俯仰轴飞行品质中频域准则的计算与模拟

简要介绍了军用飞机飞行品质MIL—STD—1797A中有关俯仰轴频域难则的要求和原由。提出了对这些难则的理论计算和模拟试验方法。并以某飞机为例，利用所提出的方法，对其飞行品质进行了计算和模拟。结果表明，所提出的计算和模拟方法是合理的。最后，讨论了驾驶员模型形式对俯仰轴飞行品质的影响。     

飞机机动飞行时的隐模型控制器设计

为提高飞机的过失速机动能力，参考X-31A飞机的飞行控制系统模型，对非线性因素如气动力、陀螺惯性耦合以及重力影响进行补偿后，按飞行品质要求采用隐模型跟踪法设计了某机的反馈控制器，计算仿真表明，该控制器能够较好地发挥飞机的操纵潜力，可使飞机在获得较好的过失速机动能力的同时具有较为满意的飞行品质，引入推力短量控制，可增加飞机的操纵效能，从而增强控制器效果。     

Improved NSGA-II Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Based on Hybridization-encouraged Mechanism

To improve performances of multi-objective optimization algorithms, such as convergence and diversity, a hybridization- encouraged mechanism is proposed and realized in elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA-Ⅱ）. This mechanism uses the normalized distance to evaluate the difference among genes in a population. Three possible modes of crossover operators--＂Max Distance＂, ＂Min-Max Distance＂, and ＂Neighboring-Max＂--are suggested and analyzed. The mode of ＂Neighboring-Max＂, which not only takes advantage of hybridization but also improves the distribution of the population near Pareto optimal front, is chosen and used in NSGA-Ⅱ on the basis of hybridization-encouraged mechanism （short for HEM-based NSGA-Ⅱ）. To prove the HEM-based algorithm, several problems are studied by using standard NSGA-Ⅱ and the presented method. Different evaluation criteria are also used to judge these algorithms in terms of distribution of solutions, convergence, diversity, and quality of solutions. The numerical results indicate that the application of hybridization-encouraged mechanism could effectively improve the performances of genetic algorithm. Finally, as an example in engineering practices, the presented method is used to design a longitudinal flight control system, which demonstrates the obtainability of a reasonable and correct Pareto front.     

短周期运动飞行品质的几种判据

飞机纵向短周期运动是影响其飞行品质的关键因素，根据国外近年来所进行的研究，综合，发纳出六种适用于小迎角飞行的短周期飞行品质标准，基于等效系统的控制期望参数（ＣＡＰ）等准则依然适用，并作了增补；对于不能用低阶系统等效的飞机提出了诸发带宽准则等相应判据，这六种准则各有其侧重点和适用范围，较全面地反映了飞机短周期运动特性，共同完成对飞行品质的评判和预估。     

放宽静稳定电传客机纵向短周期品质评定方法

民用客机强调飞行的安全性和舒适性,由于设计与使用的特点,其短周期模态的自然频率、操纵灵敏度与带宽均较低,时间延迟较大,且一般采用不同于军用运输机的控制律构型。提出以军用规范作为参照的电传客机飞行品质评定及适航审定方法,是现代民用客机飞行控制律设计的关键问题。为改善某放宽静稳定构型客机的短周期飞行品质,设计了迎角、C^*和过载构型飞行控制律。按咨询通告AC25-7A所给出的操纵品质等级评定方法(HQRM),采用等效系统评定法、高阶频域法和高阶时域法评定了闭环飞机的短周期飞行品质及适航符合性。结果表明,军用规范条款对时延和带宽的限制对于客机可适当放宽。对于迎角构型,等效系统参数准则、带宽准则和俯仰速率响应准则均适用;过载构型评定应采用等效系统参数准则、俯仰速率响应准则;C^*属非常规响应构型,应采用带宽准则和俯仰速率响应准则评定。     

Man-machine-interface in modern transport systems from an aviation safety perspective

