仿蜻蜓扑动机构改进及气动力/力矩测量

为进一步提高扑翼微型飞行器的机动性能,对前期提出的可移动铰链曲柄滑块扑动机构进行了改进和小型化。该机构运动学表明:移动铰链后两侧翅膀扑动幅值差值从之前的21.3°增大到51.2°,同时平均扑动幅值降到0°。研制了可快速模块化组装的碳纤维板仿蜻蜓扑翼样机。样机测量和试飞实验表明,通过调节扑动频率可以明显改变样机的升力和推力,有效实现飞行器的快速爬升机动飞行。在较大扑动频率移动铰链可以产生足够的偏航力矩和滚转力矩用于转弯等机动飞行。      

基于空间RURS机构的三维仿生扑翼机构设计与分析

为实现仿昆虫翼尖的空间“8”字型运动轨迹，设计了一种基于空间revolute-universal-revolute-spherical(RURS)四杆机构的扑翼机构，通过单自由度驱动即可输出三维的空间“8”字轨迹。运用Denavit-Hartenberg参数法建立了空间四杆机构的运动学模型，利用遗传算法对机构进行了优化，得到了利于扑翼飞行的机构参数。基于该空间四杆机构的优化结果，建立了一种微型的扑翼机构虚拟样机，通过ADAMS仿真得到其输出运动并验证了运动学理论计算的正确性。所设计的扑翼机构扑动幅度达到149.8°，扭转角度达到29.9°，且“8”字型扑动规律与昆虫翅膀的运动更为相近。扑翼机构的最大尺寸不超过5.8cm，仿真发现的时间非对称扑动对气动性能有一定提升，对于微型化、轻质化、高效化扑翼飞行器的研究具有重要的参考价值。      

可垂直起降扑翼飞行器设计与试验

正在昆虫扑翼飞行机理研究的基础上,设计了一种可垂直起降扑翼飞行器总体方案。提出了一种利用沿扑动角平分线方向拉力进行偏航操纵的方法,提出了一种限攻角高刚度机翼。本设计已经能够实现携带全部电子设备垂直起飞。1气动机理与总体方案1.1总体布局自然界中的微小型飞行生物均采用扑翼飞行,具有较好的机动性,这也给微小型飞行器的研究提供了方向和借鉴[1]。与微型固定翼和微型旋翼飞行器相比,微型扑翼飞     

可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞试验研究

常规的仿鸟扑翼飞行器在飞行时机翼只是单纯地上下扑动。为提高扑翼飞行器横航向和航迹控制的品质,设计了一种机翼在扑动的同时可差动扭转的仿鸟扑翼飞行器;在低速风洞中对其进行了一系列测力试验,研究了可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的升力、推力特性,以及机翼差动扭转角、扑动频率、风速、机翼柔性对滚转力矩系数的影响;对设计的扑翼飞行器做了飞行试验,验证了设计的可行性,并与常规扑翼飞行器作了对比,试验结果表明：可差动扭转扑翼可以用于扑翼飞行器的横向控制,并且可以提高其抗风能力和航迹控制精度。     

扑动参数对多段扑翼机气动特性的影响与分析

正扑翼飞行器是一种模仿鸟类或昆虫飞行的飞行器,在原理上不同于传统的飞机设计和气动力的研究范畴。早期的扑翼飞行器以模仿昆虫,蝴蝶等动物的单段式扑翼为主,如加州理工大学Aero-Vironment和加州大学联合研制的蝙蝠"MicroBat"、美国佐治亚理工大学研制的仿昆虫微型飞行器"Entomopters"以及Vanderbilt大学的微型扑翼机器昆虫。近几年,由于具有更好的气动实验和更高的仿真度,多段式扑翼得到越来越多的关注。德国FESTO公司研制的仿鸟飞行器Smartbird以及南京航空航天大学设计的"翔鹰"飞行器,逼真地模拟了鸟类的飞     

扑翼微型飞行器飞行姿态模型研究

扑翼微型飞行器飞行质量主要取决于能否对其飞行姿态进行有效控制, 而建立准确的飞行姿态模型尤为重要.通过对鸟和昆虫的飞行机理尤其是其飞行过程中翅膀的运动规律进行研究, 并考虑机械设计方面的因素, 对扑翼微型飞行器的飞行姿态建立了较为完整的动力学模型和数学模型.由分析可知机身所受外力为空气动力、重力和机翼作用于机身的驱动力, 而采用扑动与扭转两个自由度飞行的机翼所产生的驱动力是由瞬时平移力和扭转循环力合成的瞬时空气动力.数值仿真证实了动力学模型的正确性.      

