AZ31B镁合金双道次热变形过程流变应力特征模拟研究

建立了一类镁合金双道次热变形过程的二维元胞自动机模型。考虑到镁合金具有六重对称的密排六方晶体结构,模型采用了六边形元胞网格。另外,通过计算位错密度演变和设定晶粒形核长大规则,模型将热变形过程中动态再结晶、静态回复、静态再结晶、亚动态再结晶和晶粒长大等单个物理过程耦合到一起。为了验证模型,将其应用到AZ31B镁合金单道次和双道次热压缩过程。探讨了不同变形温度、应变速率、道次间隔和预应变对应力-应变曲线的影响。将计算结果和实验结果进行了对比,吻合较好。     

Dynamic tensile behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy at ultra-high strain rates

The samples having {0001} parallel to extruding direction(ED) present a typical true stress–true strain curve with concave-down shape under tension at low strain rate. Ultra-rapid tensile tests were conducted at room temperature on a textured AZ31 B magnesium alloy. The dynamic tensile behavior was investigated. The results show that at ultra-high strain rates of 1.93 · 102 s 1and 1.70 · 103 s 1, the alloy behaves with a linear stress–strain response in most strain range and exhibits a brittle fracture. In this case, {10-12} 10-11 extension twinning is basic deformation mode. The brittleness is due to the macroscopic viscosity at ultra-high strain rate, for which the external critical shear stress rapidly gets high to result in a cleavage fracture before large amounts of dislocations are activated. Because {10-12} tension twinning, {10-11} compressive twinning,basal a slip, prismatic a slip and pyramidal c + a slip have different critical shear stresses(CRSS), their contributions to the degree of deformation are very differential. In addition,Schmid factor plays an important role in the activity of various deformation modes and it is the key factor for the samples with different strain rates exhibit various mechanical behavior under dynamic tensile loading.     

细晶AZ31镁合金高温压缩变形行为研究

通过Gleeble-1500试验机对坯料预先经过晶粒细化处理的AZ31镁合金圆柱体试样进行单向热压缩试验,压缩温度为300～450℃,应变速率.ε为0.01s-1,0.1s-1,1.0s-1,根据试样结果分析计算了本构方程中的各参数,获得了完整的镁合金高温本构方程,进一步分析了压缩试样的显微组织。结果表明:在本试验条件下,AZ31镁合金的热变形应力指数n为6.24,热变形激活能为177.2kJ/mol。压缩试样心部组织变形程度明显高于边缘;随着温度的升高,心部压缩组织发生明显的再结晶,新晶粒在晶界处形核并长大。     

压铸镁合金腐蚀疲劳性能的研究

研究了压铸镁合金AM50HP和AZ91HP在大气和模拟海水(3.5% NaCl溶液)环境中的疲劳行为.结果表明:压铸镁合金疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面或近表面的铸造缺陷处;压铸镁合金AM50HP和AZ91HP在大气环境中具有疲劳极限,其值分别约为100MPa和90MPa,而在模拟海水环境中该两种压铸镁合金均不存在疲劳极限;模拟海水严重恶化压铸镁合金AM50HP和AZ91HP的疲劳性能,并且随着施加载荷的降低,影响加剧;特别地,研究发现模拟海水对压铸AM50HP疲劳性能的恶化程度较压铸镁合金AZ91HP更为严重,且这种影响趋势与该两种镁合金的机械化学性能相一致.     

Improved creep aging response in Al-Cu alloy by applying pre-aging before pre-straining

The improvement of post-form properties without compromising creep formability has been a critical issue in creep age forming of aluminum alloy component. A pretreatment process incorporating artificial pre-aging at 165 °C for 6 h/12 h/24 h followed by pre-strain(3%–9%)has been developed. This method not only evidently improves the strength but also accelerates the creep deformation during creep aging of an Al-Cu alloy. A strength increase of 50 MPa with a slight decrease of ductility relative t...     

