Shock waves in water foams

Propagation of shock waves in tubes filled with water foams is studied using pressure gauges. Low amplitude shock waves consist of a precursor which propagates at a velocity slightly less than the acoustic velocity in the gas, and of a main compression wave which propagates slower than the precursor. Stronger shock waves have a single front. Maximum pressure rise in the incident and reflected shock waves cannot be calculated using one-dimensional conservation equations at the shock front. It is suggested that the flow of the liquid in foam cells has to be taken into account in order to predict the behavior of shock waves in foams. The nature of the gas which fills the cells is shown to have a strong effect on the quenching of blast waves in foams.     

释放SF_6气体改变电离层电子密度的实验研究

电离层受到自然或人工扰动后产生的电子密度变化会影响无线电的传播。实验模拟了人工释放SF_6气体扰动电离层,通过对SF_6气体在电离层中的扩散过程和相应的离子化学反应的分析,并结合实验测量,研究了电离层电子密度随SF_6气体释放量的变化规律。实验结果表明:SF_6气体在电离层高度释放后,电子密度显著减少,且减少量与气体释放量在一定范围内呈负指数关系。研究可为今后提高卫星通信保密性和实施通信干扰等应用提供理论依据。     

Growth and decay of weak discontinuities in radiative gasdynamics

Growth and decay properties of weak discontinuities headed by wave fronts of arbitrary shape in three dimensions are investigated in a thermally radiating inviscid gas flow. The effects of radiative transfer are treated by the use of a general differential approximation for a grey gas of arbitrary opacity including effects of radiative flux, pressure and energy density. The transport equations representing the rate of change of discontinuities in the normal derivatives of the flow variables are obtained, and it is found that the nonlinearity in the governing equations does not contribute anything to the radiation induced waves. In contrast to the radiation induced waves, the nonlinearity in the governing equations plays an important role in the interplay of damping and steepening tendencies of a modified gasdynamic wave. An explicit criterion for the growth and decay of a modified gasdynamic wave along bicharacteristics curve in the characteristic manifold of the governing differential equations is given and the special reference is made of diverging and converging waves. It is shown that there is a special case of a compressive converging wave for which the stabilizing influences of thermal radiation and the wave front curvature are not strong enough to overcome the tendency of the wave to grow into a shock.     

镁合金带连接分离装置解锁过程与预估模型

镁合金带连接分离装置因结构简单;解锁可靠而在航天发射领域得到广泛应用。为研究该装置在燃气作用下的解锁过程和解锁时间,首先利用数值计算方法对燃气流动和镁合金带内部传热过程进行数值模拟,获得镁合金带承受的热、力载荷条件;然后结合镁合金材料特性,对镁合金带断裂因素进行深入分析,表明热、力共同作用是镁合金带断裂和连接分离装置解锁的关键因素;最后结合模拟实验,对这一结论进行验证。在此基础上,结合一维气体流动特性和一维热传导模型,建立镁合金带连接分离装置解锁时间的预估模型,为工程设计提供参考。     

充气卸荷开关泄漏机理分析

某发射场进行火箭发动机气瓶充气时出现充气卸荷开关关闭后泄漏故障,分解卸荷开关后发现卸荷开关阀芯导向部位存在异常磨损,且阀芯非金属密封面周向密封压痕深度不均匀,结合故障形貌,采用有限元仿真计算压痕深度,对泄漏故障的根本原因进行深入剖析。分析结果表明:卸荷开关阀芯导向部位存在微小原始缺陷,多次动作后在阀芯与壳体导向部位产生粘着磨损,阀芯在壳体导向孔中回位发生偏斜,造成阀芯非金属密封面出现不均匀压痕,最终导致卸荷开关在测试时漏率超标。     

Recent experiments in laser supported absorption waves

Recent experimental studies with laser supported absorption waves, arising from intense laser radiation incident upon various surface materials, are discussed. The propagation characteristics of both subsonic (laser supported combustion), intensity about 10⁵ W/cm², and supersonic (laser supported detonation), intensity greater than 10⁶ W/cm², waves are described, including the dependence of wave speed on laser intensity, beam diameter, gas density and laser wave length. Measurements of the plasma properties in such waves are described, and the analysis of these data allows conclusions identifying the dominant transport mechanism in such waves. It is also concluded that in the LSC (subsonic) case, radial flow ahead of and within the wave are dominant features of the wave structure. The equipment and laser facilities used in the experiments are also discussed.     