The early long-range-jets were operated by five cockpit crew members: Captain, Copilot, Flight Engineer, Navigator and Radio-Operator. Nowadays even the big jets are flown by only two pilots. This development could only be achieved by introducing new technologies to the airline industry and automating aircraft systems. Due to the scientific progress made in the last decades today's aircraft are most reliable – a fact which is clearly reflected by accident statistics. Technical failures became more and more unlikely and the lack of manpower on the flight deck was more than compensated. However, starting in the late 80s a number of accidents occurred to highly automated aircraft, which alarmed accident investigators worldwide. In most of the cases automation was a factor or at least one link in the accident chain of events. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) launched a study on “The Interfaces Between Flight Crews and Modern Flight Deck Systems” and came up with numerous findings. In the following article I like to discuss the topic ‘Man-Machine-Interface in modern Transport Systems’ from an Aviation Safety Perspective.     

俯仰轴飞行品质中等效系统准则的计算与模拟

在理解飞机飞行品质规范MIL-STD-1797A基础上，采用等铲系统准则评价了某机的俯仰轴飞行品质，等效系统是通过阻尼最小二乘法拟配获得，其拟配结果与人-机闭环操纵模拟试验结果一致，表明所采用的理论计算和模拟试验方法来验证飞行品质是可行的，合理的，此外，还探讨了等效系统模型形式，拟配参数初值的选取等对拟配结果的影响。     

电传飞机加速度传感器安装位置对飞行品质的影响

从飞行控制系统原理出发,以某型电传飞机为例,通过六自由度仿真对比,分析加速度传感器安装位置对飞行品质的影响,并从飞行品质的角度出发,对采用电传飞控系统飞机的加速度传感器安装位置提出建议.     

飞机着陆下滑状态人-机系统动态特性分析

采用最优控制驾驶员模型在频率域内分析是理论评价电传操纵飞机着陆下滑状态飞行品质的一种有效方法。基于人 -机系统响应特性可揭示出驾驶员工作负荷和系统动态特性之间相互影响。驾驶员相位补偿作为驾驶员工作负荷的度量 ;取人 -机系统闭环带宽、开环高频峰值和飞行轨迹倾角误差均方值等指标来评价系统动态特性。这些评价准则与驾驶员主观评分之间具有很好的相关性。应用该方法对某电传操纵飞机进行分析 ,其结果与飞行模拟评价结果较为一致     

弹性飞机纵向稳定性分析

本文讨论弹性飞机的纵向稳定性问题。包括带与不带飞行控制系统两种情况。文中通过算例,分析讨论弹性飞机的总体运动模态和弹性运动振型之间的藕合以及弹性飞机本身和飞行控制系统之间的耦合。分析与计算表明,带有飞行的控制系统的飞机,其结构弹性变形运动对纵向稳定性的影响,即使对于算例中的“小”飞机,也是不可忽视的。飞机的弹性影响,不但会降低飞机的飞行品质,有时还会引起飞机与系统之间的耦合不稳定。     

250座级翼身融合无尾布局客机操稳特性设计研究

 翼身融合(BWB)飞翼布局是未来新一代客机的热点方案之一,然而由于没有常规尾翼,面临着稳定性和操纵性方面的困难。为此,在一架250座级BWB客机布局设计研究基础上,根据平衡、增稳和机动等要求,设计了操纵面配置方案;根据适航要求和电传飞机飞行品质要求设定增稳目标,并将其直接纳入特征结构配置要求中,通过前向通道修正响应类型,保证获得与飞行阶段相适应的响应特征和满意的飞行品质参数;为了提高安全性,在增稳控制设计基础上,在指令回路增设了姿态保护和限制模块。研究结果表明, 该设计方案能够提供较合适的稳定性和操纵性,控制增稳后具有满意的飞行品质,保护模块可达到预期效果。     