仿蜻蜓扑翼飞行器机构设计及气动力研究

针对蜻蜒扑翼飞行机理与鸟类单翼飞行机理的不同,设计了一种双翅翼空间四杆扑翼机构,提出了一种非对称刚度柔性翅翼.该翅翼上拍时刚度较小,下拍时刚度较大,上拍时翅翼变形比下拍时翅翼变形大,空气阻力较小,可以提高每个拍动周期中的等效升力,从而有效减小飞行器飞行时的能耗速度,提高飞行效率.基于非定常空气动力学原理,建立了仿蜻蜒扑翼飞行器的动力学模型,对双翼挥拍过程中不同相位差下的升阻特性进行了分析,可为飞行过程中扑动模式的选择提供参考.     

扑翼微型飞行器悬停状态的扑动模式设计

依据美国伯克利大学对微型扑翼飞行器空气动力学的研究成果,对翼展处于10~25 mm(翼尖到翼尖)的扑翼微型飞行器的扑动模式进行了研究。设计了一种当飞行器处于悬停状态时,翼的扑动模式,使得飞行器可以通过改变扑动参数的大小来调节扑动力。仿真结果验证了设计方法的合理性。该研究为扑翼微型飞行器的飞行控制研究提供了一种手段和思路。     

微型扑翼飞行器扑动机构相关研究进展

微型扑翼飞行器(FMAV)具有独特的外形和飞行优势,具有重要的军事和民用价值。扑动机构是微型扑翼飞行器实现能量转换和机翼仿生运动的核心部件,是扑翼飞行器研究中极其重要的一环。阐述了扑动机构仿生规律实现、设计方法的最新进展,同时就设计中的关键技术进行了评述,主要为:仿生扑动规律的实现;提高系统效率的机构匹配设计方法;扑动机构的发展趋势。     

空间曲柄摇杆扑翼机构设计分析

为了提高扑翼机构两侧运动支链的运动对称性,进而扑翼增强飞行器滚转稳定性,分析了平面曲柄摇杆扑翼机构运动不称的原因,提出并构建了一种空间曲柄摇杆扑翼机构.计算仿真和样机试验结果表明,与平面空间摇杆扑翼机构相比,两翼扑动对称性有所提高;试飞实验表明在扑翼飞行器中采用空间曲柄摇杆扑翼机构能够使提高滚转稳定性.该空间曲柄摇杆扑翼机构结构紧能够满足构建小型扑翼飞行器的需要.      

An experimental study of elastic properties of dragonfly-like flapping wings for use in biomimetic micro air vehicles (BMAVs)

This article studies the elastic properties of several biomimetic micro air vehicle (BMAV) wings that are based on a dragonfly wing. BMAVs are a new class of unmanned micro-sized air vehicles that mimic the flapping wing motion of flying biological organisms (e.g., insects, birds, and bats). Three structurally identical wings were fabricated using different materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and acrylic. Simplified wing frame structures were fabricated from these materials and then a nanocomposite film was adhered to them which mimics the membrane of an actual dragonfly. These wings were then attached to an electromagnetic actu-ator and passively flapped at frequencies of 10–250 Hz. A three-dimensional high frame rate imag-ing system was used to capture the flapping motions of these wings at a resolution of 320 pixels × 240 pixels and 35000 frames per second. The maximum bending angle, maximum wing tip deflection, maximum wing tip twist angle, and wing tip twist speed of each wing were measured and compared to each other and the actual dragonfly wing. The results show that the ABS wing has considerable flexibility in the chordwise direction, whereas the PLA and acrylic wings show better conformity to an actual dragonfly wing in the spanwise direction. Past studies have shown that the aerodynamic performance of a BMAV flapping wing is enhanced if its chordwise flexibility is increased and its spanwise flexibility is reduced. Therefore, the ABS wing (fabricated using a 3D printer) shows the most promising results for future applications.     

一种微型仿昆扑翼飞行器扑翼操控机制

提出了一种扑翼操控机制,用于解决微型仿昆扑翼飞行器悬停飞行的飞行动力问题。通过对扑翼运动参数对气动力及空气动力矩的作用进行理论和仿真分析,设计了一种采用可变幅值的周期函数调节扑翼运动的扑打角和旋转角变化的方法,实现对气动力和气动力矩进行独立控制的操控机制。仿真结果验证了此操控机制可以较好地解决仅一对翼的仿昆扑翼飞行器飞行动力问题。     

考虑弹性转轴的扑翼三维气动数值计算

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了同时具有扑动和俯仰运动的三维扑翼气动特性.为了模拟扑翼的弹性特性,在扑翼俯仰轴处设计了扭簧.研究了扑翼平面形状、俯仰弹性轴与质心的相对位置、俯仰刚度变化等参数的影响.结果表明:俯仰角相对扑动角有一个大的相位超前量,且刚度系数越大该超前量越大;考虑了俯仰弹性特征后,计...     

