交互多模型PHD滤波跟踪多目标方法

在机动多目标跟踪问题中,目标数未知或随时间而变化,概率假设密度（PHD）滤波可以在每一时间步估计多目标状态和目标数,但单模型方法不能给出精确的估计。提出了一种交互多模型PHD滤波方法,建立多模型描述多目标运动方式,利用PHD滤波结合多模型跟踪目标运动轨迹。同时,给出了多传感器交互多模型PHD滤波方法,以提高目标跟踪精度。     

一种改进的自适应故障诊断设计方法及其在飞控系统中的应用

基于自适应故障诊断观测器提出一种新的自适应故障估计设计方法。针对传统自适应故障估计设计方法难以满足故障估计性能的要求以及存在严格的等式约束增加了观测器设计的难度等问题,提出新的自适应故障估计设计方法,该方法不仅能够显著地提升故障估计的性能,而且通过运用不等式变化有效地避免了严格的等式约束,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论以矩阵不等式的形式给出了误差动态系统稳定的新的充分条件。最后,对某型飞控系统的仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

多操纵面飞机舵面损伤的快速故障诊断

针对多操纵面飞机舵面损伤的快速故障诊断问题,提出一种直接估计舵面偏转量的自适应补偿观测器方法。首先,设计了增广观测器进行系统输入估计,并提出了自适应补偿方法解决其动态跟踪性能差的问题;其次,设计了一种新的自适应阈值以快速检测故障并降低虚警率;最后,利用舵面故障特点,采用重置初值的限定记忆最小二乘方法实现了对突变参数的实时估计,用以进行故障隔离。仿真结果表明:在不同的舵面损伤故障情况下,所提出的观测器方法能在20 ms内发出故障预警,并在0.22 s内确定故障位置,所采用的辨识方法可以在故障报警后的0.2 s内准确估计出损伤程度。     

基于AR/CGARCH模型的液体火箭发动机自适应阈值故障检测算法

为了解决传统自适应阈值算法对时间序列方差跟踪能力不足,以及故障阶段带宽自动放大的问题,提出了紧广义自回归条件异方差（Compact General Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity,CGARCH）模型。针对液体火箭发动机稳态试车数据的波动性特点,提出一种基于自回归（Auto-Regressive,AR）模型和CGARCH模型的自适应阈值故障检测算法。采用AR模型对稳态参数的均值进行估计,并采用CGARCH模型对稳态参数的方差进行估计,从而利用均值和方差的估计值自适应地构造检测阈值。用某氢氧火箭发动机的热试车数据进行验证,结果表明,该算法能够准确、快速、灵敏地检测液体火箭发动机故障,在正常工作阶段,能够有效跟踪数据波动性,在故障阶段,能够避免阈值变宽带来的漏检。     

非线性系统的BP神经网络在线建模及故障检测

回顾了非线性系统建模、故障检测与诊断（ＦＤＤ）及ＢＰ神经网络应用中存在的问题。提出了一种ＢＰ网络在线阶段自学习方式及应用该方式对非线性系统进行在线建模和故障检测的方法。仿真结果表明,本文提出的方式和方法是可行的     

复杂动态系统的故障检测与诊断

提出元件模态转变的单向性假设以替代通常的诊断过程中元件模态不变的假设,指出模型基础诊断方法是适合此类系统的基本诊断方法。由此提出一套用于复杂动态系统故障检诊的综合检诊策略IFDDS（Integrated Failure Detection and Diagnosis Strategy）,针对飞控系统开发了其具体的检诊算法。     

基于交互多模型和中值滤波的加速度估计方法

针对交互多模型算法对目标加速度估计误差较大的不足,提出了一种基于交互多模型和中值滤波的目标加速度估计方法.通过对交互多模输出的加速度信息进行中值滤波提高对加速度估计的精度.计算机仿真表明,该方法比交互多模型对匀速目标,特别是机动目标具有更好的加速度估计能力,且便于工程实现.     

