复合材料层合板挖补修复工艺研究

针对不同挖补斜度的复合材料层合板使用韧性胶黏剂Araldite~@2015,对修补后的试件使用弯曲和拉伸性能进行评价。结果表明:铺层方式为[±45°]_(4s)层合板在弯曲载荷作用下修补后修补效率最高能达到119.6%,拉伸载荷作用下修补效率最高能达到71.4%;铺层方式为[0°/90°]_(4s)层合板在弯曲载荷作用下修补后修补效率最高能达到82.1%。结果可为实际修补提供依据和指导。     

Study on Compressive Properties of Z-pinned Laminates in RTD and Hygrothermal Environment

Compressive tests of [0] 12 and [90] 12 unidirectional laminates and [45/0/-45/90] 2S quasi-isotropic laminates are accomplished in both room-temperature and dry (RTD) and hygrothermal environment. And simulation studies on the compressive strength of Z-pinned laminates of [0] 12 and [45/0/-45/90] 2S are conducted by using finite element analysis (FEA). A microstructural unit cell for FEA is created to simulate a representative laminates unit with one pin. Within the unit cell, the first directions of the elements’ material coordinate systems are changed to simulate the fibres’ deflecting around the pin. The hygrothermal effect is simulated by the material properties’ adjustments which are determined by the compressive tests of non-pined laminates. The experimental results indicate that the percentage of reduction in the compressive modulus of Z-pinned laminates caused by Z-pin becomes smaller with the percentage of 0° fibres decreasing in the laminates; the compressive strength of quasi-isotropic laminates reduces and the percentage of the reduction in the compressive strength declines with Z-pin volume content increasing, and the moisture absorption ratio of the Z-pinned specimens is greater than that of the non-pinned specimens, because the cracks around Z-pin increase the moisture absorption. In addition, the simulations show that the deflection of fibres around Z-pin is the main factor for the reduction in the compressive strength of Z-pinned unidirectional laminates, the dilution of fibre volume content caused by resin-rich pocket is the principal factor for the decline in the compressive strength of Z-pinned quasi-istropic laminates, and the compressive strength of Z-pinned specimens in hygrothermal environment reduces as the result of superimposition of some factors, including the changes in material properties caused by hygrothermal environment, the deflection of fibres and the resin-rich pocket caused by Z-pin.     

复合材料层合板抗冲击损伤的参数表征

研究了铺层方式为［０２／９０２／４５２／－４５２］ｓ的航空用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（ＣＦＲＰ）准各向同性层合板低速冲击引起损伤的表征问题。通过落重冲击试验引入损伤程度Ｄ表示材料低速冲击后材料参数的变化大小，通过准静态球面弯曲试验提出复合材料层合板抗冲击的三种表征参数：层内开裂临界能Ｅ１ｃ、层间开裂（分层）临界能Ｅ２ｃ、分层扩展阻力Ｒ．     

Improving surface integrity when drilling CFRPs and Ti-6Al-4V using sustainable lubricated liquid carbon dioxide

In the quest for decreasing fuel consumption and resulting gas emissions in the aeronautic sector, lightweight materials such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are being used. These materials, with excellent weight-to-strength ratios, are widely used for structural applications in aircraft manufacturing. To date, several studies have been published showing that the use of metalworking fluids (MWFs), special tool geometries, or advanced machining techniques is required to ensure a surface quality that meets aerospace component standards. Conventional MWFs pose a number of environmental and worker health hazards and also degrade the mechanical properties of CFRPs due to water absorption in the composite. Therefore, a transition to more environmentally friendly cooling/lubrication techniques that prevent moisture problems in the composite is needed. This research shows that lubricated LCO₂ is a viable option to improve the quality of drilled CFRP and titanium aerospace components compared to dry machining, while maintaining clean work areas. The results show that the best combination of tool geometry and cooling conditions for machining both materials is drilling with Brad point drills and lubricated LCO₂. Drilling under these conditions resulted in a 90 % improvement in fiber pull-out volume compared to dry machined CFRP holes. In addition, a 33 % reduction in burr height and a 15 % improvement in surface roughness were observed compared to dry drilling of titanium.     