The thrust and lift of an ornithopter's membrane wings with simple flapping motion

Human beings flying with the help of aircrafts of various kinds have been able to fly for about one century. Although the flapping wings of animals served as an inspiration to pioneers of human flight, we don't really understand how they work. In this study, we employ the concept of four-bar linkage to design a flapping mechanism which simulates a flapping motion of a bird. Wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the lift and thrust of the mechanical membrane flapping wing under different frequency, speed, and angle of attack. It is observed that the flexibility of the wing structure will affect the thrust and lift force due to its deformation at high flapping frequency. The lift force will increase with the increase of the flapping frequency under the corresponding flying speed. For the same flapping frequency, the flying speed can be increased by decrease of the angle of attack with the trade of loosing some lift force. An angle of attack is necessary in a simple flapping motion in order to derive a lift force. The flapping motion generates the thrust to acquire the flying speed. The flying speed and angle of attack combine to generate the lift force for flying.     

扑翼飞行器动力系统建模方法

为快速评估扑翼飞行器的航时,便于针对不同扑动翼进行动力系统设计与优化,逐步减少实物验证与试飞,加快扑翼飞行器的研制,基于实验数据参数辨识的方法建立了包含直流无刷电机、电调（ESC）、锂电池和扑动机构等扑翼飞行器动力系统组件的动态模型,其中电机模型相对误差小于10%,锂电池动态模型相对误差小于6%;提出了一种基于风洞试验气动数据和功率数据的扑动轴瞬时气动载荷半经验高精度建模方法,解决了气动载荷测量较为困难的问题,模型确定系数大于0.89;集成以上模型后的扑翼飞行器仿真系统还包含扑动翼周期平均气动模型、平尾气动模型和纵向控制模型,确保仿真在动态配平状态下进行,可进行全任务剖面航时仿真,航时仿真与实际试飞结果相比误差小于3%。集成的扑翼飞行器仿真系统采用模块化建模思想,各模型参数独立可调,能进一步应用于扑翼飞行器多学科优化等研究。     

Flight control of a large-scale flapping-wing flying robotic bird:System development and flight experiment

Large-scale flapping-wing flying robotic birds have huge application potential in outdoor tasks, such as military reconnaissance, environment exploring, disaster rescue and so on. In this paper, a multiple modes flight control method and system are proposed for a large-scale robotic bird which has 2.3 m wingspan and 650 g mass. Different from small flapping wing aerial vehicle,the mass of its wings cannot be neglected and the flapping frequency are much lower. Therefore, the influence of transie...     

机械蝴蝶模型悬停飞行的流动显示实验

为了探索蝴蝶独特的外形及运动模式下蕴含的流动机理，与以往只考虑翅膀气动影响的拍动翼实验不同，我们开发了一种同时考虑身体及翅膀的机械系统用以模拟蝴蝶的悬停飞行，并采用染色液流动显示的方法对升力的主要来源——前缘涡进行了细致的观测。结果显示，在蝴蝶飞行的上下拍动过程中均有前缘涡产生，且不是以往观测到的螺旋或锥状结构，而是近似等直径的柱状联通形式，其明显特征为：在拍动加速阶段存在明显的展向流动，而在减速阶段则会出现破裂；另外，蝴蝶看似杂乱无章的运动实际上是一种自适应控制的结果，有助于提高升力。     

主动变形扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞测力试验研究

主动变形扑翼可以模仿鸟翼飞行时的复杂运动。为了了解主动变形扑翼飞行器的气动特性,在研究鸟类骨骼结构和翅膀及尾翼运动规律的基础上,设计并制造了一种基于机器人技术的主动变形扑翼飞行器;给出了主动变形扑翼飞行器的机构运动规律函数,并设计出机构运动控制系统;在低速风洞中对此飞行器进行了一系列测力试验,研究了主动变形扑翼的升力、推力特性,以及风速、扑动频率、扑动幅度、伸展相位等参数对升力和推力的影响,并与常规扑翼进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,较之常规扑翼,主动变形扑翼可以显著增加升力和增强对不同飞行状态的适应能力。     

Design and experimental study of a new flapping wing rotor micro aerial vehicle

A three-wing Flapping Wing Rotor Micro Aerial Vehicle (FWR-MAV) which can perform controlled flight is introduced and an experimental study on this vehicle is presented. A mechanically driven flapping rotary mechanism is designed to drive the three flapping wings and generate lift, and control mechanisms are designed to control the pose of the FWR-MAV. A flight control board for attitude control with robust onboard attitude estimation and a control algorithm is also developed to perform stable hovering flight and forward flight. A series of flight tests was conducted, with hovering flight and forward flight tests performed to optimize the control parameters and assess the performance of the FWR-MAV. The hovering flight test shows the ability of the FWR-MAV to counteract the moment generated by rotary motion and maintain the attitude of the FWR-MAV in space; the experiment of forward flight shows that the FWR-MAV can track the desired attitude.     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。