AZ31镁合金A-TIG焊的研究

针对AZ31镁合金，研究了在A—TIG焊中单一成分的活性剂和涂敷量对焊缝成形的影响。结果表明，与无活性剂的焊缝相比，活性剂TiO2、SiO2、Cr2O3、CdCl2和CaCl2能够有效地增加镁合金焊缝的熔深和深宽比。但涂敷有氟化物的镁合金焊缝熔深没有增加，涂敷CaF2的焊缝甚至出现开裂现象。在AZ31镁合金的焊接中，活性剂CdCl2的效果最好。     

连铸连轧镁合金AZ41微观结构与摩擦磨损性能

为研究铸轧镁合金AZ41板材的摩擦磨损性能,通过连铸连轧制备出镁合金AZ41板材,并观察其铸轧态和热处理态的微观组织结构特点。研究了滑动干摩擦条件下滑动速度和载荷对AZ41镁合金板材摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌,探讨了其磨损机制,并利用有限元方法模拟了其磨损时的应力分布。结果表明：制备的镁合金AZ41在（1012）上出现了大量压缩孪晶,经热处理后晶粒变为等轴晶;摩擦系数随着转速的增加而升高,在一定范围内随载荷的增加而降低;磨损量随着载荷和转速的增加而增加,低载时磨损机制为磨粒磨损,伴有氧化磨损的发生,高载时其磨损以粘着磨损为主。     

Constitutive behavior and microstructural evolution in hot deformed 2297 Al-Li alloy

The microstructural evolution mechanism and constitutive behavior of 2297 Al-Li alloy were studied via thermal compression test with the constant strain rates of 0.001–1 s⁻¹ and the deformation temperatures ranging from 623 to 773 K. To verify the predictable ability of diverse constitutive models under different stress states, the hot compression experiments with stress triaxiality varying from −0.33 to 0.46 were conducted. The microstructures of the deformed specimens under diverse deformation conditions are probed to reveal the mechanism of hot deformation behavior. The experimental results indicate that the work-hardening and dynamic softening are competitive during the hot compression process, and the dynamic softening is more obvious under low deformation temperature and high strain rate. The microstructural analysis manifests that the dynamic recovery gets predominant at high deformation temperature to produce fine grains. Meanwhile, the dynamic recrystallization becomes more dominant as the strain rate decreases, which is sensitive to the stress triaxiality. In addition, both the modified Johnson-Cook model and strain-compensated Arrhenius-type function are suitable for describing the flow behavior of 2297 alloy, while the latter reveals a more accurate prediction. However, the predictability of the two kinds of models is worsened with the transformation of stress triaxiality, and the validity of the Arrhenius-type model is restricted by high stress triaxiality.     

Hot deformation behavior and strain compensation constitutive model of equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy

In this work, two-stage diffusion bonding of micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy was carried out to study the flow behavior and constitutive models of the bonding joint and the base metal after the same thermal cycling during the hot forming process. Microstructure and mechanical properties test were used to verify the good quality of the equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded TC4 alloy. Quasi-static tensile experiment was carried out at temperatures ranging from 750–900 °C and strain rates of 0.0001–0.1 s⁻¹. The joint showed the weak dynamic recovery at strain rates of 0.01–0.1 s⁻¹ and temperatures of 750–850 °C. At strain rates of 0.0001–0.001 s⁻¹ and temperatures of 850–900 °C, the flow stress of joint presented steady-state characteristics. Different deformation conditions lead to the remarkable difference of dynamic softening performance between the joint and heat-treated base metal, but the flow stress in elastic and strain hardening stages exhibited similar behavior. The strain compensated Arrhenius-type constitutive models of TC4 joint and heat-treated base metal were developed respectively. The fifth-order polynomial functions between the material property correlation coefficients and strain were obtained. The models have shown good correlation, with correlation coefficient values of 0.984 and 0.99. The percentage average absolute relative error for the models were found to be 10% and 9.46%, respectively.     

AZ31镁合金板热成形中的屈服和损伤:本构实现与数值分析

为了准确预测各向异性镁合金板的成形质量,将改进的GTN损伤模型与各向异性拉压不对称的CPB06屈服本构耦合,并考虑了屈服面形状随塑性应变累积的变化,得到了考虑本构参数随塑性应变演化的各向异性屈服CPB06-GTN损伤模型。基于该模型,在ABAQUS/Explict中编译得到了相应的VUMAT子程序,采用单个单元进行了单轴拉伸和压缩模拟,并通过与实验一致性对比验证了子程序的正确性。使用子程序不仅能够模拟镁合金的各向异性屈服及其不规则的硬化,同时也能够模拟镁合金的损伤破坏。此外,采用编写的子程序进行了热拉深成形的数值模拟,模拟预测与实验结果对比表明,采用各向异性损伤模型的计算结果能够准确预测镁合金的变形及其损伤破坏,模拟结果与实验数据吻合;采用合适的压边力和成形的温度条件及非等温成形方法能够提高镁合金的成形性。     

