面完全反射的基础上,建立了卫星载荷海洋耀斑观测的完全几何模型,确定了卫星观测海洋耀斑的镜面反射极限位置,并建立方程组求取耀斑观测边缘视场指向角,以此获取耀斑观测角和耀斑长度。结合轨道仿真软件(Satellite Tools Kit,STK),以夏至日和冬至日的太阳同步轨道为算例,完成边缘视场耀斑观测指向角、耀斑观测角、耀斑长度的计算。结果表明,耀斑观测参数呈现明显的轨道周期特性,两个耀斑观测边缘指向角在冬至日和夏至日变化趋势相似,但变化范围不同;耀斑观测角呈类正弦变化,最大约为0.43°;耀斑长度夏至日时在0~29.2km范围内变化,冬至日时在0~29.7km范围内变化。通过STK软件生成的耀斑观测指向角与文章模型生成的耀斑观测边缘视场指向角进行对比验证,表明耀斑观测几何模型正确、合理,可为卫星遥感载荷的海洋耀斑观测或规避提供理论依据和边界条件。     

中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展研究

光学遥感载荷的空间站平台相比卫星平台具有很大的优势,吸引了包括俄罗斯、美国和欧空局在内的国际空间站成员国争相进行空间站光学遥感载荷的新技术实验验证和对地观测研究。文章介绍了国际空间站光学遥感载荷的观测方式和特点,结合国际空间站光学遥感载荷的应用情况,从新技术实验验证和对地观测两个方面分析了中国空间站光学遥感载荷发展应该注意的问题,为中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展提出了几点建议。     

20世纪中国的航天返回与遥感

介绍了中国在20世纪发射的返回式航天器和光学型对地观测类卫星、研制成功的航天光学遥感器和建成的卫星对地观测信息应用系统 ,展示了中国在航天返回与遥感领域取得的进展     

卫星遥感产业化途径探讨

遥感卫星主要由民用遥感卫星和军用遥感卫星两大类组成, 目前民用遥感卫星主要有:气象卫星、海洋卫星、地球观测卫星、环境与灾害监测卫星等;军用遥感卫星主要有:成像侦察卫星、导弹预警卫星、军事气象及海洋环境卫星等。     

灾难警报从天上发出

国际空间站作为近地轨道空间唯一在轨运行的大型综合实验平台，部署了许多先进的对地观测和遥感设备。使用手持或自动装置，航天员可以灵活开展对地观测活动，尤其是在监测突发自然灾害时，较无人飞行器而言，更具灵活性。作为一个“全球观测与监测站”，国际空间站在收集全球气候、环境变化及自然灾害信息，推动探究和解决地球环境问题以及推动全球对地观测活动的国际合作方面发挥了重要作用。     

20世纪中国的航天返回与遥感

介绍了中国在20世纪发射的返回式航天器和光学型对地观测类卫星、研制成功的航天光学遥感器和建成的卫星对地观测信息应用系统，展示了中国在航天返回与遥感领域取得的进展。     

未来中国卫星遥感器的发展分析

介绍了国外对地观测系统的发展历程和趋势,重点研究和归纳了中国的气象、海洋、农业、灾害、资源、环境等重大发展问题对空间遥感的需求。在此基础上,提出了中国未来空间遥感器的发展建议,可为中国对地观测卫星技术的发展提供参考。     

我国陆地观测卫星及其数据应用

<正>我国陆地观测卫星地面系统是首个多星、多任务地面处理系统,能够处理我国所有陆地观测卫星遥感数据,具有支持5颗卫星同时在轨运行的能力,可以处理可见光、红外、高光谱和雷达等多种类型遥感器从2.36米到250米各种分辨率的数据。     

高分二号卫星的技术特点

<正>一、前言高分二号卫星是国家高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项首批启动研制的卫星,是迄今为止我国研制的空间分辨率最高、观测幅宽最大、设计寿命最长的民用遥感卫星。其主要目的是突破亚米级高分辨率大幅宽成像、长焦距大F数轻小型相机设计、高稳定度快速姿态侧摆机动、图像高精度定位、低轨道遥感卫星长寿命高可靠设计等关键技术,大幅提升我国遥感卫星观测效能,打破高分辨率对地观测数据依赖进口的被动局面,推动我国高分辨率对地观测卫星及应用水平的提     