Flight control system design and optimisation with a genetic algorithm

A design procedure for a flight control system is here presented. An optimisation process, based on a genetic algorithm, is used to meet the frequency domain handling qualities requirements for the longitudinal plane. The parameters are implemented as fitness functions related to the expected magnitude of bandwidth and delay. The impact of the parametric shaping of the fitness functions on the search and optimisation process is also evaluated. The dynamic response of the augmented aircraft is obtained for a realistic simulation case, validated after comparison with reference test data. The bandwidth and the delay of the longitudinal short term attitude response are estimated before and after the inclusion of the flight control system in the simulation model, and the parameters are compared with the expected handling qualities levels. The feasibility of the design process is demonstrated and the overall performance of the generation process is analyzed.     

飞机横航向等效拟配模型的对比研究

针对电传飞机的横航向低阶等效拟配问题，根据国外新近规范及相关资料对飞机横航向等效模型及其拟配方法的提法，选用了五种适用于不同情况的等效系统数学模型，比较和研究了它们各自的特点；并通过对具体算例的计算，验证了各等效模型的适用范围及拟配方法的实用性；同时，对频率范围的确定，初值的选取等拟配计算中遇到的问题进行了探讨，提出了一些参考性建议。     

Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with and without winglet using fuzzy logic technique

This paper describes the potentials of an aircraft model without and with winglet attached with NACA wing No. 65-3-218. Based on the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics analyzing for the aircraft model tested in low subsonic wind tunnel, the lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD) were investigated respectively. Wind tunnel test results were obtained for CL and CD versus the angle of attack α for three Reynolds numbers Re (1.7×¹⁰⁵, 2.1×¹⁰⁵, and 2.5×¹⁰⁵) and three configurations (configuration 1: without winglet, configuration 2: winglet at 0° and configuration 3: winglet at 60°). Compared with conventional technique, fuzzy logic technique is more efficient for the representation, manipulation and utilization. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between lift coefficients and drag coefficients with free-stream velocities and angle of attacks, and to illustrate how fuzzy expert system (FES) might play an important role in prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with the addition of winglet. In this paper, an FES model was developed to predict the lift and drag coefficients of the aircraft model with winglet at 60°. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) were 6.52% for lift coefficient and 4.74% for drag coefficient. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). The goodness of fit of prediction (from FES model) values were found as 0.94 for lift coefficient and 0.98 for drag coefficient which were close to 1.0 as expected.     

战斗机空战敏捷性管理系统研究

从战斗机敏捷性管理系统的飞行力学机理入手，分析了敏捷性管理系统的概念，比较了敏捷性管理系统与通常的迎角限制器各自的控制特点，讨论了敏捷性管理系统与转弯坡度及进入速度的关系，以一架第三代战斗机为例，计算并讨论其能量机动图。结果表明，敏捷性管理系统对速度消散率进行了限制，因而延缓了飞机迎角的增大，提出了飞机的持续机动能力，有利于战斗任务的完成。     

舵面破损对飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响

为研究舵面破损对电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响,选取了能够反映飞机多轴运动耦合特性的飞行品质评定任务,建立了舵面破损飞机的飞行动力学模型,选取了适用于表征飞机轴间运动耦合程度的特征参数,形成了基于任务的角速率指令式电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的评定方法。采用该方法对具有不同舵面破损程度的算例飞机开展了飞行品质评估试验,得到了能够量化舵面破损对角速率指令式电传控制飞机飞行品质影响的特征参数取值规律。研究结果对于舵面破损情形下飞机飞行安全与作战效能评估等均有一定的理论参考价值。     

