模拟火星大气环境对典型柔性结构热防护特性的影响

随着深空探测任务的逐步开展,火星被视为最重要的载人探测目的地之一,而火星大气环境给柔性结构的热防护带来挑战。文章以舱外航天服手套为柔性热防护结构的研究对象,通过建模实现了舱外手套在火星大气环境冷工况下漏热功率的分析,并开展了模拟火星大气环境下舱外手套的热防护试验研究。结果表明:相比于近地轨道应用,现有舱外手套的热防护能力在火星大气环境中将显著降低,在冷工况下手套的漏热功率超过10 W,且局部热防护不足。在此研究基础上,文章对分析模型的完善、试验方法的拓展以及柔性热防护结构的改进等进行了展望。     

火星进入器高超声速气动力/热研究综述

针对火星探测任务进入阶段复杂且特殊的气动力/热环境,总结了国际火星探测进入任务的历史沿革、发展动向和关键气动问题,综述了火星进入器地面风洞试验、飞行任务和高超声速气动力/热数值模拟的研究进展,提出了国内后续研究的重点方向,包括复杂气动问题建模和精细化模拟、风洞及相关试验研究、气动设计相关问题等,为我国未来火星进入器设计提供技术支持。     

热真空试验中产品控温方法研究及其效果验证

为降低真空环境下产品的控温风险，以热真空试验的控温系统为研究对象，分析串级PID温度控制原理，在串级PID控制算法基础上进行多分区及参数自整定，提出一种适用于大滞后性系统的产品控温方法。试验验证结果表明，应用此控温方法对某卫星功率放大器热真空试验进行控温，实现了较高的精度（达到±0.5 ℃）和较小的超调量（仅0.7 ℃），升、降温速率≥1.5 ℃/mm。     

载人航天器密封舱CO2扩散规律仿真研究

文章以载人航天器密封舱为研究对象,采用k-ε湍流模型、组分输运模型及自定义函数边界对空间站密封舱内航天员代谢产物CO₂的分布规律进行了数值仿真,结果表明:45°角送风及舱间通风交换方案形成的流场可以保证舱内CO₂成分的有效传质,航天员两侧舱壁附近的CO₂浓度相对较高,异舱放置CO₂净化设备的方法可以满足CO₂控制需求。研究结果可以为载人航天器CO₂传感器以及净化装置的布置以及通风形式的优化提供参考。     

火星探测器热环境模拟与试验技术探讨

为保证火星探测器的可靠运行,需要对其进行真空热试验和火星表面热环境模拟试验。文章通过对国外火星探测器热试验的调研,梳理出热试验所涉及的关键技术。并通过对行星际空间热环境和火星表面热环境特点的分析,结合国外相关热环境模拟设备的研制使用情况,探讨不同热环境的地面模拟方法,可为我国火星探测器热环境试验设备的研制及开展相关热试验提供技术参考。     

火星进入气体辐射加热研究进展

针对飞行器进入火星大气时气体辐射加热对防热设计带来不确定性，在简述火星探测和气体辐射研究的发展历程的基础上，对火星进入气体辐射加热研究的进展进行综述。首先，针对火星大气环境描述了气体辐射加热的概念和问题由来。其次，重点综述了近年来火星进入气体辐射加热基础模型的数值和试验研究进展，其中包括：热化学非平衡气体动力学、气体辐射特性和辐射传输的计算模型与方法等数值研究；地面测试设备、试验技术和模拟火星大气环境的气体辐射测量与验证等试验研究。再次，综述了流动辐射耦合和后体气体辐射加热等火星进入器设计方面开展的研究。最后，对未来火星进入气体辐射加热研究进行了展望，提出了研究建议。     

火星稀薄大气参数对进入器气动特性的影响

针对火星稀薄大气环境的不确定性对进入器气动特性的影响问题,先以海盗号火星进入器的飞行试验数据对发展的三维并行直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)仿真软件进行了算例校验,再以火星科学实验室外形为例,计算气体组分、密度、温度及速度等来流参数的不确定性对进入器气动特性的影响偏差,定性定量给出火星高空稀薄环境下大气不确定性所带来的气动力特性规律。研究结果表明,通过与海盗号飞行实验数据的对比校验了所建立方法的正确性与可靠性;CO2大气环境对进入器气动特性的影响较大,利用空气稀薄环境中的计算及实验结果亦需进行CO2效应修正,这一点与连续流区的结论一致;来流密度及速度的不确定性对气动力、力矩特性均有影响,而来流温度影响的最大偏差小于0.5%;纵向压心对来流密度、温度及速度的扰动均不敏感。     

