RAD-7测氡仪检定结果不确定度的评定

依据量值传递关系，列举了量值传递中的数学模型；依据数学模型，介绍了测氡仪检定结果不确定度的评定方法；结合JJG 825—2013《测氡仪检定规程》RAD-7的检定，评定出了RAD-7测氡仪检定结果体积活度响应的相对合成标准不确定度；结果表明，检定结果的不确定度主要受氡从液体镭源转移过程和被检仪器计数能力的影响。     

标准光学高温计检定结果的不确定度评定

根据《JJG2 2 7- 80标准光学高温计检定规程》的规定 ,在检定标准光学高温计所用仪器设备的技术条件下 ,讨论了标准光学高温计检定结果的不确定度评定     

环规检定装置测量不确定度的分析

测量不确定度与测量结果是相关的,它反映了测量值的分散性。利用标准环规和高准确度测长机来建立环规检定的标准装置。通过对环规检定装置测量不确定度来源的分析,评定了环规检定装置测量不确定度大小,分析得到的结果满足环规检定规程中二等环规的测量不确定度要求。     

TUR值不能满足计量检定要求的解决方法探讨

在计量检定工作中,常会遇到测量不确定度比(Test Uncertainty Ratio,简称TUR)值不能满足计量检定要求的情况,针对这种情况,提出了两种解决方法以供探讨:1.使用保护带(Guardbanding)策略,降低误判风险;2.通过加强不确定度评定技巧,减小计量标准的不确定度,使TUR值达到检定要求。     

轻便风速表检定装置不确定度的测试与评定

根据GJB/J2 74 9《建立测量标准技术报告的编写要求》 ,结合气象计量的实际情况 ,给出了轻便风速表检定装置不确定度的测试与评定方法。     

数字示波器频带宽度的测量不确定度评定与分析

为了实现对数字示波器频带宽度的测量结果的不确定度评定,根据数字存储示波器校准规范提供的方法,对数字示波器频带宽度进行测量。分析了示波器频带宽度的测量结果的不确定度来源,讨论了数字示波器频带宽度测量结果的表示方法。以安捷伦公司的DSO6052A数字示波器为例,详细介绍了数字示波器频带宽度测量结果的评定过程,给出了评定结果表达形式。经实践证明该方法准确、有效,可供撰写示波器检定装置建标报告和示波器带宽不确定度评定方面参考。     

基于GPIB的示波器校准仪自动化检定系统的设计与实现

介绍了一种基于GPIB总线的示波器校准仪自动检定系统。通过GPIB总线接口将所有测试仪器与PC机连成一体，实现了对示波器校准仪的全自动检定。通过实验验证，与传统的手动检定相比，该系统大幅度地提高了示波器校准仪检定系统的检定精度和检定效率，具有广阔的应用前景。     

数字示波器水平扫描速度的检定

总结了数字示波器水平扫描速度的检定工作 ,运用大量的检定数据 ,归纳出检定数字示波器水平扫速的计量方法 ,给出水平扫速检定的不确定度。该文对水平检定中出现的异常现象进行了如实叙述并分析了产生异常现象的原因     

基于GL Studio的计量检定仿真系统的开发

为了解决检定人员实际操作培训困难的问题,运用GL Studio开发出基于真实仪器照片的计量检定仿真系统。设计了计量检定仿真系统的通用框架结构,开发了可重用的各种仪器模型,实现了对仪器面板及其实际检定操作过程的仿真。该仿真系统以XML文件来描述计量检定过程和检定资源,具有通用性强,可扩展性好,场景模型逼真度高,交互性好等优点,可广泛用于各种计量检定操作的仿真系统的开发。     

单相电度表现场检定方法

一、概述电度表是专门用来测量电能的仪表。正确地计量电能量,对于电能的供给和消耗,合理地拟定生产计划,进行能源管理和经济核算有着非常重要的意义。在工业企业管理中,电度表检定属于定级升级达标中的强制检定项目,因此,电度表必须进行周期检定,才能准确地计量电能量。电度表的检定在检定规程中都是针对在实验室里用标准表法和瓦秒法进行检定。电度表出厂通过检定验收后安装在每家每户,如对电度表进行周     

