Analytical model of cutting force in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al PRMMCs

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling has been widely applied in machining the difficult-to-cut materials owing to the remarkable improvements in reducing the cutting force. However, analytical models to reveal the mechanism and predict the cutting force of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling metal matrix composites are still needed to be developed. In this paper, an analytical model of cutting force was established for ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. During modeling, change of motion of the cutting tool, contact of tool-chip-workpiece and acceleration of the chip caused by ultrasonic vibration was considered based on equivalent oblique cutting model. Meanwhile, material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and vibration parameters were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the developed analytical force model was validated with and without ultrasonic vibration milling experiments on in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites. The predicted cutting forces show to be consistent well with the measured cutting forces. Besides, the relative error of instantaneous maximum forces between the predicted and measured data is from 0.4% to 15.1%. The analytical model is significant for cutting force prediction not only in ultrasonic-vibration assisted milling but also in conventional milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites, which was proved with general applicability.     

Effects of in-situ TiB2 particles on machinability and surface integrity in milling of TiB2/2024 and TiB2/7075 Al composites

In-situ ceramics particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are favored in the aerospace industry due to excellent properties. However, the hard ceramic particles as the reinforcement phase bring challenges to machining. To study the effect of in-situ TiB₂ particles on machinability and surface integrity of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite, milling experiments were performed, and compared with conventional 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. In-situ TiB₂ particles clustered at the grain boundaries and dispersed inside the matrix alloy grains hinder the dislocation movement of the matrix alloy. Therefore, the milling force and temperature of the composites are higher than those of the aluminum alloys due to the increase of the strength and the decrease of the plasticity. In the milling of composites, abrasive wear is the main wear form of carbide tools, due to the scratching of hard nano-TiB₂ particles. The composites containing in-situ TiB₂ particles have machining defects such as smearing, micro-scratches, micro-pits and tail on the machined surface. However, in-situ TiB₂ particles impede the plastic deformation of the composites, which greatly reduces cutting edge marks on the machined surface. Therefore, under the same milling parameters, the surface roughness of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite is much less than that of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy respectively. Under the milling conditions of this experiment, the machined subsurface has no metamorphic layer, and the microhardness of the machined surface is almost the same as that of the material. Besides, compared with 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy, machined surfaces of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite both show tensile residual stress or low magnitude of compressive residual stress.     

SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料铣削加工表面质量北大核心CSCD

使用PCD立式铣刀对聚合物浸渍裂解法(PIP)制备的SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料开展单因素铣削试验,通过对加工中产生的切削力和加工后的表面粗糙度进行测量,分析了铣削工艺参数对其的影响;对加工表面、纤维断口进行SEM分析,讨论了SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料加工表面的形成。研究结果表明,表面粗糙度与切削力的变化趋势相同,高主轴转速和小切削宽度有利于得到表面粗糙度较小的加工表面;近孔洞区域与远离孔洞区域的材料去除方式不同;材料中纤维发生面内偏移和层间屈曲,纤维存在多种去除方式。     

铣削加工参数对SiCp/Al复合材料表面粗糙度的影响

文摘SiC_p/Al复合材料在切削加工中存在严重的表面质量问题。本文设计单因素试验,采用硬质合金涂层刀具对SiC_p/Al复合材料进行铣削加工,研究了加工参数对表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:表面粗糙度随切削速度的增大先增大后减小,随进给量、径向切深、轴向切深的增大而增大;使用较大的切削速度、较小的进给量和不大于4 mm的径向切深能获得较好的加工表面质量。     

Influence of TiB2 particles on machinability and machining parameter optimization of TiB2/Al MMCs

In situ formed TiB₂ particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (TiB₂/Al MMCs) have some extraordinary properties which make them be a promising material for high performance aero-engine blade. Due to the influence of TiB₂ particles, the machinability is still a problem which restricts the application of TiB₂/Al MMCs. In order to meet the industrial requirements, the influence of TiB₂ particles on the machinability of TiB₂/Al MMCs was investigated experimentally. Moreover, the optimal machining conditions for this kind of MMCs were investigated in this study. The major conclusions are: (1) the machining force of TiB₂/Al MMCs is bigger than that of non-reinforced alloy and mainly controlled by feed rate; (2) the residual stress of TiB₂/Al MMCs is compressive while that of non-reinforced alloy is nearly neutral; (3) the surface roughness of TiB₂/Al MMCs is smaller than that of non-reinforced alloy under the same cutting speed, but reverse result was observed when the feed rate increased; (4) a multi-objective optimization model for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) was established, and a set of optimal parameter combinations of the machining was obtained. The results show a great difference from SiC particle reinforced MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of machining process of this material.     