“高分四号”卫星观测能力与应用前景分析

"高分四号"卫星是中国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项工程中首颗地球同步轨道遥感卫星,也是目前世界上地球同步轨道上第一颗高分辨率遥感卫星,它具有较高空间分辨率、极高时间分辨率、多种谱段选择、广阔的观测范围等特点。为使"高分四号"卫星充分发挥观测能力,成为灾害监测以及防灾减灾的有效工具,文章对应典型遥感应用,总结归纳出了五种观测模式,分别是凝视模式、跟踪模式、巡航模式、签到模式、夜间模式,并分析给出各种模式下相应的观测策略。文中还以现有国产遥感卫星为例,讨论了影响"高分四号"卫星应用的两种重要因素,即数据连续性和数据稳定性,其中针对巡航模式对数据连续性的潜在影响提出了"高分四号"卫星在轨使用建议,针对数据稳定性提出了一种评价模型。该文对于有关方面应对多种观测需求、合理使用"高分四号"卫星在轨观测能力具有一定参考价值。     

基于区域网格化的空间目标光学特性计算方法

为了精确计算空间目标光学特性,基于区域分解和网格划分的方法建立了空间目标光学特性计算模型。首先把目标表面分解为若干材料属性单一且易于数学描述的区域;对划分后的区域进行网格划分;对划分后的网格面元进行遮挡与掩蔽分析,给出有效面元的判断准则;最后结合表面材料的双向反射分布函数建立了目标的光学特性计算模型。为了验证计算模型的精确性,搭建了空间目标缩比模型测量平台。当入射天顶角为10°、20°和30°时,缩比模型理论计算结果与实验测量数据的相对均方根误差分别为8.89%、9.39%和8.00%,均小于10%,验证了所建目标光学特性计算模型的准确性。     

导航卫星光压建模及表面光学特性参数影响分析

为分析某导航卫星（为表述方便,下文称为B导航卫星或B卫星）的表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响,本文首先参考GPS光压建模方法,结合B卫星的结构、控制及轨道特点,构建了一种适合B卫星的分析型光压模型。在该光压模型的约束下,分析表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响。最后利用建立的光压模型进行轨道预报,与精密星历等实际数据比较,验证了模型并分析了表面光学特性参数对轨道预报的影响。     

Results of Kirari optical communication demonstration experiments with NICT optical ground station (KODEN) aiming for future classical and quantum communications in space

Bi-directional ground-to-satellite laser communication experiments were successfully performed between the optical ground station developed by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), located in Koganei City in suburban Tokyo, and a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, the “Kirari” Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS). The experiments were conducted in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and called the Kirari Optical communication Demonstration Experiments with the NICT optical ground station (or KODEN). The ground-to-OICETS laser communication experiment was the first in-orbit demonstration involving the LEO satellite. The laser communication experiment was conducted since March 2006. The polarization characteristics of an artificial laser source in space, such as Stokes parameters, and the degree of polarization were measured through space-to-ground atmospheric transmission paths, which results contribute to the link estimation for quantum key distribution via space and provide the potential for enhancements in quantum cryptography on a global scale in the future. The Phase-5 experiment, international laser communications experiments were also successfully conducted with four optical ground stations located in the United States, Spain, Germany, and Japan from April 2009 to September 2009. The purpose of the Phase-5 experiment was to establish OICETS-to-ground laser communication links from the different optical ground stations and the statistical analyses such as the normalized power, scintillation index, probability density function, auto-covariance function, and power spectral density were performed. Thus the applicability of the satellite laser communications was demonstrated, aiming not only for geostationary earth orbit-LEO links but also for ground-to-LEO optical links. This paper presents the results of the KODEN experiments and mainly introduces the common analyses among the different optical ground stations.     

动量轮微振动扰振频谱对三反同轴相机的影响

随着遥感卫星分辨率的不断提高,动量轮扰振对遥感成像的影响逐渐成为卫星总体设计时需要关注的问题。目前对动量轮微振动的研究多侧重于时域分析,经常把卫星平台和载荷分立开来单独研究。鉴于平台和相机之间具有耦合作用,分立研究会带来较大误差。动量轮的输出响应并不是一个单一频率的时域信号,不同频谱对相机的影响不同,频谱分析往往更能反映问题。文章联合卫星平台和相机进行整星建模,分析了微振动扰振从动量轮处传递到相机光学元件的频谱特征,得到动量轮扰振不同频谱对相机造成的具体影响。分析结果显示,低于相机基频的动量轮扰振频谱造成相机光轴晃动,相机特征频率区间的扰振频谱不仅会放大光轴晃动,还会造成相机内部的光学元件光轴不一致。最后文章定量计算比较了这两种影响带来的MTF下降。     

