气凝胶隔热材料在空间探测领域研究与应用进展

气凝胶材料具有纳米颗粒组成的骨架结构,形成独特的纳米尺度孔洞,密度和热导率极低,可以节省航天器空间和质量资源,是空间探测领域极端低温和高温温度环境（-230～1 800℃）下优选的隔热保温材料。本文详细综述了气凝胶材料在国内外航天器中装置隔热、空间电源保温、低温储箱保温以及星际宇航服等领域应用进展,并对气凝胶在空间探测中的未来发展进行了展望。     

气凝胶隔热材料制备及航天热防护应用研究进展北大核心CSCD

我国航天事业的不断发展对航天器热防护材料提出了更高的要求,气凝胶作为一种纳米网络多孔材料,因其纳米尺度效应,具有超级隔热性能,是近年来超级隔热材料研究的热点和前沿。本文以航天热防护应用为背景,综述了气凝胶隔热材料近十年来的研究进展,包括无机氧化物气凝胶、有机气凝胶、炭气凝胶、碳化物气凝胶隔热材料等,以及其制备方法、隔热性能和热防护应用现状,结合当前航天领域需求和气凝胶隔热材料研究的难点问题,提出气凝胶隔热材料的未来发展方向。     

柔性二氧化硅气凝胶综述

二氧化硅气凝胶具有低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积、低导热性等特点,但存在强度低、韧性差等缺陷。在此基础上,柔性二氧化硅气凝胶通过改进传统二氧化硅气凝胶的制备工艺表现出了更优的力学性能与适用性。本文综述了国内外柔性二氧化硅气凝胶的最新研究进展,分析对比了不同类型气凝胶的性能参数;重点介绍了柔性二氧化硅气凝胶常用的制备方法,如前驱体改性法、聚合物改性法和纤维增强法。其中前驱体改性法通过对硅源种类的选择和组合,较容易实现气凝胶材料的微观结构与性能的设计,是目前制备柔性二氧化硅气凝胶的主要方法以及研究的热点内容。此外,总结了柔性二氧化硅气凝胶在保温隔热、油水分离、高效隔音领域的应用;同时对其发展前景进行了展望。     

飞机壁板复杂载荷试验技术

针对火星表面低温大气环境下多层隔热组件隔热性能大幅衰减、不能满足火星车保温需求的难题,提出了一种新型、高效、轻质纳米气凝胶隔热装置设计方法,采用在真空和火星大气环境下导热率极低的纳米气凝胶为隔热材料,通过基于低导热复合材料的盒盖式局部支撑封装、气凝胶与结构间填充缓冲泡沫进行多余物过滤、铺设反射屏进行辐射漏热隔离、开设排气孔等设计方法,解决了力学性能增强、多余物控制、辐射漏热隔离、快速泄复压等工程应用难题,成功完成纳米气凝胶在祝融号火星车的工程应用。地面试验测试结果表明,1 400 Pa、二氧化碳气氛、25℃时纳米气凝胶隔热装置总导热系数低至0.008 0 W/(m·K),有力保障了祝融号火星车舱内设备在零加热功率补偿条件下在轨温度仍处于允许范围内。火星车纳米气凝胶隔热装置总质量为5.95 kg,仅占火星车总质量的2.5%。     

祝融号火星车纳米气凝胶隔热装置设计及应用

针对火星表面低温大气环境下多层隔热组件隔热性能大幅衰减、不能满足火星车保温需求的难题,提出了一种新型、高效、轻质纳米气凝胶隔热装置设计方法,采用在真空和火星大气环境下导热率极低的纳米气凝胶为隔热材料,通过基于低导热复合材料的盒盖式局部支撑封装、气凝胶与结构间填充缓冲泡沫进行多余物过滤、铺设反射屏进行辐射漏热隔离、开设排...     

有机基团改性SiO2 气凝胶研究进展

总结了有机基团改性SiO2 气凝胶的国内外最新研究进展,重点评述了接枝法和引入法改性SiO2气凝胶的原理、方法及材料性能特点,并对改性SiO2 气凝胶的未来进行了展望。     

SiO2 气凝胶常压干燥工艺与隔热应用进展

综述了SiO2气凝胶常压制备技术及其复合隔热材料的最新研究进展。着重介绍了提高凝胶网络基架强度、添加干燥控制化学添加剂、表面改性、降低毛细管力等几种SiO2气凝胶常压干燥工艺,并回顾了几种SiO2气凝胶复合隔热材料的应用现状。     

溶胶共凝法制备准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶

针对气凝胶在航空航天领域的应用需求,为了进一步拓展单一密度气凝胶的应用范围,对密度梯度SiO2气胶的制备进行了研究.采用自建密度梯度制备成型装置,以正硅酸乙酯为有机硅源,经溶胶共凝工艺,结合CO2超临干燥技术,获得密度范围在60~160 mg/cm3的准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶.采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X线相...     