组合导航系统故障检测方法研究

针对组合导航系统的故障检测问题,提出了一种基于自适应加权和卡尔曼滤波相结合的自适应滤波新方法。它不仅可以检测出系统故障,而且可以对故障大小进行跟踪估计,同时可以对故障进行具体定位。仿真表明,该方法能够快速有效地对组合导航系统的故障进行检测和隔离,计算速度快,实时性好,可以很好地保证组合导航系统的安全可靠性。     

一种基于故障匹配的多重故障诊断方法

针对航空发动机数控（ FADEC）系统的传感器、执行机构为故障多发部件,并且目前国内的故障检测方法缺乏通用性的问题,基于故障诊断中卡尔曼滤波器的原理,以白噪声作用的一般离散线性随机系统为对象模型,结合多重故障假设法以及智能影响因子改进的残差平方加权和方法处理统计量信息,设计基于多重故障匹配卡尔曼滤波器（ FMKF）的故障诊断系统,可适用于FADEC系统多传感器与执行机构的软、硬故障诊断。仿真结果表明,方法能及时有效地检测到故障元件,并实现故障隔离,较常规滤波器,准确率高。     

反作用控制系统推力器失效的外部检测与诊断

通过推进系统外部可测的姿态信息,利用强跟踪滤波器和多模预报估计器,研究了一类非线性系统常值阶跃型故障和间歇性故障的检测与分离问题。对关机失效,利用强跟踪滤波器获得故障效应的估计,检测逻辑采用改进的贝叶斯分类方法,依据推力器失效效应的方向性进行故障单元的分离;对开机失效,采用多模预报,根据相应残差向量范数的比较进行故障的即时无阈值判别,同时完成了故障后系统状态的重构问题。以一类大型航天器的反作用姿态控制系统为例,对其中出现的推力器失效进行了故障识别仿真研究,表明所提方法是有效的。     

Detection and diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures using IMMestimator

An approach to detection and diagnosis of multiple failures in a dynamic system is proposed. It is based on the interacting multiple-model (IMM) estimation algorithm, which is one of the most cost-effective adaptive estimation techniques for systems involving structural as well as parametric changes. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for fault detection, diagnosis, and state estimation. It is able to detect and isolate multiple faults substantially more quickly and more reliably than many existing approaches. Its superiority is illustrated in two aircraft examples for single and double faults of both sensors and actuators, in the forms of “total”, “partial”, and simultaneous failures. Both deterministic and random fault scenarios are designed and used for testing and comparing the performance fairly. Some new performance indices are presented. The robustness of the proposed approach to the design of model transition probabilities, fault modeling errors, and the uncertainties of noise statistics are also evaluated     

Integrated active fault-tolerant control using IMM approach

An integrated fault detection, diagnosis, and reconfigurable control scheme based on interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is proposed. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is carried out using an IMM estimator. An eigenstructure assignment (EA) technique is used for reconfigurable feedback control law design. To achieve steady-state tracking, reconfigurable feedforward controllers are also synthesized using input weighting approach. The developed scheme can deal with not only actuator and sensor faults, but also failures in, system components. To achieve fast and reliable fault detection, diagnosis, and controller reconfiguration, new fault diagnosis and controller reconfiguration mechanisms have been developed by a suitable combination of the information provided by the mode probabilities from the IMM algorithm and an index related to the closed-loop system performance. The proposed approach is evaluated using an aircraft example, and excellent results have been obtained     

Minimal submodel-set algorithm for maneuvering target tracking

The variable structure multiple model (VSMM) approach to the maneuvering target tracking problem is considered. A new VSMM design, the minimal submodel-set switching (MSMSS) algorithm for tracking a maneuvering target is presented. The MSMSS algorithm adaptively determines the minimal set of models from the total model set and uses this to perform multiple models (MM) estimation. In addition, an iterative MSMSS algorithm with improved maneuver detection and termination properties is developed. Simulations results demonstrate that, compared with a standard interacting MM (IMM), the proposed algorithms require significantly lower computation while maintaining similar tracking performance. Alternatively, for a computational load similar to IMM, the new algorithms display significantly improved performance.     

A recursive multiple model approach to noise identification

Correct knowledge of noise statistics is essential for an estimator or controller to have reliable performance. In practice, however, the noise statistics are unknown or not known perfectly and thus need to be identified. Previous work on noise identification is limited to stationary noise and noise with slowly varying statistics only. An approach is presented here that is valid for nonstationary noise with rapidly or slowly varying statistics as well as stationary noise. This approach is based on the estimation with multiple hybrid system models. As one of the most cost-effective estimation schemes for hybrid system, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used in this approach. The IMM algorithm has two desirable properties: it is recursive and has fixed computational requirements per cycle. The proposed approach is evaluated via a number of representative examples by both Monte Carlo simulations and a nonsimulation technique of performance prediction developed by the authors recently. The application of the proposed approach to failure detection is also illustrated     

Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Aircraft Actuators using Fuzzy-Tuning IMM Filter

This paper proposes a new interacting multiple model (IMM) filter for actuator fault detection. Since each individual filter of the IMM filter uses the combined information of the estimation values from all the operating filters, it can effectively estimate system parameter variations, thereby it can diagnose the actuator damage with an unknown magnitude. In this study, to diagnose the actuator failure fast and accurately, fuzzy logic is used to tune a transition probability among multiple models. This makes the fault detection process smooth and reduces the possibility of false fault detection. Also, a discrete fault tolerant command tracker is derived to cope with actuator damages. To validate the performance of the proposed fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) algorithm, numerical simulations are performed for a high performance aircraft system.     