航空用原位颗粒增强铝基复合材料研制与发展

与外加颗粒法相比,原位自生法制备的颗粒尺寸小、表面干净且与基体界面结合强度高,使得铝基复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量以及良好的强塑性匹配等优势。因此,原位自生铝基复合材料是航空航天结构件轻量化设计的理想材料之一。从原位自生TiB₂颗粒增强铝基复合材料制备、组元配比优化设计、性能与强韧化机制等三个方面总结其研究现状,同时梳理了原位自生TiB₂颗粒增强铝基复合材料存在问题与未来发展方向,以期望促进原位自生铝基复合材料在民航客机等航空高端领域快速发展。     

铣削参数对7055-T6铝合金耐腐蚀性的影响

文摘研究了铣削工艺参数对切削力、表面粗糙度、轮廓与形貌、自腐蚀电位和电流密度的影响。结果表明:随着切削速度的增大,切削力与表面粗糙度呈现先增大后减小再增大的变化规律;随着轴向切深的增加,切削力与表面粗糙度都呈增大的趋势;铣削后刀面对已加工表面的挤压改善了铝合金的腐蚀性能;切削转速为4 000 r/min,轴向切深为0.25 mm时,加工表面耐腐蚀性能最优;在较大的轴向切深下,已加工表面易产生微裂纹,而导致腐蚀加剧。     

涂层刀具低温铣削SiCp/Al复合材料表面质量研究

在加工过程中,相反的两相特性增加了SiC_p/Al复合材料加工难度,难以获得良好的表面质量。层和TiAlSiN涂层两种铣刀的切削性能。结果表明,在低温条件下,两种刀具的切削力增加,铣削后表面铝基体的开裂及剥落等缺陷均显著改善,加工表面损伤减小且粗糙度降低,低温铣削能获得更好的表面质量。此外,在常温与低温条件下TiAlSiN涂层比TiAlN涂层铣刀的切削力小,低温条件下TiAlSiN涂层铣刀表面完整性和切屑形貌优于TiAlN涂层铣刀。     

石英纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料超低温铣削实验

石英纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料是一种非均匀的各向异性材料,采用传统铣削方法对其进行加工时存在刀具磨损严重、切削力较大、加工效率低等问题。为此本文采用超低温冷却铣削方法对石英纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料进行铣削实验,并与传统干铣削方式进行了对比,分析了包括加工表面形貌、粗糙度、切削力和刀具磨损等切削性能。结果表明:两种工况下,表面粗糙度随主轴转速的提高而降低,随切深的增加呈先降低后增大趋势;相对于干铣削,不同切削速度下超低温冷却铣削有效抑制了低速干铣削纤维起毛、高速干铣削黏结剂烧蚀缺陷,表面质量都得到改善,刀具耐用度得到提高。超低温冷却引起的复合材料切削力增大,纤维断屑方式的改变以及切削热的有效降低是提高加工质量的主要原因。     

Cutting force model and damage formation mechanism in milling of 70wt% Si/Al composite

High-mass fraction silicon aluminium composite(Si/Al composite) has unique properties of high specific strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent wear resistance and weldability. It has attracted many applications in terms of radar communication, aerospace and automobile industry. However, rapid tool wear resulted from high cutting force and hard abrasion, and damaged machined surfaces are the main problem in machining Si/Al composite. This work aims to reveal the mechanisms of milli...     

加工工艺对7075 铝合金紧固孔表面质量的影响

为确定最佳制孔工艺、获得理想表面特性,从表面完整性和疲劳寿命角度对7075铝合金飞机紧固孔表面质量进行了实验性和数值仿真研究.通过比较常规多步制孔和钻扩铰一步复合工艺(Winslow),发现钻扩铰多步慢进给工艺(DBM)和Winslow所产生的表面具有较小的Ra值,较少的加工缺陷、较大的残余压应力及较高的疲劳强度,而后者的Ra值低于前者60％,疲劳寿命高于前者23％;基于实验数据,建立了切削参数对表面粗糙度和残余应力影响的经验公式;应用数值仿真分析了加工过程中应变和切削温度的变化规律;探讨了Winslow工艺的强化机理;指出适当减少进给量、增加切削速度能够提高紧固孔的表面质量.     

