基于轨道外推的分布式卫星InSAR系统基线转换新方法

为了满足分布式卫星InSAR系统高精度干涉测高对干涉基线的要求,本文提出了利用轨道外推的基线转换新方法。利用卫星运行速度在雷达1个脉冲重复周期内变化很小这个特点,将测量基线进行插值后,根据雷达复图像配准偏移时间进行外推,得到干涉基线。仿真验证结果表明,利用该方法进行的基线转换,转换精度较高,可以满足分布式卫星InSAR系统干涉测高对干涉基线的要求。     

基于星载分布式InSAR测高精度的导航卫星优选

从干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）测高精度需求出发,分析整个流程中的综合观测几何,联合InSAR对地观测参数、全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）对编队卫星观测参数和坐标系转换参数,建立了导航卫星的优选准则,理论推导了InSAR高程的误差传播系数。该准则直接针对InSAR高程精度进行优化选星,表征了综合几何关系下基线各分量对测高误差的贡献。仿真结果与理论推导相吻合,并给出了不同卫星导航系统、不同选星个数以及不同InSAR参数配置等多种场景下的结果比对。新准则相比以往基于最小相对精度衰减因子的选星准则,能够更好地反映实际几何关系,从而在相同观测条件下通过卫星优选得到更高的测高精度。     

双线程滑动窗口多系统GNSS超快精密定轨实现及评估

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）超快精密定轨为GNSS实时应用提供了高精度空间基准。基于天地协同定位、导航与授时（PNT）网络服务中心实现了四系统GNSS卫星超快精密定轨,并对定轨结果进行精度评价。介绍了天地协同PNT网络的概念内涵以及网络服务中心部署的超快精密定轨软件架构和详细功能,并针对实时应用需求提出了一种双线程滑动窗口超快精密定轨策略。最后利用重叠弧段比较、与外部轨道产品比较以及卫星激光测距（SLR）检核3种方式对定轨结果进行了精度评价。结果表明,与武汉大学分析中心的最终事后精密轨道产品相比,四系统GNSS MEO卫星预报6 h弧段的径向均方根（RMS）误差整体在2~5 cm水平,BDS2 IGSO卫星最小一维RMS误差在10~15 cm水平;GPS和Galileo卫星的SLR检核残差均值在1~3 cm水平,标准差在3~6 cm水平,能够满足后续厘米级实时应用对空间基准的精度需求。     

卫星双向法与卫星测距

卫星双向时间比对是目前远距离台站时间比对精度最高的时间同步技术,时间比对精度达几百皮秒,比GPS共视技术的时间比对精度几乎高一个数量级。中科院国家授时中心根据多台站卫星时间比对经验,提出利用卫星双向比对技术进行卫星测距(称转发器定轨)。实验证明:利用卫星双向技术(卫星需要转发器)进行卫星测距,可得到高精度卫星轨道(内符精度为几厘米)和卫星预报轨道。     

分布式卫星干涉测高系统编队构形优化设计方法

 分布式卫星干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）编队构形设计是系统总体设计的关键问题。从系统测高性能优化角度出发，提出分布式InSAR编队优化设计一般方法，将其概括为求解一个优化问题，以主星带辅星群体制分布式InSAR为例建立目标函数，针对其星载双站、斜视、空间基线等特点建立测高精度与辅星轨道根数的关系，基于近似的相对运动数学模型对该优化问题进行简化，并采用遗传算法求解。在此基础上，对多颗卫星组成编队以提高系统测高性能提出了一种多星编队设计方法。仿真分析表明，经优化得到的编队测高性能要优于干涉车轮和钟摆编队，该结果验证了优化设计方法的有效性和正确性。     

基于DDF2的RTS平滑方法在机载分布式POS中的应用

机载分布式POS是一种基于惯性/卫星组合技术的柔性基线、多节点、高精度时空测量系统,是多任务航空遥感载荷高精度成像的关键装置。为了解决机载分布式POS因柔性基线效应导致的大失准角非线性问题,提出了将基于二阶插值微分滤波(Second-order Divided Difference Filter,DDF2）的RTS(Rauch Tung Striebel,RTS）平滑方法应用于机载分布式POS。首先,针对机载分布式POS的大失准角非线性问题,建立了非线性系统状态模型和量测模型。其次,基于DDF2提出了分布式POS传递对准RTS平滑估计方法,以获取更高精度的运动参数。最后,通过半物理车载实验验证了相比传统方法,此方法的航向测量误差由0.0060°降至0.0041°,精度提高了31.67%。     

