摆线桨非定常动态失速的三维效应

对摆线桨三维全尺寸模型进行了非定常数值模拟。验证了两种嵌套网格方法的可靠性与适用性,针对二维/三维情况下摆线桨非定常涡流动特性及诱导分离特性开展了数值分析,重点研究了展向气动力随方位角的分布与全局流场的诱导速度分布,并分析了尾迹捕捉精度与涡量耗散特征。结果表明:受摆线桨切向速度、展向诱导速度等三维效应影响,两种计算结果的瞬态气动力极值差值达到44%。三维动态失速涡的产生、脱落与再附明显弱于二维翼型情况,这对于摆线桨非定常气动特性有较大影响。      

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性的CFD模拟及参数分析

构建了一套基于运动嵌套网格技术和可压缩RANS方程的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度的CFD方法。首先,发展了基于Poisson方程求解的围绕翼型的粘性贴体正交网格生成方法,并提出了基于最小距离法(MDM)改进策略的运动嵌套网格生成方法,克服了弹簧法可能导致网格畸变的不足;其次,为准确模拟由湍流分离和气流再附引起的气动力的迟滞效应,基于RANS方程、双时间方法和高阶插值格式,建立了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用能够较好捕捉气流分离现象的S-A湍流模型;再次,针对旋翼后行桨叶动态失速时桨叶剖面来流速度较低、迎角较大的特点,为解决低来流速度时L-B半经验模型在旋翼翼型非定常动态失速计算中的局限性,并克服可压缩方程对低速流场计算收敛困难和精度低的问题,建立了基于Pletcher-Chen低速预处理方法、FAS多重网格法和隐式LU-SGS方法相结合的高效数值方法。应用发展的方法,分别针对NACA0012、SC1095旋翼翼型静态和轻度、深度动态失速进行计算,精确捕捉了气动力迟滞效应以及翼型前缘脱体涡的产生、对流和脱落过程,验证了本文方法的有效性;最后,着重针对NACA0012动态失速状态,开展了振荡参数对旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性影响的分析,研究结果表明翼型迎角平均值、振幅及减缩频率的变化均能引起迟滞效应的改变并使得气动力峰值发生有规律的前、后移现象等。     

旋翼翼型动态失速机理及非定常设计研究进展

旋翼翼型的动态失速现象限制了直升机的最大飞行速度和机动性,并且其产生机理复杂、抑制困难,是直升机空气动力学领域持续关注的重点与难点问题.本文首先介绍了试验、半经验模型和计算流体力学(CFD)等旋翼翼型动态失速研究方法的发展,分析了不同方法的优缺点和适用范围.其次,梳理了旋翼翼型动态失速机理及气动外形、迎角及来流等参数影响机制的研究进展.综合对比发现,变来流-变迎角耦合状态的动态失速更符合旋翼桨叶剖面的流动特征,是未来旋翼翼型动态失速研究的重要方向之一.然后,阐述了旋翼翼型设计方法和设计理念的发展历程,分析了主流翼型定常设计与少数非定常设计理念的优缺点.分析结果表明,非定常设计可以获得既能缓解动态失速又能显著提高静态气动特性的翼型,综合考虑旋翼桨叶剖面运动与来流特征的非定常设计是当前旋翼翼型设计的一个新方向.最后,对旋翼翼型设计的未来发展方向进行了讨论,提出了旋翼翼型设计与旋翼桨叶一体化设计的多层级、多阶段发展设想.     

直升机动态失速研究

本文简要介绍了旋翼和翼型的动态失速特性、动态失速主动和被动控制、旋翼综合法预测使用的一些动态失速模拟方法.UH-60A直升机飞行试验11029飞行是一个典型的旋翼动态失速实例,表演出旋翼后行桨叶上出现高攻角引起的动态失速,而前行桨叶上则出现因为激波诱导前缘分离引起的动态失速.翼型的动态失速特性方面介绍了典型的动态失速迟滞回线(攻角正弦变化和锯齿变化)、缩减频率和雷诺数对翼型动态失速特性的影响等.动态失速主动控制介绍可动前缘翼型的情况,被动控制则是使用前缘涡发生器的情况.     

三维旋转效应对桨叶气动特性影响的计算

在旋转的作用下,流动分离向下游延迟,结果大大改变了风力机桨叶的气动特性,这种由旋转所带来的影响被称为三维旋转效应。本文以桨叶表面边界层理论分析的结果为基础,给出了三维旋转效应对气流分离影响的解析关系,将其与非定常气动和动态失速模型相结合,并适当考虑旋转条件下桨叶翼型载荷的分布特性,使其能计算三维旋转效应下风力机桨叶的非定常气动特性.通过算例表明,当这一三维旋转效应模型与非定常动态失速模型耦合后再计算桨叶非定常气动特性时,能大大改善计算结果。     

变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析

为分析变来流速度状态下的旋翼翼型气动特性,提出了利用翼型平移来模拟来流速度变化的数值方法.在此方法基础上,采用基于隐式LU-SGS(lower upper symmetric Gauss-Seidal)方法的非定常雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)(RANS)方程,模拟了SC1095旋翼翼型在定迎角 变来流速度及变迎角 变来流速度状态下的非定常气动特性.通过对比分析发现:翼型在变速度-定迎角状态下会表现出明显的非定常现象,产生了前缘分离涡,气动特性会出现明显的迟滞效应及波动现象,脉动速度越大,非定常效果越明显.并且基准速度越大,翼型气动特性的峰值越大；翼型迎角越大,非定常涡出现的也越早.考虑直升机旋翼翼型实际工作环境,在变速度-动态失速状态下,翼型最大迎角处的气动力会得到一定程度的削弱,在小迎角下的气动力得到一定程度的增强,且脉动速度越大,翼型的非定常特性也越强.      