飞行员数学模型与新机飞行品质预测

简述了建立飞行员数学模型的重要意义和方法，给出了飞行员的常用数学模型形式及有关参数参考数据，并着重讨论了飞行员数学模型在新机飞行操纵品质评估预测中的应用 。     

Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan

The magnetospheric imaging instrument (MIMI) is a neutral and charged particle detection system on the Cassini orbiter spacecraft designed to perform both global imaging and in-situ measurements to study the overall configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn’s atmosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites. The processes responsible for Saturn’s aurora will be investigated; a search will be performed for substorms at Saturn; and the origins of magnetospheric hot plasmas will be determined. Further, the Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus will be imaged during Jupiter flyby. The investigative approach is twofold. (1) Perform remote sensing of the magnetospheric energetic (E > 7 keV) ion plasmas by detecting and imaging charge-exchange neutrals, created when magnetospheric ions capture electrons from ambient neutral gas. Such escaping neutrals were detected by the Voyager l spacecraft outside Saturn’s magnetosphere and can be used like photons to form images of the emitting regions, as has been demonstrated at Earth. (2) Determine through in-situ measurements the 3-D particle distribution functions including ion composition and charge states (E > 3 keV/e). The combination of in-situ measurements with global images, together with analysis and interpretation techniques that include direct “forward modeling’’ and deconvolution by tomography, is expected to yield a global assessment of magnetospheric structure and dynamics, including (a) magnetospheric ring currents and hot plasma populations, (b) magnetic field distortions, (c) electric field configuration, (d) particle injection boundaries associated with magnetic storms and substorms, and (e) the connection of the magnetosphere to ionospheric altitudes. Titan and its torus will stand out in energetic neutral images throughout the Cassini orbit, and thus serve as a continuous remote probe of ion flux variations near 20R _S (e.g., magnetopause crossings and substorm plasma injections). The Titan exosphere and its cometary interaction with magnetospheric plasmas will be imaged in detail on each flyby. The three principal sensors of MIMI consists of an ion and neutral camera (INCA), a charge–energy–mass-spectrometer (CHEMS) essentially identical to our instrument flown on the ISTP/Geotail spacecraft, and the low energy magnetospheric measurements system (LEMMS), an advanced design of one of our sensors flown on the Galileo spacecraft. The INCA head is a large geometry factor (G ∼ 2.4 cm² sr) foil time-of-flight (TOF) camera that separately registers the incident direction of either energetic neutral atoms (ENA) or ion species (≥5^∘ full width half maximum) over the range 7 keV/nuc < E < 3 MeV/nuc. CHEMS uses electrostatic deflection, TOF, and energy measurement to determine ion energy, charge state, mass, and 3-D anisotropy in the range 3 ≤ E ≤ 220 keV/e with good (∼0.05 cm² sr) sensitivity. LEMMS is a two-ended telescope that measures ions in the range 0.03 ≤ E ≤ 18 MeV and electrons 0.015 ≤ E≤ 0.884 MeV in the forward direction (G ∼ 0.02 cm² sr), while high energy electrons (0.1–5 MeV) and ions (1.6–160 MeV) are measured from the back direction (G ∼ 0.4 cm² sr). The latter are relevant to inner magnetosphere studies of diffusion processes and satellite microsignatures as well as cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). Our analyses of Voyager energetic neutral particle and Lyman-α measurements show that INCA will provide statistically significant global magnetospheric images from a distance of ∼60 R _S every 2–3 h (every ∼10 min from ∼20 R _S). Moreover, during Titan flybys, INCA will provide images of the interaction of the Titan exosphere with the Saturn magnetosphere every 1.5 min. Time resolution for charged particle measurements can be < 0.1 s, which is more than adequate for microsignature studies. Data obtained during Venus-2 flyby and Earth swingby in June and August 1999, respectively, and Jupiter flyby in December 2000 to January 2001 show that the instrument is performing well, has made important and heretofore unobtainable measurements in interplanetary space at Jupiter, and will likely obtain high-quality data throughout each orbit of the Cassini mission at Saturn. Sample data from each of the three sensors during the August 18 Earth swingby are shown, including the first ENA image of part of the ring current obtained by an instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Similarily, measurements in cis-Jovian space include the first detailed charge state determination of Iogenic ions and several ENA images of that planet’s magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.