热轧AZ31镁合金温变形中的微观组织演变

在50~250℃的温度范围和1.4×10^-3~1.4×10^-1s^-1的应变速率范围内通过单向拉伸试验检验了热轧AZ31镁合金的温变形性能。通过光学显微镜和透射电镜观察了温变形中的微观组织演变。结果表明:在温变形的初始阶段,孪生为主要的变形机理和硬化机制。由孪生变形积聚的畸变能和非基滑移的启动导致了动态再结晶的形核与长大。应变速率的提高对动态再结晶的抑制是造成AZ31镁合金温变形中应变速率敏感性的原因。     

镁合金AZ91表面弧辉等离子沉积TiN/CrN薄膜的摩擦行为研究

镁合金具有高的比强度、低的弹性模量、减震等优点,在航空航天领域具有很大的应用前景.但是低劣的耐磨性导致镁合金限制于制造静载零件.为改进其耐磨性,采用弧辉等离子沉积的新工艺在镁合金AZ91表面涂覆TiN/CrN多层薄膜.薄膜由12层TiN和CrN交替沉积而成,总厚度为2 μm.用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和辉光放电光谱(GDS)分析涂层的成分和微观结构.采用球盘磨损试验测试摩擦系数,并计算出比磨损率.结果表明,与未处理试样相比摩擦系数增大,但磨损率急剧下降.薄膜的表面硬度超过HK0.011433.     

A visco-elastoplastic constitutive model of aircraft polymethylmethacrylate related to strain rate and temperature

The visco-elastoplastic mechanical behavior related to the applied strain rate and temperature around the glass transition temperature of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been systematically investigated. The uniaxial tensile test was performed at strain rate and temperature rangs 1.0 × 10⁻⁴–1.0 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ and 363–393 K, respectively, and the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) test was carried out between 363 K and 413 K at various frequencies. Moreover, the robust complex constitutive model considering the temperature and strain rate effect is proposed. A nonlinear viscoelastic model is established to describe the viscoelastic response on the basis of the Zhu-Wang-Tang (ZWT) model and the time temperature equivalence principle, including the dependence of strain rate and temperature. Considering the yield stress, the cooperative model is adopted. The viscoplastic mechanical response is manifested as the competition performance of the softening deformation and hardening behavior. The predicted mechanical responses maintain good consistency with the experimental results, indicating that the visco-elastoplastic constitutive model proposed can accurately predict the mechanical behavior of PMMA materials within the imposed strain rate and near the glass transition temperature range.     

置氢处理对TC4钛合金流变行为的影响

应用材料试验机及霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对切削用置氢TC4钛合金进行了静态和动态压缩实验,获得了不同温度和应变率下的应力-应变曲线。实验中应变率范围为0.001～15000s-1,温度范围为293～973K。分析比较了合金流变应力对温度及应变率的敏感性。结果表明,置氢TC4钛合金具有较强的热软化效应,而应变率强化效应则相对较弱。随氢含量的增加,流变应力呈现先减小后增大的规律,氢含量0.3%时,最大降幅达25%。根据流变应力的变化规律及相关切削理论,对实验中切削力及切削温度的变化情况进行了分析。最后基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,拟合了模型中的参数,其预测值与实验结果吻合较好。     

AZ31B镁合金大应变循环变形行为研究

为了研究AZ31B镁合金在大应变幅条件下的变形机制,开展了该合金在7.嬲应变幅条件下的循环行为研究.结果表明:在拉伸阶段的最大应力值随着循环周次的增加而减小,而在压缩过程中的最大应力值随着循环周次的增加而增大,在整个循环过程中材料呈现循环应变硬化特性,拉应力是导致循环应变硬化的主要原因;随着循环周次增加,滞回曲线的不对称性基本不变.真应力-真应变滞回曲线在卸载和反向拉伸阶段出现3个拐点.在压缩过程中发生{10-12}孪生,反向拉伸过程发生去孪生行为,包申格效应对去孪生行为具有较大影响.研究表明:孪生-去孪生是大应变幅循环变形的主要变形机制;对拉伸、反向压缩过程的变形特征及机制的分析,可为低周疲劳行为的研究提供参考.     