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

基于广义动态尾迹理论的旋翼非定常气动特性分析

本文建立了一套时域下前飞旋翼非定常气动载荷的计算方法.考虑人流的非均匀性,采用"Peters-He"广义动态尾迹人流模型;为计人气流压缩性、动态特性对气动载荷幅值和相位的影响,翼型剖面升力使用Leishman-Beddoes二维非定常模型计算.为分析旋翼非定常气动特性,建立模型方程的状态空间形式,并采用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解,以提高计算效率.以美国H-34直升机前飞状态为算例,并将计算结果与飞行测试数据进行比较,验证了计算方法的有效性,在此基础上,进一步分析了诱导速度、迎角、升力分布随前进比的变化,以及不同桨叶气动外形(桨尖尖削、负扭转)对旋翼气动特性的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论.     

高前进比旋翼气动特性分析方法研究

提出一种前进比高达0.8的旋翼气动特性分析方法,该方法针对高前进比旋翼前行桨叶压缩性、后行桨叶失速效应严重以及桨叶偏流作用和反流区大的特点,建立了旋翼气动力模型以及与之相适应的旋翼诱导速度时变非均布模型与桨叶非定常挥舞运动模型,然后根据高前进比旋翼气动力、旋翼诱导速度和桨叶挥舞运动三者之间的内在耦合关系提出了高前进比旋翼气动特性的动态响应计算方法,最后以H-34旋翼为例计算了该旋翼高前进比状态的气动特性,并将计算结果与风洞试验数据进行对比验证,结果合理。     

总距突增时共轴式直升机瞬态操纵响应分析

从共轴双旋翼直升机的工程实际出发,建立了共轴式直升机上下旋翼非定常气动特性的计算模型.引入Leishman-Beddoes指数函数的半经验公式,建立了二维翼型非定常气动模型;分别从固定尾迹和自由尾迹,引入干扰因子到动态入流三种方法出发,建立了反映共轴双旋翼直升机上下旋翼气动干扰的诱导速度模型;从跷跷板式旋翼的挥舞动力学方程出发,利用4阶Runge-Kutta算法求解桨叶刚性挥舞角的数值解.通过计算分析,得到了悬停和前飞状态,总距突增时上下旋翼升力的动态响应特性,以及总距突增时上下旋翼桨叶铰链力矩的响应特性.      

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

轴流压气机转子近失速工况点叶尖区流动非定常性分析

为了揭示某轴流压气机转子近失速工况点叶尖区域流场的非定常变化及其形成机理,采用定常和非定常数值模拟方法对其内部流场进行了全三维的数值模拟。通过和已有的试验测量结果进行对比分析表明,预测的总性能及基元性能与试验结果取得了很好的一致性。近失速工况点的非定常模拟结果表明,压气机的总性能及叶片承受的扭矩出现了周期性的波动,其波动周期约为转子通过频率的2.5倍。进一步详细分析叶尖区流场的瞬态流动结构发现,间隙泄漏涡在近失速工况下出现了泡式破碎,破碎的泄漏涡、主流以及来自相邻叶片的间隙泄漏流相互作用形成了另外一个特征明显的旋涡(命名为叶尖二次涡)。该旋涡的形成、发展和运动是压气机的总性能出现周期性波动的主要原因。     

Dynamic stall on a supercritical airfoil

For the present investigations of dynamic stall a supercritical airfoil was chosen. This new airfoil designed by DLR will be used in dynamic stall control research activities (project ADASYS) planned for the near future: the leading edge portion of the airfoil will be drooped down dynamically to improve dynamic stall characteristics on the retreating side during blade motion. The optimised transonic properties of the airfoil, i.e., reduction of shock strength over a Mach number range will improve in addition the performance of the advancing rotor blade. Dynamic stall experiments on the rigid supercritical airfoil have first been carried out in the DNW-TWG transonic wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m cross section of the test section and adaptive top and bottom – walls. This tunnel has the advantage to cover the speed range of both retreating and advancing blade. Emphasis has been placed on unsteady pressure measurements along the adaptive walls simultaneously with the unsteady pressure measurements on the pitching model. In addition to the experiments corresponding numerical simulations with a RANS-code have been carried out and their results are compared with the experimental data. Of main concern are the influence of laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition as well as wind-tunnel-wall interference effects on the unsteady results.     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

基于后缘小翼的旋翼翼型动态失速控制分析

针对后缘小翼(TEF)的典型运动参数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性的控制进行了研究。发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度CFD方法。通过求解Poisson方程生成围绕旋翼翼型的黏性贴体和正交网格,为保证后缘小翼附近的网格生成质量,建立了基于翼型点重构的方法来描述后缘小翼的偏转运动;为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程、双时间法、Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型和Roe-Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws(Roe-MUSCL)插值格式,发展了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS)隐式时间推进方法及并行技术提高计算效率。以有试验结果验证的HH-02翼型和SC1095翼型为算例,精确捕捉了动态失速状态下的气动力迟滞效应,验证了本文方法的有效性。着重针对SC1095旋翼翼型的动态失速状态开展后缘小翼的控制分析,提出了可以体现翼型升力、阻力及力矩综合特性的关系式Po和Pc,揭示了后缘小翼振荡频率、相位差和偏转幅值对动态失速特性影响的规律。研究结果表明:当后缘小翼偏转的相对运动频率为1.0,且小翼运动规律与翼型振荡规律之间的相位差为0°时,后缘小翼能够更好地抑制翼型动态失速现象;在此状态下,当偏转幅值为10°时,SC1095翼型最大阻力系数和最大力矩系数可以分别降低19%和27%。     

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。