耐高温气凝胶隔热材料

介绍了气凝胶的基本特点,重点介绍了SiO2气凝胶、ZrO2气凝胶、Al2O3气凝胶、Si-C-O气凝胶隔热材料的耐高温性能,并对耐高温气凝胶的发展方向进行了展望。     

热处理对纤维增强SiO2气凝胶性能的影响

采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶隔热材料,对基体SiO_2气凝胶及复合材料进行不同温度的热处理.利用扫描电镜、比表面积和孔径测试仪和导热仪等手段对处理后材料的微观结构和常温隔热性能进行表征.结果表明:复合材料经低于700℃处理后,材料基体的微观结构略有变化,常温隔热性能基本保持不变;经1000℃处理的纳米结构发生了烧结、纳米孔含量减少,常温隔热性能显著降低.     

ICP-AES法测定纯铜中的Bi,Sb,As,Fe,Ni,Pb,Sn,Zn,Ag的方法

研究了ICP-AES法测定纯铜中的Bi,Sb,As,Fe,Ni,Pb,Sn,Zn和Ag等9个元素的分析方法.进行了基体元素铜对9个分析元素的光谱干扰研究,选择了合适的分析谱线,同时测定了分析方法的检出限.     

Triton, Pluto, Centaurs, and Trans-Neptunian Bodies

The diverse populations of icy bodies of the outer Solar System (OSS) give critical information on the composition and structure of the solar nebula and the early phases of planet formation. The two principal repositories of icy bodies are the Kuiper belt or disk, and the Oort Cloud, both of which are the source regions of the comets. Nearly 1000 individual Kuiper belt objects have been discovered; their dynamical distribution is a clue to the early outward migration and gravitational scattering power of Neptune. Pluto is perhaps the largest Kuiper belt object. Pluto is distinguished by its large satellite, a variable atmosphere, and a surface composed of several ices and probable organic solid materials that give it color. Triton is probably a former member of the Kuiper belt population, suggested by its retrograde orbit as a satellite of Neptune. Like Pluto, Triton has a variable atmosphere, compositionally diverse icy surface, and an organic atmospheric haze. Centaur objects appear to come from the Kuiper belt and occupy temporary orbits in the planetary zone; the compositional similarity of one well studied Centaur (5145 Pholus) to comets is notable. New discoveries continue apace, as observational surveys reveal new objects and refined observing techniques yield more physical information about specific bodies.     

Ion engine grids: Function,main parameters,issues, configurations,geometries, materials and fabrication methods

Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engines. This work describes ion engine grids' main functions, parameters and issues related to thermal expansion and sputter erosion, and then introduces a review of ion optics used for significant launched and tested ion thrusters since 1970. Configurations, geometries, materials and fabrication methods are analyzed to understand when typical ion thrusters use two or three grids, what are the thicknesses and aperture sizes of the screen, accelerator and decelerator grids, why molybdenum and carbon-based materials such as pyrolytic graphite and carbon–carbon are the best available options for ion optics and what is the manufacturing method for each material.     

A survey of the outer planets Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus,Neptune, Pluto,and their satellites

A survey of current knowledge about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and their satellites is presented. The best available numerical values are given for physical parameters, including orbital and body properties, atmospheric composition and structure, and photometric parameters. The more acceptable current theories of these bodies are outlined with thorough referencing offering access to the details. The survey attempts to cover the literature through May 1, 1972. Prepared Under Contract No. NAS7-100 National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

加快维修周转时间

大到整个飞机机身,小到某个飞机附件,周转时间都是十分重要的。在成本、质量和速度的三角关系中,后者正在占据越来越重要的地位。现在航空业出现一种新趋势,即航空公司在寻找维修公司时更注重维修周转时间的长短,以前,却是更为注重维修价格的高低。随着飞机营运费用的升高,周转     

组织、加工、实施

瑞士威力铭-马科黛尔公司在欧洲机床展(EMO)上展示了带直接驱动技术的超精密棒料铣车复合加工中心。威力铭公司是全球第一家制造铣/钻与车棒料复合加工中心的厂家。公司首次推出超精密的"多工序加工中心",即直线轴和旋转轴全部被直接驱动,在数控系统中输入     

维修数据传输:更快速、更廉价、更好

一直以来,航空公司大多采用ACARS通信系统(飞机通信寻址和报告系统)进行空中通信服务.但与陆地通信系统相比,该系统的传输速度慢而且成本高,成为目前影响飞行数据传输速度的重要因素之一.一些MRO软件供应商已开始开发机载无线通信系统,试图改善以往缓慢、昂贵和复杂的空中无线服务,使飞行中生成的重要维修数据以更低的成本、更快的速度和更高效率实现传输.     

CIR Morphology, Turbulence, Discontinuities, and Energetic Particles

Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the middle heliosphere have distinct morphological features and associated patterns of turbulence and energetic particles. This report summarizes current understanding of those features and patterns, discusses how they can vary from case to case and with distance from the Sun and possible causes of those variations, presents an analytical model of the morphological features found in earlier qualitative models and numerical simulations, and identifies aspects of the features and patterns that have yet to be resolved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.