纤维夹角和铣削参数对CFRP铣削力的影响

为探索CFRP铣削加工中出现的分层、崩边等表面缺陷形成机理,对CFRP进行铣削加工实验。基于单因素实验法获得了纤维夹角对CFRP铣削力的影响规律,基于中心复合曲面设计,获得了硬质合金刀具铣削CFRP过程中铣削速度、每齿进给量和铣削深度对铣削力的影响规律,并构建了铣削力的预报模型。实验结果表明:纤维夹角在0°～90°,铣削力随纤维夹角的增大而降低,而在90°～180°,铣削力随纤维夹角的增大而增大。f_z和a_e对三个方向铣削力影响都较为显著。v_c对y向和z向铣削力影响较为显著,而对x向铣削力影响不显著。铣削力随三个铣削参数的升高而增大,其中每齿进给量对铣削力影响最大。     

碳纤维复合材料层压板低速冲击试验研究

为研究复合材料不同铺层结构的抗冲击性能,采用碳纤维预浸料制备了单向[0°]8和正交[0/90]2s铺层2种不同结构的碳纤维复合材料层压板,并使用Instron 9250落锤冲击测试仪测试其低速冲击性能,得到了载荷-时间曲线,分析了2种不同铺层方式的复合材料层压板的低速冲击加载力学性能,得到复合材料层压板的破坏形态来分析其破坏方式。结果表明:2种铺层方式产生了不同的破坏模式,正交[0/90]2s的复合材料层压板的抗低速冲击能力要优于单向[0°]8铺层的。     

Enhanced electrothermal effect of carbon fibrous composites decorated with high conductive carbon nanotube webs

Literature has demonstrated that Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can greatly enhance the electrical conductivity and matrix-dominated mechanical properties of fibrous composites. However, electrothermal coupling effect of CNTs on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) has scarcely been considered. This work prepared and introduced thin and porous CNT webs to the surface or/and interface of a CFRP to enhance its electrothermal properties. The results show that CNT webs can enhance the transverse electrical conductivities of the CFRP by 231%−519% in a current range of 50–150 mA, when compared to the base-CFRP. Also, the surface temperature of CNT webs decorated CFRP can be improved by 20.5–32.3 °C within 3 min showing a self-heating rate of 6.8–10.8 °C/min just with an applied voltage of 20–30 V, increased by 152%−177% when compared to the base-CFRP (2.7–3.9 °C/min). Also, deicing can be finished within 4–10 min with a voltage of 18 V and an input power of 246 W/m². Moreover, the electrothermal processes nearly have no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the CFRP. The relatively low input power and short response time for deicing make the CNT webs decorated CFRP may be a potential new generation for aeronautical deicing structure.     

Effects of fiber orientation on tool wear evolution and wear mechanism when cutting carbon fiber reinforced plastics

The aim of the present paper is to reveal the influence of different fiber orientations on the tool wear evolution and wear mechanism. Side-milling experiments with large-diameter milling tools are conducted. A finite element (FE) cutting model of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is established to get insight into the cutting stress status at different wear stages. The results show that different fiber orientations bring about distinct differences in the extent, profile and mechanism of tool wear. Severer wear occurs when cutting 45° and 90° plies, followed by 0°, correspondingly, the least wear is obtained when θ = 135° (θ represents the orientation of fibers). Moreover, the worn profiles of cutting tools when θ = 0° and 45° are waterfall edge, while round edge occurs when θ = 135° and a combined shape of waterfall and round edge is obtained when θ = 90°. The wear mechanisms under different fiber orientations are strongly dependent on the cutting stress distributions. The evolution of tool wear profile is basically consistent with the stress distribution on the tool surface at different wear stages, and the extent of tool wear is determined by the magnitude of stress on the tool surface. Besides, the worn edges produce an actual negative clearance angle, which decreases the actual cutting thickness and leads to compressing and bending failure of fibers beneath the cutting region as well as low surface qualities.     