Surface integrity and fatigue behavior when turning γ-TiAl alloy with optimized PVD-coated carbide inserts

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the effects of tool and turning parameters on surface integrity and fatigue behavior in turning c-Ti Al alloy. The wear of inserts surface, cutting forces, and surface roughness were studied to optimize PVD-coated carbide inserts.Surface topography, residual stresses, microhardness, and microstructure were analyzed to characterize the surfaces layer under different turning parameters. Surface integrity and fatigue life tests of c-Ti Al alloy were conducted under turning and turning-polishing processes. The results show that compared to CNMG120412-MF4, CNMG120408-SM is more suitable because it obtained low cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear. With increasing the cutting speed and depth, the depths of the compressive residual stress layer, hardening layer, and plastic deformation layer increased. For turning and turning-polishing specimens, the compressive residual stress was relaxed by less than 20%–30% after 10~7 cycles. The fatigue life of a turning-polishing specimen with R_a= 0.15 mm has increased 3 times from that of a turning specimen with R_a= 0.43 mm.     

Cutting path-dependent machinability of SiCp/Al composite under multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting

Particle-tool interactions, which govern the synergetic deformation of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites under mechanical machining, strongly depend on the geometry of particle position residing on cutting path. In the present work, we investigate the influence of cutting path on the machinability of a SiCp/Al composite in multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting by combining finite element simulations with experimental observations and characterization. Be consistent with experimentally characterized microstructures, the simulated SiCp/Al composite is considered to be composed of randomly distributed polygonally-shaped SiC particles with a volume fraction of 25vol%. A multi-step cutting strategy with depths of cut ranging from 2 to 10 μm is adopted to achieve an ultimate depth of cut of 10 μm. Intrinsic material parameters and extrinsic cutting conditions utilized in finite element simulations of SiCp/Al cutting are consistent with those used in corresponding experiments. Simulation results reveal different particle-tool interactions and failure modes of SiC particles, as well as their correlations with machining force evolution, residual stress distribution and machined surface topography. A detailed comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data of multi-step diamond cutting of SiCp/Al composite reveals a substantial impact of the number of cutting steps on particle-tool interactions and machined surface quality. These findings provide guidelines for achieving high surface finish of SiCp/Al composites by ultra-precision diamond cutting.     

表面完整性对FGH95合金高温疲劳性能的影响

金属构件的加工表面完整性状态对其整体疲劳性能具有显著影响。本工作研究了磨削、磨削+铸钢丸喷丸、磨削+陶瓷丸喷丸和磨削+复合喷丸4种表面加工集成方法对FGH95合金高周疲劳性能的影响规律。采用表面粗糙度仪、X射线残余应力测试仪和显微硬度计分别对不同复合加工方法试样的表面粗糙度、表面残余应力分布和硬度梯度等表面完整性参数进行了表征;采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机测试了缺口(应力集中系数Kt=1.7)试样的旋转弯曲疲劳,研究不同表面完整性状态对缺口试样高温疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果表明:相对磨削,磨削+铸钢丸喷丸、磨削+陶瓷丸喷丸和磨削+复合喷丸三种方法均可显著提高试样的高温疲劳寿命;其中,磨削+复合喷丸方法获得了最优的表面残余应力场、硬度梯度、表面粗糙度和高温疲劳寿命增益效果。     

TC4钛合金盘铣开槽加工残余应力

整体叶盘盘铣开槽加工过程中铣削力大,铣削温度高,会在加工表面表成较深的残余应力层,对零件的疲劳寿命造成严重影响。为提高零件的疲劳寿命,本文以钛合金试块为研究对象,利用残余应力测试分析系统测量表面残余应力,利用拨层法测量次表面的残余应力,采用线性回归技术建立残余应力预测模型,并利用极差分析法分析工艺参数对残余应力的影响规律。试验结果表明:盘铣表面均为压应力,且轮毂面上的残余应力大于叶盆叶背面上的残余应力,均由挤光效应引起;回归预测模型的显著性水平为0. 01,其回归效果良好;各因素对σAx、σAy(σAx、σAy分别表示轮毂面x、y方向残余应力)的影响程度依次为主轴转速>进给速度>切削深度;对σBx(σBx表示叶盆叶背面x方向上的残余应力)的影响程度依次为主轴转速>切削深度>进给速度;残余应力纵向均为压应力,轮毂面上的分布深度为230~270μm,叶盆叶背面上的分布深度为170~175μm。     