On the evolution of weak discontinuities in radiative magnetogasdynamics

A method of wavefront analysis is used to analyze the formation of shock waves in a two-dimensional steady supersonic flow past plane and axisymmetric bodies in radiative magnetogasdynamics. The gas is assumed to be perfectly conducting and to be permeated by a magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectories of the gas particles. The medium is taken to be sufficiently hot for the effects of thermal radiation to be significant, which is treated by the optically thin approximation to the radiative transfer equation. Transport equations, which lead to the determination of the distance at which the first characteristic could intersect with a successive one and also to conditions, which insure that no shock will ever evolve on the wave front, are derived. The effect of upstream flow Mach number and the magnetic field strength on the behavior of the wavefront are examined.     

充气式再入减速器动态气动载荷与结构特性研究

针对充气式再入减速器在动态飞行环境下的结构特性变化问题，提出一种基于飞行轨迹参数的CFD动态边界条件加载方法，有效实现了飞行动力学与空气动力学之间的耦合。同时，建立考虑内充压气体热效应的流固耦合模型，较已有方法更全面地考虑了结构变形对流场的影响以及内充压气体状态参数的改变，突破了现有研究中未能完整考虑温度对结构特性影响的局限。利用此模型着重对比了再入过程中气动力与气动热对结构应力及一阶固频的影响，并研究了尺寸变化对结构特性的影响规律。研究发现单独考虑气动力与气动热作用时，结构最大应力分别升高至39.6 MPa与33.5 MPa，而适当减小半锥角和增多气囊数目有利于减小结构应力。本文研究为充气式再入减速器的强度校核及优化设计提供了有价值的参考。     

Chemical aspects in shock ignition of fuel drops

The behavior, in an oxygen atmosphere, of shocked drops of nitromethane, 1- and 2- nitropropane, ethyl and propyl nitrate, decane, and heptane was studied. Results suggest a new mode of ignition for nitrates at high incident shock Mach numbers (M 3.7). At the high incident shock strengths ignition occurs in the boundary layer, but no blast wave develops as is the case for lower shock strengths. Since ignition delay times are very short under these conditions, the absence of blast waves is attributed to the lack of time for the accumulation of fuel in the wake. Gas phase studies of the shock decomposition of fuel molecules were undertaken to determine if gas phase data could be used to explain the trends in the drop ignition observations. Nitromethane and the nitrates were mainly used in this effort. Alternative explanations for the role of gas phase kinetics in the ignition of drops are presented.     

Drilling systems for extraterrestrial subsurface exploration

Drilling consists of 2 processes: breaking the formation with a bit and removing the drilled cuttings. In rotary drilling, rotational speed and weight on bit are used to control drilling, and the optimization of these parameters can markedly improve drilling performance. Although fluids are used for cuttings removal in terrestrial drilling, most planetary drilling systems conduct dry drilling with an auger. Chip removal via water-ice sublimation (when excavating water-ice-bound formations at pressure below the triple point of water) and pneumatic systems are also possible. Pneumatic systems use the gas or vaporization products of a high-density liquid brought from Earth, gas provided by an in situ compressor, or combustion products of a monopropellant. Drill bits can be divided into coring bits, which excavate an annular shaped hole, and full-faced bits. While cylindrical cores are generally superior as scientific samples, and coring drills have better performance characteristics, full-faced bits are simpler systems because the handling of a core requires a very complex robotic mechanism. The greatest constraints to extraterrestrial drilling are (1) the extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature, dust, and pressure; (2) the light-time communications delay, which necessitates highly autonomous systems; and (3) the mission and science constraints, such as mass and power budgets and the types of drilled samples needed for scientific analysis. A classification scheme based on drilling depth is proposed. Each of the 4 depth categories (surface drills, 1-meter class drills, 10-meter class drills, and deep drills) has distinct technological profiles and scientific ramifications.     