复合材料损伤破坏判据适用性的实验研究

 <正> 一、复合材料损伤力学和损伤应变能释放率（y₂）破坏判据 作者近年来采用复合材料损伤力学研究方法对复合材料层板进行了理论与实验研究,提出了损伤应变能释放率（y₂）破坏判据,简述如下。 基于J.P.Cordebois等人提出的能量等效性假设,并引入有效应力概念,可导出损伤变量和损伤应变能释放率的表达式。在一维加载条件下它们的表达式分别为     

多向铺层碳/环氧复合材料特性及声发射分析

 本文对六种多向铺层的碳纤维增强环氧复合材料的拉伸破坏性能进行了研究,并采用声发射技术监测其损伤扩展过程,分析了它们的破坏机理。 新型的高性能碳纤维增强环氧复合材料应用于宇航、机械及体育器具等,由于工作条件及受力情况是复杂的,采用多向铺层才能满足受拉、压、弯、剪、扭等不同载荷的分别组合,具体铺层设计要针对主要承力情况来确定。多向铺层复合材料的损伤破坏比单向铺层的情况复杂,更需要采用试验的手段来研究它们的力学性能和破坏机理。在非破坏性测试中声发射技术的特点在于能够配合加载装置在进行试验过程中检测并记录复合材料的破坏过程,而且不移动探头的位置即可监测材料的较大区域,因此应用愈来愈多。声发射技术是利用材料或构件受力变形或损伤过程中应变释放产生弹性波这一原理来检测材料的缺陷、退化和破坏,评定材料的性能。声发射技术可以检测复合材料的剪切破坏及拉伸屈服破坏、分层及纤维断裂、粘接强度等。 本工作对六种多向铺层碳/环氧复合材料（包括0/90、±45°、30/60和三种碳布）进行拉伸试验,确定了它们的强度、模量、最大应变率及泊松比,给出六种不同铺层的应力应变关系以及声发射信号量的关系。采用声发射技术配合显微镜观测手段分析不同铺层的碳/环氧材料的声发射表征     

含孔层合板考虑边界效应的拉伸强度分析

1.引言 早在1974年和1975年Whitney与Nuismer就提出了预测含孔层合板拉伸强度的点应力准则和平均应力准则,他们假定的某一特征长度是与材料性能有关系。1977年Karlak只就准各向同性碳/环氧层合板的两种铺层顺序在特征长度中引进了考虑铺层顺序影响的     

基于CDM的复合材料缺口强度三维数值仿真模型

层合板受载时在缺口尖端出现的沿纤维方向的基体开裂会使缺口钝化,降低缺口带来的应力集中影响。为了更好地模拟这一现象,建立基于CDM的三维有限元模型,提出一种可以实现层合板中每层网格不同排列的建模方法,使网格边缘与每层纤维方向一致;为了实现每层网格不同的排列,在层间建立内聚力接触模拟分层损伤;对纤维增强复合材料层合板[0/902/0]S和[0/90/±45]S进行开孔拉伸的渐进损伤分析。结果表明:该模型可以模拟不同材料体系和铺层参数的层合板在拉伸载荷作用下的渐进损伤过程,预测其破坏强度;通过已知的试验结果对模型进行验证,证明了该方法的正确性且预测精度较高。     

Comparative study of two lay-up sequence dispositions for flexible skin design of morphing leading edge

Morphing leading edge has great potential for noise abatement and aerodynamic efficiency improvement. The drooping effect is realized by bending of the flexible skin which encloses to form the leading edge. Since the flexible skin is often made of composite laminates of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP), the lay-up sequences have become the determinant, which affects not only the morphing quality but also the manufacturing complexity. Two optimizing methods of lay-up sequences are comparatively studied. In the first method, the laminal quantities in 0°, ±45° and 90° vary independently, while in the second one, the concept of isotropic laminate unit [0/45/−45/90]s is employed and the unit quantity is the unique variable. Final evaluation demonstrates that for both methods there is insignificant impact to the overall morphing quality; however, specific concern is equally necessary for these two methods to the tip of the leading edge where the skin is at its minimum thickness and bears the most severe bending deformation. In terms of computational efficiency and post-processing labor, the second method has better performance.     