多层隔热材料热防护方法

基于运载火箭一二级发动机分离时热流密度约为9.6 MW/m²、持续时间0.5 s,二级发动机工作时的喷管辐射热流密度为25～100 kW/m²、持续时间120 s的边界条件,选取了2.0 mm厚的氧化锆陶瓷纤维板、5.0/8.0 mm厚的硅酸铝纤维毡、3.2/1.6 mm厚的阻燃型硅橡胶组成的两种隔热方案。应用一维非稳态方法仿真分析了两种隔热方案保护下发动机舱内部组件的壁温,依据隔热组件壁温及材料质量,提出了耐高温多层隔热材料热防护方案。使用液化气喷枪喷吹高温合金平板模拟燃烧室壁,模拟试验壁温测试值表明隔热方案可以满足热防护要求。     

“嫦娥三号”巡视器热试验月面姿态模拟装置研制

月面巡视器在月表移动的过程中,月面起伏和月球(1/6)g重力会对巡视器的热控系统产生不利影响,因此需要在地面试验时对巡视器的热控系统的功能进行验证。文章通过对运动机构在真空低温环境下的适应性研究,研制了一套可以满足"嫦娥三号"巡视器真空热试验中使用的月表姿态模拟装置,该模拟装置通过2套螺旋升降机构实现了巡视器的俯仰和滚动模拟,并经过初样、正样热试验的2次大型试验的使用验证,圆满完成了试验任务,也为以后热试验中运动工装的设计奠定了基础。     

行星自动探测器热工况制定的方法及其热真空试验

论述了 Lavochkin 科学制造公司完成的火星、月球、维加探测器热工况制定的基本方法,该公司是金星4-16号、火星2-7号、月球15-24号、登月车1-2号、维加1-2号及其它一些航天器的主要设计者。在模拟进入火星大气、金星大气云层和到达金星表面的环境时,为制定自动探测器热工况,需要考虑许多复杂的方式。     

Mars Direct: Humans to the red planet by 1999

“Mars Direct”, is an approach to the space Exploration Initiative that allows for the rapid initiation of manned Mars exploration, possibly as early as 1999. The approach does not require any on-orbit assembly or refueling or any support from the Space Station or other orbital infrastructure. Furthermore, the Mars Direct plan is not merely a “flags and footprints” one-shot expedition, but puts into place immediately an economical method of Earth-Mars transportation, real surface exploratory mobility, and significant base capabilities that can evolve into a mostly self-sufficient Mars settlement. This paper presents both the initial and evolutionary phases of the Mars Direct plan. In the initial phase, only chemical propulsion is used, sendig 4 persons on conjunction class Mars exploratory missions. Two heavy lift booster launches are required to support each mission. The first launch delivers an unfueled Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) to the martian surface, where it fills itself with methane/oxygen bipropellant manufactured primarily out of indigenous resources. After propellant production is completed, a second launch delivers the crew to the prepared site, where they conduct regional exploration for 1.5 years and then return directly to Earth in the ERV. In the second phase of Mars Direct, nuclear thermal propulsion is used to cut crew transit times in half, increase cargo delivery capacity, and to create the potential for true global mobility through the use of CO₂ propelled ballistic hopping vehicles (“NIMFs”). In this paper we present both phases of the Mars Direct plan, including mission architecture, vehicle designs, and exploratory strategy leading to the establishment of a 48 person permanent Mars base. Some speculative thoughts on the possibility of actually colonizing Mars are also presented.     

火星探测器降落伞拉直过程中的“绳帆”现象研究

针对火星探测器降落伞在拉直过程中出现的“绳帆”现象,以及火星探测器降落伞开伞前初始参数和大气密度与地球环境下的差异,建立了火星探测器降落伞拉直过程的数学模型,研究了火星环境下,伞包弹射速度、开伞前进入器的攻角、开伞马赫数以及大气密度对“绳帆”现象的影响。研究结果表明,选择较大的伞包弹射速度,并将开伞前进入器的攻角严格限定在较小范围内,将有利于避免或降低“绳帆”现象的发生。这一研究结果可为我国实施火星探测时减速着陆系统的设计分析提供一定参考。     

进入火星大气的高温真实气体效应与气动加热研究

针对火星和地球大气分子热力学和化学行为的差异性，采用理论分析和数值模拟两种手段，研究探测器进入过程高超声速流动的分子振动激发、离解反应及热力学和化学非平衡等真实气体效应，获得不同气体模型条件下的高超声速气动加热规律，探究引起地火差异的根本原因。分析认为，探测器进入火星大气层的稀薄气体效应明显；激波层内发生CO 2气体为主的大规模离解，在极高温环境下O 2和CO也将离解；沿进入轨道的高超声速流动基本处于化学非平衡但热力学平衡状态；激波层内能量储存和分配模式因分子振动激发和化学反应而改变，分子振动激发会增强气动加热量，但均介于化学反应模型的完全非催化和完全催化壁结果之间；相同来流条件下CO 2介质高超声速气动加热强于空气介质，但真实的火星进入热载荷因大气稀薄而弱于地球再入环境。相关研究为我国未来火星探测器热防护系统设计提供技术支持。     