Detecting tree-like multicellular life on extrasolar planets

Over the next two decades, NASA and ESA are planning a series of space-based observatories to find Earth-like planets and determine whether life exists on these planets. Previous studies have assessed the likelihood of detecting life through signs of biogenic gases in the atmosphere or a red edge. Biogenic gases and the red edge could be signs of either single-celled or multicellular life. In this study, we propose a technique with which to determine whether tree-like multicellular life exists on extrasolar planets. For multicellular photosynthetic organisms on Earth, competition for light and the need to transport water and nutrients has led to a tree-like body plan characterized by hierarchical branching networks. This design results in a distinct bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) that causes differing reflectance at different sun/view geometries. BRDF arises from the changing visibility of the shadows cast by objects, and the presence of tree-like structures is clearly distinguishable from flat ground with the same reflectance spectrum. We examined whether the BRDF could detect the existence of tree-like structures on an extrasolar planet by using changes in planetary albedo as a planet orbits its star. We used a semi-empirical BRDF model to simulate vegetation reflectance at different planetary phase angles and both simulated and real cloud cover to calculate disk and rotation-averaged planetary albedo for a vegetated and non-vegetated planet with abundant liquid water. We found that even if the entire planetary albedo were rendered to a single pixel, the rate of increase of albedo as a planet approaches full illumination would be comparatively greater on a vegetated planet than on a non-vegetated planet. Depending on how accurately planetary cloud cover can be resolved and the capabilities of the coronagraph to resolve exoplanets, this technique could theoretically detect tree-like multicellular life on exoplanets in 50 stellar systems.     

光学遥感器产品数据库应用系统设计与实现

文章首先介绍了建立光学遥感器产品数据库应用系统的必要性。通过对资源卫星红外多光谱扫描仪的分析 ,提出用卫星表、分系统表、部件表四个表业记录各种卫星上的不同光学遥感器 ,并完成了数据库的设计。然后根据数据库的要求设计完成了相应的应用系统 ,实现了光学遥感器相关信息的录入、查询等功能     

FY-2C星多通道扫描辐射计及其在轨运行

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)C静止气象卫星多通道扫描辐射计的性能、组成和工作原理,以及为适应将3通道改为5通道而完成的5通道焦平面、光学系统、结构、电子学、红外探测器、辐射致冷器、光学薄膜和第二扫描结构等主要设计改进.卫星的在轨测试和运行结果表明,C星扫描辐射计在第一代自旋静止气象卫星上实现了包括中波红外的5通道同时对地观测,图像质量总体优于同类GMS5,METEOSAT-5静止气象卫星,与目前应用的GOES9三轴稳定静止气象卫星基本相当.     

微纳卫星发展现状及在光学成像侦察中的应用

对当前微纳卫星在空间环境感知、新技术空间演示验证、空间科学试验、通信与数据传输、对地或对空间目标进行光学成像观测等方面的主要应用形态进行了归纳总结,分析了采用微纳卫星实施光学成像侦察的优势,给出了应用实例,并提出在航天侦察应用中大力发展光学成像侦察微纳卫星的相关建议。从而为后续微纳卫星在航天光电侦察中的广泛应用提供了参考。     

Feasibility assessment of optical technologies for reliable high capacity feeder links

Space telecom scenarios like data relay satellite and broadband/broadcast service providers require reliable feeder links with high bandwidth/data rate for the communication between ground station and satellite. Free space optical communication (FSOC) is an attractive alternative to microwave links, improving performance by offering abundant bandwidth at small apertures of the optical terminals. At the same time Near-Earth communication by FSOC avoids interference with other services and is free of regulatory issues. The drawback however is the impairment by the laser propagation through the atmosphere at optical wavelengths. Also to be considered are questions of eye safety for ground personnel and aviation. In this paper we assess the user requirements for typical space telecom scenarios and compare these requirements with solutions using optical data links through the atmosphere. We suggest a site diversity scheme with a number of ground stations and a switching scheme using two optical terminals on-board the satellite. Considering the technology trade-offs between four different optical wavelengths we recommend the future use of 1.5 µm laser technology and calculate a link budget for an atmospheric condition of light haze on the optical path. By comparing link budgets we show an outlook to the future potential use of 10 µm laser technology.     

提高光学遥感卫星图像几何精度总体设计分析

针对如何提高我国光学遥感卫星图像几何定位精度问题,从影响几何成像质量的关键要素——内外方位元素出发,介绍地面几何处理方法,并基于多颗卫星研制、地面量测试验及在轨验证情况,对高分辨率光学遥感卫星和多线阵观测卫星的几何精度的星-地全链路影响误差项进行对比分析,通过理论分析找出了约束我国高分辨率遥感卫星几何精度的关键问题,最后探讨了如何通过星上设计配合地面处理提高高分辨率遥感卫星的几何精度。