Blasting methods to improve rock fragmentation

A method to improve rock fragmentation with explosives is based on a new way of explosion energy transfer to the solid media. It provides a considerably higher efficiency of the explosion energy by changing the gas dynamic processes of the expansion of detonation products in the charge chamber.In practice this method has been instrumental in developing two new types of charges: the air-spaced charge for rock fragmentation and the air-cavity charge for heaving blasts.The basic idea underlying charge construction in both types consists of a most efficient transfer of explosion energy into rock fragmentation or heaving process by reducing the initial peak pressure and increasing the time of explosive action upon the rock mass. When exploding such charges, shock waves and gas streams undergo gas dynamic interactions in air cavities causing the rock to be repeatedly loaded with a system of shock compressions. This makes it possible to reduce energy losses due to too fine rock fragmentation in the zone next to the charge, as well as to increase the amount of energy directed for a more even breakage of the entire rock material.An application of the new types of charges in both construction and mining industry increased the excavator efficiency by 20–40%, reduced the specific consumption of explosives by more than 20%, diminished seismic influence of explosions, etc.The new method of rock fragmentation described here paves the way for further development of the theory and practice of blasting operations yielding a higher efficiency of the use of explosions.     

Chiral symmetry breaking and complete chiral purity by thermodynamic-kinetic feedback near equilibrium: implications for the origin of biochirality

Chiral symmetry breaking occurs when a physical or chemical process spontaneously generates a large excess of one of the two enantiomers--left-handed (L) or right-handed (D)--with no preference as to which of the two enantiomers is produced. From the viewpoint of energy, these two enantiomers can exist with an equal probability, and inorganic processes that involve chiral products commonly yield a racemic mixture of both. The fact that biologically relevant molecules exist only as one of the two enantiomers is a fascinating example of complete symmetry breaking in chirality and has long intrigued the science community. The origin of this selective chirality has remained a fundamental enigma with regard to the origin of life since the time of Pasteur, some 140 years ago. Here, it is shown that two populations of chiral crystals of left and right hand cannot coexist in solution: one of the chiral populations disappears in an irreversible autocatalytic process that nurtures the other one. Final and complete chiral purity seems to be an inexorable fate in the course of the common process of growth-dissolution. This unexpected chiral symmetry breaking can be explained by the feedback between the thermodynamic control of dissolution and the kinetics of the growth process near equilibrium. This "thermodynamic-kinetic feedback near equilibrium" is established as a mechanism to achieve complete chiral purity in solid state from a previously solid racemic medium. The way in which this mechanism could operate in solutions of chiral biomolecules is described. Finally, based on this mechanism, experiments designed to search for chiral purity in a new way are proposed: chiral purity of amino acids or biopolymers is predicted in solid phase from a previously solid racemic medium. This process may have played a key role in the origin of biochirality.     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

海面舰船复合场景电磁散射模型与应用研究

开展海上舰船目标复合场景电磁散射机理和模型研究对于海洋环境中的船只监测以及分类识别有着重要的指导意义。面向高分辨雷达对海探测需求,介绍了研究团队近年来针对海洋环境提出的一系列电磁散射模型,具体包括：1）针对海面电磁散射提出的毛细波修正面元散射模型,面元化的简化小斜率近似模型以及针对高海情海面提出的考虑破碎波影响的面元化散射模型;2）针对电大尺寸目标提出的几何光学/物理光学混合算法及其硬件加速实现方案;3）针对船海复合场景提出的面元散射模型与几何光学/物理光学混合方法。最后给出了电磁散射模型在海杂波特性仿真分析、电大尺寸目标雷达特性分析、目标及船海复合场景高分辨合成孔径雷达图像仿真与目标探测等中的应用。     

通信同步的干扰(Ⅱ)