火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导技术研究进展

首先根据国际上实施的火星探测任务及未来火星着陆探测的发展需求，阐述火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导的重要性。结合火星着陆环境和探测器的气动特性等，归纳出火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导面临的挑战。在此基础上，结合未来火星着陆任务的安全精确着陆目标，梳理火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导所需解决的关键技术，分析目前火星进入段轨迹优化与制导技术研究进展及发展趋势。最后，对未来火星精确着陆所需的进入段轨迹优化与制导技术发展方向进行了展望。     

火星探测器表面材料催化特性数值模拟研究

针对火星探测器高超声速进入过程中的表面材料催化作用及其对气动热环境影响这一问题，建立了变壁面温度的火星大气表面材料催化作用模型，并基于火星大气物理化学模型和求解三维热化学非平衡N-S方程的数值方法，对典型火星探测器防热大底进行了数值模拟，获得了不同催化特性下的高超声速非平衡流场和气动热数据，分析了表面材料催化特性对气动热环境影响的规律性。研究结果表明：表面催化特性对壁面附近组分分布影响很大，催化反应进程主要受O原子浓度限制；有限催化热流随催化效率增大而增大，完全催化峰值热流比催化效率为1的有限催化峰值热流高25%~64%；表面温度随催化特性的变化规律与热流变化规律类似。有限催化模型能根据表面材料的催化特性精细化预测表面热流和温度，为防热设计提供更精确合理的参考标准。     

Interaction between exercising humans and growing plants in a Closed Ecological Life Support System

The purpose of this study was to quantify the gas exchange between plants growing in a Closed Environmental Life Support System (CELSS) and the metabolism of human subjects undergoing various levels of physical exercise, and subsequently determine the buffer characteristics in relation to the carbon exchange established for plants in this closed loop life support system. Two men (ages 42 and 45 yr) exercised on a cycle ergometer at three different work intensities, each on a separate day. The CELSS, a 113 m³ chamber, was sized to meet the needs of one human. The plants, consisting of 20 m² of potato, provided oxygen to the human during an artificially lighted photosynthesis phase and the human provided CO₂ to the plants. The average rates of exchange for the subjects were 0.88, 1.69, and 2.47 liters O₂/min and 0.77, 1.47, and 2.21 liters CO₂/min at approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximal aerobic capacity, respectively. The photosynthetic rate for the CELSS was 0.95 liters/ min. A balance between human CO₂ production and plant utilization was noted at approximately the 50% VO_2max level. The oxygen balance and changes were not within detectable limits of the CELSS instrumentation for the durations of these exercise exposures. If a CELSS environment is the methodology selected for long term spaceflight, it will be important to select plants that efficiently grow at the available light and nutrient levels while balancing the needs for the human crew at their levels of physical activity.     

Conceptual study and key technology development for Mars Aeroflyby sample collection

Conceptual study of Mars Aeroflyby Sample Collection (MASC) is conducted as a part of the next Mars exploration mission currently entertained in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In the mission scenario, an atmospheric entry vehicle is flown into the Martian atmosphere, collects the Martian dust particles as well as atmospheric gases during the guided hypersonic flight, exits the Martian atmosphere, and is inserted into a parking orbit from which a return system departs for the earth to deliver the dust and gas samples. In order to accomplish a controlled flight and a successful orbit insertion, aeroassist orbit transfer technologies are introduced into the guidance and control system. System analysis is conducted to assess the feasibility and to make a conceptual design, finding that the MASC system is feasible at the minimum system mass of 600 kg approximately. The aerogel, which is one of the candidates for the dust sample collector, is assessed by arcjet heating tests to examine its behavior when exposed to high-temperature gases, as well as by particle impingement tests to evaluate its dust capturing capability.     

Analysis of predictive entry guidance for a Mars lander under high model uncertainties

The problem of precision landing on Mars is now considered to be an essential challenge in the planned Mars missions. The paper focused on the guided atmospheric entry as a predominant phase in achieving a desired target state, as compared with the following parachute and powered descent. The predictive algorithms for the longitudinal guidance of a low-lift entry vehicle are treated. The purpose is to investigate applicability of the predictive strategy under possible high discrepancies between the on-board dynamic model and real environment while in entry trajectory. The comparative performance analysis based on computer simulation has been made between the standard one-parametric “shooting” predictive algorithm and a more complex two-parametric algorithm providing lower final velocity and, thus, expanding the interval of admissible downrange. However, both algorithms display considerable degradation of downrange accuracy in the cases when the actual drag force is larger than the modelled one. An acceptable solution has been found by including to both predictive guidance schemes an identification algorithm that repeatedly adapts the on-board model to varied environment in real time scale.