一种顾及轨道误差的实时GPS钟差估计方法

为了提高实时卫星钟差估计的精度和稳定性，提出了一种顾及轨道误差的实时GPS钟差估计方法。基于超快速轨道产品，分析了轨道标准差与绝对轨道误差的相关性。通过线性插值获得实时轨道误差信息，以优化先验残差的随机模型。基于先验轨道标准差阈值，采用分段方式剔除实时轨道异常卫星对应的观测值。实验结果表明：轨道标准差和轨道误差的相关性高达0.82。与常用的高度角相关的随机模型相比，GPS卫星钟差估计精度最大提高了15.2%，平均提高了8.1%，钟差误差的时间序列更加平稳，所有GPS卫星的平均钟差STD均在0.15ns以内。因此，超快速轨道产品中提供的轨道标准差与绝对轨道误差表现出较强相关。采用顾及轨道误差的实时钟差估计方法可提高GPS卫星钟差估计精度，准确识别并剔除GPS实时轨道异常的卫星，从而提高GPS实时钟差估计的稳定性。     

动态自适应GPS/INS组合导航方法

为了提高导航测量系统的精度,改善其可靠性,提出了一种动态自适应高精度GPS/INS组合导航的新形式。这种新形式通过判断GPS可见卫星数目,动态自适应调整组合导航方法,保证了组合导航结果的高精度。在RTK GPS可靠基线范围内,且可观测卫星数目大于等于4的情况下,利用RTK GPS的cm级的定位定速结果与INS进行松组合;而在因信号干扰或建筑物阻挡造成卫星失锁时,利用GPS伪距、伪距率与INS进行紧组合。通过仿真验证了方法的高精度,具有良好的应用前景。     

分布式小卫星SAR的基线测量方法研究

星间基线的高精度测量是分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达(SAR)的重点问题之一。本文以星间基线的表示为出发点,先筛选出可行的基线测量手段,然后针对分布式小卫星SAR所关心的测量精度、信号覆盖、数据率以及作用距离等方面,对这几种手段作进一步的比较分析,并根据比较的结果,提出了3种理论上可行的基线测量方案。最后,文章还指出了这些方案在工程实现过程中需要进一步解决的问题。     

编队小卫星星间基线估计算法研究

H ill方程假设卫星轨道是小偏心率和无摄动的,实际应用时难以获得高精度的星间基线估计。本文提出了一种基于主星位置展开的扩展Kalm an滤波算法,该算法采用含摄动的卫星运动模型,综合利用星间无线电和红外仪器的原始量测,实现了小卫星星间基线的融合估计,提高了估计精度。仿真实验针对J2摄动模型验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

Integrating BDS and GPS for precise relative orbit determination of LEO formation flying

Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) formation-flying satellites have been widely applied in many kinds of space geodesy. Precise Relative Orbit Determination(PROD) is an essential prerequisite for the LEO formation-flying satellites to complete their mission in space. The contribution of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS) to the accuracy and reliability of PROD of LEO formation-flying satellites based on a Global Positioning System(GPS) is studied using a simulation method. Firstly, when BDS is added to GPS, the mean number of visible satellites increases from9.71 to 21.58. Secondly, the results show that the 3-Dimensional(3 D) accuracy of PROD, based on BDS-only, GPS-only and BDS + GPS, is 0.74 mm, 0.66 mm and 0.52 mm, respectively. When BDS co-works with GPS, the accuracy increases by 29.73%. Geostationary-Earth-Orbit(GEO) satellites and Inclined Geosynchronous-Orbit(IGSO) satellites are only distributed over the Asia-Pacific region; however, they could provide a global improvement to PROD. The difference in PROD results between the Asia-Pacific region and the non-Asia-Pacific region is not apparent. Furthermore, the value of the Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision(ADOP), based on BDS + GPS, decreases by 7.50% and 8.26%, respectively, compared with BDS-only and GPS-only. Finally, if the relative position between satellites is only a few kilometres, the effect of ephemeris errors on PROD could be ignored. However, for a several-hundred-kilometre separation of the LEO satellites, the SingleDifference(SD) ephemeris errors of GEO satellites would be on the order of centimetres. The experimental results show that when IGSO satellites and Medium-Earth-Orbit(MEO) satellites co-work with GEO satellites, the accuracy decreases by 17.02%.     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

Spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center offset and variation estimation for the Shiyan 3 satellite