AZ31B挤压变形镁合金低周疲劳行为研究

分别研究了挤压变形AZ31B镁合金在非对称载荷与对称载荷下的疲劳行为,结果表明两种加载方式下,疲劳过程随着应变幅的增加,滞回曲线的不对称性均增强;在低应变幅下,位错滑移为主要塑性变形机制;而在较高应变幅下,孪生-去孪生为主要变形机制;同一应变幅下,压-压非对称低应变幅疲劳寿命最长,拉-压对称低应变幅疲劳寿命次之,拉-拉非对称低应变幅疲劳寿命最短.     

两种镁合金的化学处理

对AZ91D和AM50合金进行化学处理，用SEM和电化学方法来分析化学转化膜的表面形貌及在腐蚀性电解质中的稳定性。结果表明，铬酸盐处理时，AM50合金较AZ91D合金的成膜反应容易进行，成膜均匀，在3．5％NaCI水溶液中耐蚀性能好；而磷酸盐处理时，结果恰恰相反，AZ91D合金转化膜的性能优于AM50合金的膜。     

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the laser solid formed TC4 titanium alloy

Hot compressive experiments of the laser solid formed (LSFed) TC4 titanium alloy were conducted at a wide temperature range of 650–950 °C and strain rate of 0.01–10 s⁻¹. The Arrhenius-type constitutive models of the LSFed TC4 alloy were established at the temperature range of 800–950 °C and of 650–800 °C, respectively. The average relative error between the predicted stresses and experimental values in those two temperature ranges are 10.4% and 8.3%, respectively, indicating that the prediction models constructed in this paper are in a good agreement with experimental data. Processing maps were established by the principle of dynamic materials modeling on the basis of the data achieved from the hot compression experiments. The processing parameters corresponding to the stable and unstable regions of material deformation can be determined from the processing maps. The microstructure evolution of the stable and unstable regions of the samples after tests were observed. Finally, the effect of hot compressive parameters on the microstructure were investigated to research the dynamic recrystallization and the texture of the deformed LSFed TC4 alloy.     

不同冷却介质下多道次搅拌摩擦加工对 AZ91镁合金组织和性能影响

对铸态 AZ91镁合金板进行了三种不同冷却条件下的多道次搅拌摩擦加工,即两次空气、一次空气和一次水下、两次水下的搅拌摩擦加工,并对其组织和力学性能进行了研究。研究结果表明：在多道次搅拌摩擦加工过程中,剧烈的塑性变形使搅拌区内呈网状的第二相β-Mg17 Al12显著破碎变成细小颗粒状,搅拌区的微观组织均得到了显著细化,三种不同冷却条件下样品的平均晶粒尺寸分别为5．8μm,1．4μm 和0．8～1μm;两次水下加工的组织更为细小,其显微硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率较其他两种冷却条件下多道次搅拌摩擦加工样品的高,分别为94．7 HV,355．5 MPa 和31．5％。     

Surface strengthening and grain refinement of AZ31B magnesium alloy by ultrasonic cavitation modification

Ultrasonic cavitation modification (UCM) employs cavitation effect to induce strong plastic deformation on the material surface and improve surface properties. To explore the surface strengthening and grain refinement of materials by UCM, the UCM orthogonal experiments of AZ31B magnesium alloy were carried out in water and kerosene, respectively. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude, distance from the sample, and processing time on Vickers hardness and grain size of the material were studied. The results showed that the Vickers hardness of samples increased to 1.5–3 times after UCM in water, which was 23.77–48.19% higher than that in kerosene. The metallographic observation indicated the grains on the surface of AZ31B were refined after UCM. The maximum fluctuation of grain size on the material surface was not more than 10 μm after UCM in water, and most of them were concentrated between 1.5 μm and 2.5 μm, while the former was more than 40 μm and the latter were concentrated between 2 μm and 10 μm in kerosene. This reflected that the grain refinement effect of UCM in water was better than that in kerosene. Ultrasonic cavitation can be used as a benign means to improve the surface properties of materials.