Scientific ballooning in Japan

Activities in scientific ballooning in Japan during 1998–1999 are reported. The total number of scientific balloons flown in Japan in 1998 and 1999 was sixteen, eight flights in each year. The scientific objectives were observations of high energy cosmic electrons, air samplings at various altitudes, monitoring of atmospheric ozone density, Galactic infrared observations, and test flights of new type balloons. Balloon expeditions were conducted in Antarctica by the National Institute of Polar Research, in Russia, in Canada and in India in collaboration with foreign countries' institutes to investigate cosmic rays, Galactic infrared radiation, and Earth's atmosphere. There were three flights in Antarctica, four flights in Russia, three flights in Canada and two flights in India. Four test balloons were flown for balloon technology, which included pumpkin-type super-pressure balloon and a balloon made with ultra-thin polyethylene film of 3.4 μm thickness.     

一种提高星敏感器动态性能的方法

动态性能作为星敏感器的重要指标之一,对其进行阐述,由此引出提高动态性能的运动补偿法．描述该方法的工作原理和实现方式,包括硬件电荷转移和软件提高信噪比（SNR）两部分,其中硬件电荷转移包括CCD的X和Y两个方向的特殊处理,软件提高信噪比用DSP实现．针对STS星敏感器完成初步设计和计算,表明该方法可以提高星敏感器的动态性能．     

Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight.

Since astronauts and cosmonauts have significant bone loss in microgravity we hypothesized that there would be physiological changes in cellular bone growth and cytoskeleton in the absence of gravity. Investigators from around the world have studied a multitude of bone cells in microgravity including Ros 17/2.8, Mc3T3-E1, MG-63, hFOB and primary chicken calvaria. Changes in cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) have been noted in many of these studies. Investigators have noted changes in shape of cells exposed to as little as 20 seconds of microgravity in parabolic flight. Our laboratory reported that quiescent osteoblasts activated by sera under microgravity conditions had a significant 60% reduction in growth (p<0.001) but a paradoxical 2-fold increase in release of the osteoblast autocrine factor PGE2 when compared to ground controls. In addition, a collapse of the osteoblast actin cytoskeleton and loss of focal adhesions has been noted after 4 days in microgravity. Later studies in Biorack on STS-76, 81 and 84 confirmed the increased release of PGE2 and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in cells grown in microgravity conditions, however flown cells under 1 g conditions maintained normal actin cytoskeleton and fibronectin matrix. The changes seen in the cytoskeleton are probably not due to alterations in fibronectin message or protein synthesis since no differences have been noted in microgravity. Multiple investigators have observed actin and microtubule cytoskeletal modifications in microgravity, suggesting a common root cause for the change in cell architecture. The inability of the O g grown osteoblast to respond to sera activation suggests that there is a major alteration in anabolic signal transduction under microgravity conditions, most probably through the growth factor receptors and/or the associated kinase pathways that are connected to the cytoskeleton. Cell cycle is dependent on the cytoskeleton. Alterations in cytoskeletal structure can block cell growth either in G1 (F-actin microfilament collapse), or in G2/M (inhibition of microtubule polymerization during G2/M-phase). We therefore hypothesize that microgravity would inhibit growth in either G1, or G2/M.     

In vivo and in vitro studies of cartilage differentiation in altered gravities.

The in vivo model our laboratory uses for studies of cartilage differentiation in space is the rat growth plate. Differences between missions, and in rat age and recovery times, provided differing results from each mission. However, in all missions, proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate of spaceflown rats was altered as was matrix organization. In vitro systems, necessary complements to in vivo work, provide some advantages over the in vivo situation. In vitro, centrifugation of embryonic limb buds suppressed morphogenesis due to precocious differentiation, and changes in the developmental pattern suggest the involvement of Hox genes. In space, embryonic mouse limb mesenchyme cells differentiating in vitro on IML-1 had smoother membranes and lacked matrix seen in controls. Unusual formations, possibly highly ruffled membranes, were found in flight cultures. These results, coupled with in vivo centrifugation studies, show that in vivo or in vitro, the response of chondrocytes to gravitational changes follows Hert's curve as modified by Simon, i.e. decreased loading decreases differentiation, and increased loading speeds it up, but only to a point. After that, additional increases again slow down chondrogenesis.     