In determining the orbits of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using spaceborne GPS, the errors caused by receiver antenna phase center offset (PCO) and phase center variations (PCVs) are gradually becoming a major limiting factor for continued improvements to accuracy. Shiyan 3, a small satellite mission for space technology experimentation and climate exploration, was developed by China and launched on November 5, 2008. The dual-frequency GPS receiver payload delivers 1 Hz data and provides the basis for precise orbit determination within the range of a few centime-ters. The antenna PCO and PCV error characteristics and the principles influencing orbit determi-nation are analyzed. The feasibility of PCO and PCV estimation and compensation in different directions is demonstrated through simulation and in-flight tests. The values of receiver antenna PCO and PCVs for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Shiyan 3 satellites are estimated from one month of data. A large and stable antenna PCO error, reaching up to 10.34 cm in the z-direction, is found with the Shiyan 3 satellite. The PCVs on the Shiyan 3 satellite are estimated and reach up to 3.0 cm, which is slightly larger than that of GRACE satellites. Orbit validation clearly improved with independent k-band ranging (KBR) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements. For GRACE satellites, the average root mean square (RMS) of KBR resid-uals improved from 1.01 cm to 0.88 cm. For the Shiyan 3 satellite, the average RMS of SLR resid-uals improved from 4.95 cm to 4.06 cm.     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination

The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhanced baseline determination for formation flying LEOs by relative corrections of phase center and code residual variations

Formation flying Low Earth Orbiters(LEOs) are important for implementing new and advanced concepts in Earth observation missions. Precise Baseline Determination(PBD) is a prerequisite for LEOs to complete specified mission targets. PBD is usually performed based on space-borne GNSS data, the relative corrections of phase center and code residual variations play crucial roles in achieving the best relative orbit accuracy. Herein, the influences of antenna Relative Phase Centre Variations(RPCVs) a...     

A demonstration of sub meter GPS orbit determination and highprecision user positioning

High-accuracy orbits have been determined for satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), with submeter orbit accuracy demonstrated for two well-tracked satellites. Baselines of up to 2000 km in North America determined with the GPS orbits shows daily repeatability of 0.3-2 parts in 10⁸ and agree with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) solutions at the level of 1.5 parts in 10 ⁸. Tests used to assess orbit accuracy include orbit repeatability from independent data sets, orbit prediction, ground baseline determination, and formal errors. One satellite tracked for eight hours each day shows RMS errors below 1 m even when predicted more than three days outside of a 1-week data arc. These results demonstrate the powerful relative positioning capability available from differential GPS tracking. Baselines have also been estimated between Florida and sites in the Caribbean region over 1000 km away, with daily repeatability of 1-4 parts in 10⁸. The best orbit estimation strategies included data arcs of 1-2 weeks, process noise models for tropospheric fluctuations, combined processing of GPS carrier phase and pseudorange data, and estimation of GPS solar pressure coefficients     

Geostationary Satellite Navigation Systems

The concept of position determination using geostationary satellites as an alternative to the global positioning system (GPS) is studied. The advantage of a geostationary system is that only three, or at most four, satellites are required to cover the continental United States. A total of twelve satellites are sufficient for global coverage (excluding polar regions), or eight if only longitude and latitude, but not altitude, are measured. The system involves the determination of the range to either four geostationary satellites or, if the altitude is not measured, three geostationary satellites. The accuracy of the proposed systems are evaluated to obtain the rms error associated with position determination, and the concept for the implementation of measurements required by the systems is presented. The accuracy of the systems are adequate for civilian use in the continental United States; however, there is a degradation in accuracy as the location of the user approaches the equator.     

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO实时服务（RTS）产品性能评估分析

目前,不同机构提供的GNSS实时服务产品性能存在差异。为了全面揭示实时服务产品的性能，为系统服务和用户应用提供参考，统计了各实时服务产品的历元完整率及卫星数量，基于实时轨道和钟差恢复方法，比较分析了产品精度，并评估了产品定位性能。研究结果表明：正常情况下，实时服务产品的历元完整率较高，基本可保持在95%以上，所提供系统的卫星数量保持稳定且充足。对于GPS，各机构卫星实时轨道平均精度基本一致，约为3cm，实时钟差精度略有差别。对于其他GNSS，不同机构产品精度存在差别。利用实时服务产品进行GPS实时精密单点定位的平面精度优于10cm，高程精度优于20cm。相对于GPS单系统，多系统联合定位精度基本一致，但收敛速度明显提升。