加工表面完整性对GH33A高低周疲劳寿命的影响

 <正> 切削加工表面完整性,如表面粗糙度、表面残余应力和表面加工硬化,对高温合金零构件的疲劳性能有很大影响。以往主要集中于对高周应力控制疲劳影响的研究,然而,实际应用中许多零构件都需要有关应变控制低周疲劳性能的试验数据。“在航空发动机结构完整性研究”中就提出了加工表面完整性对涡轮盘低周疲劳寿命影响的研究。为此,本文研究了GH33A高温合金在常、高温条件下,不同加工表面质量对其高周和低周疲劳寿命的影响,以便为新型发动机涡轮盘的设计提供依据。     

TC4钛合金侧铣加工表面形貌分析及工艺参数优化

TC4钛合金是 1种典型的不易加工材料,其切削加工表面质量很难控制。为实现面向侧铣加工表面形貌的切削工艺参数优选,开展了 TC4钛合金侧铣加工实验研究。首先,探究了加工表面微观缺陷特征及其形成机制;然后,采用粗糙度参数 Ra和 Sa对铣削表面形貌进行定量表征,并分析了切削速度、进给量和切削深度对表面粗糙度参数的影响;最后,基于遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)对铣削工艺参数进行了优化。研究发现,加工表面微观缺陷主要有进给刀痕等固有缺陷和黏附颗粒等随机缺陷。铣削表面粗糙度随主轴转速的增大先减小后增大;随径向切深的增大先增大后减小;随进给量先增大后减小。在主轴转速 n = 1 093 r/min、径向切深 ae = 0.2 mm、每转进给量 f = 0.06 mm/r的条件下可以获得较小的表面粗糙度。     

高速端面铣削加工引入残余压应力场的试验研究

为研究高速铣削加工表面残余应力分布,在统计试验设计指导下,使用X射线衍射/电解抛光方法对试样表层、次表层残余应力分布进行测量,得出残余应力分布曲线经验预报公式,探讨切削参数对残余压应力场特征指标的影响规律。研究结果表明,合理的高速切削工艺将在加工表面内引入类似喷丸强化效果的残余压应力场;(3,1)有理式模型与三阶多项式模型是描述高速铣削引入残余应力分布曲线的有效拟合公式;高速切削工艺参数对加工表面残余应力场的产生有直接影响,每齿进给量是决定残余压应力分布的关键因素,每齿进给量的变化将引起残余应力场形成机理的改变。     

A plastic strain energy method exploration between machined surface integrity evolution and torsion fatigue behaviour of low alloy steel

To explore the evolution mechanism of multistage machining processes and torsional fatigue behaviour based on strain energy for the first time and provide process optimization of axis parts of low alloy steel for service performance, four multistage machining processes were applied to the 45CrNiMoVA steel, including the Rough Turning process (RT), RT+ the Finish Turning process (FRT), FRT+ the Grinding process (GFRT) and RT+ the Finish Turning process on dry cutting condition (FRT0). The result showed that the FRT process’s average low-cycle torsional fatigue life increased by 50% when it evolved from the RT process. The lower surface roughness of R_a 1.3 μm caused the total strain energy to increase by 163.8 Pa mm/mm instead of the unchanged strain energy density, and the crack feature evolved from some specific bulges to flat shear plane characteristics. When the GFRT process evolved from the FRT process, its average fatigue life increased by 1.45 times, compared with the RT process. Plastic strain amplitude decreased by 21%, and the strain energy density decreased by 4% due to more considerable compressive residual stress (?249 MPa). Plastic deformation layer depth had a consistent tendency with surface roughness. In this paper, surface integrity evolutions on cyclic characteristics and fatigue behaviour have also been explained. A fatigue life prediction model based on the energy method for machined surface integrity is proposed.     

纤维方向角对超低温冷却石英纤维复合材料铣削性能的影响

石英增强聚酰亚胺树脂基复合材料是一种非均匀的各向异性材料,其加工性能高度依赖于纤维铺层方向与加工进给方向所成角度,即纤维方向角。本文通过一系列不同纤维方向角的干切削和超低温冷却铣削实验,研究了纤维方向角对表面形貌、表面粗糙度、铣削力及刀具磨损的影响。结果表明:不同纤维方向角,剪应力形式不同,切削断屑形式也不同。纤维方向角为锐角时铣削表面质量均良好,但当纤维方向角增大到90°时,切削表面质量下降,切削力变化幅度增大。相同铣削时间内,在干切削工况下,刀具磨损严重,涂层脱落面积约为测量面积的70%;而在低温切削工况下,涂层未遭到严重破坏,刀具仍处于稳定磨损阶段,刀具耐用度优于干切削工况。