Teratogenic effects of gravitational changes.

In investigating the effect of gravitational changes on development, it is instructive to think of altered gravity (delta g) as a teratogen--that is, an environmental factor influencing development. Observed effects on skeletal development include: suppression of morphogenesis in centrifuged mouse limb buds; advanced fusion stages in centrifuged mouse palates; smaller crown rump lengths (CRL) and decreased number of pregnancies in centrifuged rats and mice; altered differentiation of growth plates in young growing rats in space; and decreased length of calcified long bone regions in fetal rats exposed to microgravity in utero. These studies show that delta g is able to alter development in vivo and in vitro and suggest that delta g operates, at least in part, at the cellular level.     

Changes in vacuolation in the root apex cells of soybean seedlings in microgravity.

Changes in the vacuolation in root apex cells of soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) seedlings grown in microgravity were investigated. Spaceflight and ground control seedlings were grown in the absence or presence of KMnO4 (to remove ethylene) for 6 days. After landing, in order to study of cell ultrastructure and subcellular free calcium ion distribution, seedling root apices were fixed in 2.5% (w/v) glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and 2% (w/v) glutaraldehyde, 2.5% (w/v) formaldehyde, 2% (w/v) potassium antimonate K[Sb(OH)6] in 0.1 M K2HPO4 buffer with an osmolarity (calculated theoretically) of 0.45 and 1.26 osmol. The concentrations of ethylene in all spaceflight canisters were significantly higher than in the ground control canisters. Seedling growth was reduced in the spaceflight-exposed plants. Additionally, the spaceflight-exposed plants exhibited progressive vacuolation in the root apex cells, particularly in the columella cells, to a greater degree than the ground controls. Plasmolysis was observed in columella cells of spaceflight roots fixed in solutions with relatively high osmolarity (1.26 osmol). The appearance of plasmolysis permitted the evaluation of the water status of cells. The water potential of the spaceflight cells was higher than the surrounding fixative solution. A decrease in osmotic potential and/or an increase in turgor potential may have induced increases in cell water potential. However, the plasmolysed (i.e. non-turgid) cells implied that increases in water potential were accompanied with a decrease in osmotic potential. In such cells changes in vacuolation may have been involved to maintain turgor pressure or may have been a result of intensification of other vacuolar functions like digestion and storage.     

Environmental impacts on the developing CNS: CD15, NCAM-L1, and GFAP expression in rat neonates exposed to hypergravity.

We have previously reported that the developing rat cerebellum is affected by hypergravity exposure. The effect is observed during a period of both granule and glial cell proliferation and neuronal migration in the cerebellum and coincides with changes in thyroid hormone levels. The present study begins to address the molecular mechanisms involved in the cerebellar response to hypergravity. Specifically, the study focuses on the expression of cerebellar proteins that are known to be directly involved in cell-cell interactions [protein expressing 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine antigen (CD15), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-L1)] and those that affect cell-cell interactions indirectly [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] in rat neonates exposed to centrifuge-produced hypergravity. Cerebellar mass and protein expression in rat neonates exposed to hypergravity (1.5 G) from gestational day (G) 11 to postnatal day (P) 30 were compared at one of six time points between P6 and P30 against rat neonates developing under normal gravity. Proteins were analyzed by quantitative western blots of cerebellar homogenates prepared from male or female neonates. Cerebellar size was most clearly reduced in male neonates on P6 and in female neonates on P9, with a significant gender difference; differences in cerebellar mass remained significant even when change in total body mass was factored in. Densitometric analysis of western blots revealed both quantitative and temporal changes in the expression of selected cerebellar proteins that coincided with changes in cerebellar mass and were gender-specific. In fact, our data indicated certain significant differences even between male and female control animals. A maximal decrease in expression of CD15 was observed in HG females on P9, coinciding with maximal change in their cerebellar mass. A shift in the time-course of NCAM-L1 expression resulted in a significant increase in NCAM-L1 in HG males on P18, an isolated time at which cerebellar mass does not significantly differ between HG and SC neonates. A maximal decrease in expression of GFAP was observed in HG males on P6, coinciding with maximal change in their cerebellar mass. Altered expression of cerebellar proteins is likely to affect a number of developmental processes and contribute to the structural and functional alterations seen in the CNS developing under altered gravity. Our data suggest that both cerebellar development and its response to gravitational manipulations differ in males and females.     