Application of Road Information in Ground Moving Target Tracking

A new algorithm is developed to achieve accurate state estimation in ground moving target tracking by means of using road information. It is an adaptive variable structure interacting multiple model estimator with dynamic models modification （DMM VS-IMM for short）. Firstly, road information is employed to modify the target dynamic models used by filter, including modification of state transition matrix and process noise. Secondly, road information is applied to update the model set of a VS-IMM estimator. Predicted state estimation and road information are used to locate the target in the road network on which the model set is updated and finally IMM filtering is implemented. As compared with traditional methods, the accuracy of state estimation is improved for target moving not only on a single road, but also through an intersection. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm with moderate computational loads.     

Efficient fault tolerant estimation using the IMM methodology

Space systems are characterized by a low-intensity process noise resulting from uncertain forces and moments. In many cases, their scalar measurement channels can be assumed to be independent, with one-dimensional internal dynamics. The nominal operation of these systems can be severely damaged by faults in the sensors. A natural method that can be used to yield fault tolerant estimates of such systems is the interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering algorithm, which is known to provide very accurate results. However, having been derived for a general class of systems with switching parameters, the IMM filter does not utilize the independence of the measurement errors in different channels, nor does it exploit the fact that the process noise is of low intensity. Thus, the implementation of the IMM in this case is computationally expensive. A new estimation technique is proposed herein, that explicitly utilizes the aforementioned properties. In the resulting estimation scheme separate measurement channels are handled separately, thus reducing the computational complexity. It is shown that, whereas the IMM complexity is exponential in the number of fault-prone measurements, the complexity of the proposed technique is polynomial. A simulation study involving spacecraft attitude estimation is carried out. This study shows that the proposed technique closely approximates the full-blown IMM algorithm, while requiring only a modest fraction of the computational cost.     

Modified input estimation technique using pseudoresiduals

An adaptive tracking filter for maneuvering targets is proposed using modified input estimation technique. Pseudoresiduals are defined using measurements and the velocity estimate at the hypothesized maneuver onset time. With the pseudoresiduals and a new target model representing transitions of nominal accelerations, a new input estimation method for tracking a maneuvering target is derived. Since the proposed detection technique is more sensitive to maneuvers than previous work, the shorter window length can be employed to detect and compensate target maneuvers. Also shown is that the tracking performance of the proposed filter is similar to that of interacting multiple model method (IMM) with 3 models, while computational loads of our method are drastically reduced     

引入神经网络的交互式多模型算法

在交互式多模型算法中引入神经网络算法以改进目标跟踪的精度。利用神经网络算法对基于机动目标“当前”统计模型的均值和方差自适应滤波算法进行修改,提高该算法的性能,然后采用交互作用多模型算法跟踪机动目标,提高了机动目标的跟踪精度。     

Satellite fault diagnosis using a bank of interacting Kalman filters

The main objective of this work is development and testing of a detection, isolation, and diagnosis algorithm based on interacting multiple model (IMM) filters for both partial (soft) and total (hard) reaction wheels faults in a spacecraft. This is shown to be accomplished under a number of different faulty mode scenarios for these actuators associated with the attitude control system (ACS) of a satellite. Various operating and faulty conditions due to changes and anomalies in the temperature, the power supply line voltage, and the loss of effectiveness of the torque and the current are considered in each reaction wheel associated with the three axes of the satellite. Once a fault mode is detected and isolated the recovery procedure can subsequently be engaged by invoking appropriate switching control strategies for the ACS. The application of a bank of interacting multiple Kalman filters for detection and diagnosis of anticipated reaction wheel failures in the ACS is described and developed. Compared with other model-based fault detection, diagnosis and isolation(FDDI) strategies developed in the control systems literature, our FDDI strategy is shown, through extensive numerical simulations, to be more accurate and robust with potential for extension to a number of other application areas.