干扰敌通信同步信号是通信干扰的重要手段。在讨论通信同步的前一篇文章的基础上,分析了破坏通信同步的可行性及方法,并指出破坏敌通信同步具有事半功倍的效果。     

Boundary layer stripping of liquid drops fragmented by Taylor instability

A model is presented to describe the breakup of large ( 1 mm diameter) liquid drops by shock waves such as occurs in the heterogeneous detonation of liquid fuel sprays. After passage of a shock, high speed gas flow is established about the drops with large Reynolds number, large Weber number and large ratio of Weber number to the square root of the Reynolds number. Under these conditions, a thin liquid boundary layer is formed in the windward surface of a drop and is stripped from the drop at its equator. The rate of mass loss from the drop is small initially, but is increased an order of magnitude by fragmentation of the original drop. This fragmentation occurs because of Taylor instability of the windward surface of the accelerating drop. Calculations based on boundary layer stripping, which include the increase in liquid surface area due to fragmentation, give mass loss rates in general agreement with experimental observations.     

Gravitational and hydroelastic waves in thomson-delaney cells of the ocean on Jovian Moon Europa

The possibility of appearance of hydrothermal cells in the system “Ocean of Jovian Moon Europaits ice crust” was theoretically proved by R. Thomson and J. Delaney [8]. We formulated in [11] boundary value problems for planetary gyroscopic waves and gravitationally elastic waves in these cells, and the spectrum of nondivergent gyroscopic waves was numerically investigated. The present paper is a continuation of [11]. It considers the spectra of independent, purely gravitational and hydroelastic waves. The possibility of resonant excitation in Thomson-Delaney cells of gravitational and hydroelastic waves is considered.     

The Role of Wave–Particle Interactions in the Dynamics of Plasma in the Polar Cusp

This paper presents a review of observations of low-frequency plasma waves together with plasma particles performed by Interball 1 and its subsatellite Magion 4 and by the Freja satellite in different cusp regions. The detailed study of the wave spectra together with the electron distribution functions indicates the correlation between the presence of lower-hybrid waves and of particles with energies higher than in the surrounding space. These experimental facts suggest that strong coupling between waves and particles is responsible for plasma heating. The Freja data with a high time resolution allow identification of the process of energy transport via a cascade from low frequency waves to high frequency waves accompanied by electron energization.     

Invariance of Charged Particle Time Profiles at Late Stages of SCR Events from the Data of Multisatellite Observations

Based on the data obtained in simultaneous measurements on the Helios-1 and Helios-2 spacecraft, the properties of the spatial and temporal invariance of spectra of protons with energies more than 4 MeV and electrons with energies more than 0.3 MeV are studied during the phase of intensity decay in events initiated by the following associations: a flare—coronal mass ejection—coronal and interplanetary shock waves. Emphasis is placed on research into the fluxes of electrons, whose possibility to be accelerated by shock waves is problematic. It is shown that the spectra and decay times of both protons and electrons are approximately invariant relative to the flare coordinates in a wide angular range. Depending on the western or eastern spacecraft position in relation to the front part of a shock wave, one observes a delay or advance of the onset of the invariant mode relative to the shock wave arrival, which increases with the growth of the corresponding angular distance.     

Disturbance in the lower ionosphere that accompanied the reentry of the Chelyabinsk cosmic body

The paper describes quasi-periodic and aperiodic variations in the phase and amplitude of radio waves of LF and VLF ranges, which accompanied the flight and explosion of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid. Quasi-periodic variations in the phase have been explained by the generation of acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere, which modulate the electron density in the ionosphere and the phase of radio waves. Aperiodic variations in the phase and amplitude of radio waves are associated with an increase in the electron density in the lower ionosphere (at altitudes of 65–70 km). This increase was most likely caused by the interactions of subsystems in the Earth–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system or, more correctly, by the precipitation of high-energy electrons from the magnetosphere into the lower ionosphere, which was stimulated by the flight and explosion of a cosmic body. According to the estimates, the density of the flux of electrons with energies of 100 KeV should be on the order of 106 m^–2 s^–1.