密封材料空间环境失效分析

对空间环境造成载人航天器密封材料的各种失效机理进行了分析。材料低温脆化,高温时表面脆化;真空时材料内挥发成份的溢出,使材料渗透性增大;辐照使密封件失去弹性：这些是空间环境中温度、真空和辐照使密封失效的主要原因。真空条件下,密封件挥发成份中的可凝物在光学元件表面的凝聚从而破坏表面光学特性,是密封设计中一个值得重视的现象。     

Solar polar magnetic field dependency of geomagnetic activity semiannual variation indicated in the Aa index

Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the well-known semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, maxima at equinoxes and minima at solstices. This study examined whether the seasonal variation of equinoctial geomagnetic activity is different in periods of opposite solar magnetic polarity in order to understand the contribution of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the Sun-Earth connection. Solar magnetic polarity is parallel to the Earth’s polarity in solar minimum years of odd/even cycles but antiparallel in solar minimum years of even/odd cycles. The daily mean of the aa, Aa indices during each solar minimum was compared for periods when the solar magnetic polarity remained in opposite dipole conditions. The Aa index values were used for each of the three years surrounding the solar minimum years of the 14 solar cycles recorded since 1856. The Aa index reflects seasonal variation in geomagnetic activity, which is greater at the equinoxes than at the solstices. The Aa index reveals solar magnetic polarity dependency in which the geomagnetic activity is stronger in the antiparallel solar magnetic polarity condition than in the parallel one. The periodicity in semiannual variation of the Aa index is stronger in the antiparallel solar polar magnetic field period than in the parallel period. Additionally, we suggest the favorable IMF condition of the semiannual variation in geomagnetic activity. The orientation of IMF toward the Sun in spring and away from the Sun in fall mainly contributes to the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity in both antiparallel and parallel solar minimum years.     

Differentiation of cartilaginous anlagen in entire embryonic mouse limbs cultured in a rotating bioreactor.

Mechanisms involved in development of the embryonic limb have remained the same throughout eons of genetic and environmental evolution under Earth gravity (1 g). During the spaceflight era it has been of interest to explore the ancient theory that form of the skeleton develops in response to gravity, and that changes in gravitational forces can change the developmental pattern of the limb. This has been shown in vivo and in vitro, allowing the hypergravity of centrifugation and microgravity of space to be used as tools to increase our knowledge of limb development. In recapitulations of spaceflight experiments, premetatarsals were cultured in suspension in a bioreactor, and found to be shorter and less differentiated than those cultured in standard culture dishes. This study only measured length of the metatarsals, and did not account for possible changes due to the skeletal elements having a more in vivo 3D shape while in suspension vs. flattened tissues compressed by their own weight. A culture system with an outcome closer to in vivo and that supports growth of younger limb buds than traditional systems will allow studies of early Hox gene expression, and contribute to the understanding of very early stages of development. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if entire limb buds could be cultured in the bioreactor, and to compare the growth and differentiation with that of culturing in a culture dish system. Fore and hind limbs from E11-E13 ICR mouse embryos were cultured for six days, either in the bioreactor or in center-well organ culture dishes, fixed, and embedded for histology. E13 specimens grown in culture dishes were flat, while bioreactor culture specimens had a more in vivo-like 3D limb shape. Sections showed excellent cartilage differentiation in both culture systems, with more cell maturation, and hypertrophy in the specimens cultured in the bioreactor. Younger limb buds fused together during culture, so an additional set of E11.5 limb buds was cultured with and without encapsulation in alginate prior to culturing in the bioreactor. Encapsulated limbs grown in the bioreactor did not fuse together, but developed only the more proximal elements while limbs grown in culture dishes formed proximal and distal elements. Alginate encapsulation may have reduced oxygenation to the progress zone of the developing limb bud resulting in lack of development of the more distal elements. These results show that the bioreactor supports growth and differentiation of skeletal elements in entire E13 limb buds, and that a method to culture younger limb buds without fusing together needs to be developed if any morphometric analysis is to be performed.