CFRP层板的落重冲击分层损伤研究

采用落重冲击试验方法研究了航空上常用的铺层形式为［Ｏ２／９Ｏ２／４５２／－４５２］ｓ的先进复合材料（ＣＦＲＰ）低能冲击损伤问题。重点讨论了落重冲击后分层损伤形貌、冲击能量Ｗ与分层面积Ａ之间的关系以及基体韧性对ＣＦＲＰ抗冲击性能影响。     

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis(PDA). A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element(FE) model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress(strain) distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.     

基于零厚度内聚力单元单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料微观切削机理研究

为探究碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)微观切削机理,通过有限元法,采用零厚度内聚力单元模拟界面相,碳纤维建模呈圆柱状并随机分布于基体中,以此来真实反应CFRP的微观结构。通过对各组成相设置不同的材料本构、材料失效和演化准则,对4种典型角度(0°、45°、90°、135°)进行直角切削仿真,探究不同纤维角度下单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(UD-CFRP)在切削过程中的微观切削机理。结果表明:不同纤维角度下CFRP的微观破坏形式不同,切削0°CFRP时破坏主要以界面开裂和纤维折断为主,切削45°和90°CFRP时主要是刀具的侵入破坏,切削135°CFRP时则发生纤维的断裂和沿纤维方向的裂纹,纤维断裂点在刀刃下方。最后,通过实验验证了微观模型的准确性。     

修复金属板裂纹的复合材料补片正交优化

基于Abaqus软件建立了金属板裂纹复合材料补片修复结构的有限元模型。以应力强度因子(SIF)为判据,利用L9(34)型正交实验考察了各补片参数对修复效果的影响。结果表明:在99%置信度水平下,补片厚度的贡献率为68.77%,铺层顺序的贡献率为29.59%,而补片长度对修复效果的影响不明显。结合工程应用实际与正交分析结果,利用设计好的补片对含中心贯穿裂纹的铝合金板进行了修复,并对修复结构进行了静强度测试。结果表明:修补后静强度为未修复裂纹板的1.32倍,恢复至完好板的97.2%,延伸率为未修复裂纹板的2.24倍,恢复至完好板的50.7%。结论:选用长度为40 mm,厚度为1.2 mm,铺层顺序为[0°/90°]s的正方形补片时修补效果最好。     

有限宽层合板边界效应影响拉伸强度的修正方法

 本文分析了[0/90]_s,[45/-45]_s,以及π/4层合板的有限宽碳/环氧层合板在不同宽度下的拉伸强度。发现导致层合板过早破坏的原因,除了由于层间应力引起分层破坏外,主要是分层后的叠合铺层强度低于层合板强度;并给出了一般均衡对称的π/4层合板用有限宽试样测试拉伸强度时由于边界效应影响的修正方法。这是一种基于试验结果的经验方法。     

基于刚度降模型的复合材料层合板疲劳寿命估算

基于有限元方法,把层合板的疲劳失效看作是单元刚度退化、应力重新分布和单元损伤不断累积的动态过程,提出了一种复合材料层合板疲劳寿命估算方法。利用MSC．Patran／Nastran建立了层合板有限元模型,进行了[0/90]4S和[-60／0／60]3S两种铺层方式的数值分析,静强度和疲劳寿命预测值与文献中的试验结果吻合较好。     

预浸料制备方法影响复合材料湿热稳定性的原因分析

分别用热熔法和溶液法制备 T3 0 0 /540 5预浸料并在相同的工艺条件下制成相应的复合材料层压板。比较 2种复合材料的树脂含量、内部缺陷 (用 C-扫描技术 )、空隙率 (用光学显微镜法 )和纤维 /基体界面粘结(以 [0 2 /90 1 2 /0 2 ]层压板的横向裂纹密度和断口形貌评价 ),发现热熔法复合材料的孔隙率较低和纤维 /基体界面粘结较好是其在水煮条件下稳定性优于溶液法复合材料的主要原因