推力器射流动压分布检测与分析

采用自行设计的动压探针,测量了大气压和真空环境下冷态氮气自由/冲击射流动压分布,以及真空环境下氮/氢混合气电弧加热推力器羽流的动压分布。将动压径向分布积分所得结果与冲击平板法间接测得的推力值做了比较。结果表明,大气压环境下测得的冷态氮气自由/冲击射流动压分布呈现明显的亚声速流动的特点,真空环境下测得的冷态射流动压显示有波系存在的超声速流动状态;而氮/氢混合气电弧加热推力器羽流的动压分布中看不出羽流中明显的激波存在。在一定条件下,即在较高马赫数的超声速射流中,探针不影响气流在喷管内的膨胀过程,以及羽流速度和密度没有过分降低的区间内,动压探针测量数据径向积分的结果可以代表电弧加热推力器的推力。     

双燃式冲压发动机中超燃燃烧室冷态流场数值模拟

采用Ｍａｃ Ｃｏｒｍ ａｃｋ 矢通分裂格式, 求解雷诺平均的Ｎ－Ｓ方程组, 采用Ｂａｌｄｗ ｉｎ－Ｌｏ－ｍ ａｘ 代数湍流模型和混合长度模型, 模拟超燃燃烧室内两股平行超声速来流的冷态流场, 取得了与试验相一致的结果, 计算表明回流区和射流流动参数对超燃燃烧室流场内波系的变化有着较大的影响。     

高频高速流体振荡器工作特性

设计了一种新型高频高速流体振荡器,并采用热线风速仪、高频动态压力传感器等测量手段,对其频率-压力响应特性、速度-压力响应特性及内部压力传播特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:设计的流体振荡器工作频率约为900 Hz,进出口压比为2时,其出口射流速度范围为75~239 m/s。建立了振荡周期/频率与内部尺寸的关系式,验证了振荡器内部的压力传播与反射机制,并用压力的作用机制解释了射流偏转的两个阶段,为今后设计不同流动条件下所需的流体振荡器提供了设计思路。      

Experimental investigation on a cavity-step-actuated supersonic oscillating jet

Wind tunnel testing is conducted at different back pressures in a vacuum-type wind tun-nel for a novel supersonic fluidic oscillator which consists of a two-dimensional Laval nozzle, a rect-angular cavity and a backward step, to obtain its characteristics and the conditions for jet oscillating. The experimental results show that periodic asymmetrical flipping of the supersonic jet appears over certain nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) range according to schlieren visualization and pressure fluctuations. The jet flipping appears only when the jet is over expanded. The normal-ized average amplitude of the lateral pressure difference acting on the roofs of the cavity and the step varies around 0.2 while the periodic flipping appears. The supersonic jet periodic flipping fre-quencies obtained from the experiments agree well with those from the modified Rossiter mode for cavity-step acoustic resonance, but further investigations are needed to discover the underlying mechanism for the jet flipping.     

脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流/激波相互作用掺混的控制研究

为探究超声速射流掺混增强的有效控制方法,基于二维非稳态雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流与斜激波相互作用后增强掺混的控制机理和规律。宽度为5 mm的低密度平面射流同向完全膨胀射入马赫数为2.5的主流中,并与20°压缩斜面所产生的斜激波相互作用。在流场中引入脉冲能量沉积对射流掺混进行控制,并考虑射流马赫数、射流长度、能量沉积位置及激励频率对掺混效果的影响。对比激励流场与基础流场,结果表明:脉冲能量沉积的加入诱导射流形成大尺度涡结构,显著提高射流的掺混效果;能量沉积位置对于不同马赫数射流的掺混增强具有不同的控制效果;激励前后射流宽度的对比表明,脉冲能量沉积的无量纲激励频率在0.22附近时,可使得射流的掺混效果最佳。     

超声速逆向喷流的减阻与降热

利用流动控制技术改变流场结构的方法,对逆向冷喷流将激波推离物体表面以达到减阻减热的效果,进行了数值模拟计算。通过计算给出了钝头体在超声速流场中有无逆向喷流的压力场和温度场的比较,结果表明,逆向喷流对钝头体表面的减阻和减热起到了明显的作用。     

Numerical investigation of transcritical liquid film cooling in a methane / oxygen rocket engine

Transcritical film cooling was investigated by numerical study in a methane cooled methane/oxygen rocket engine.The respective time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved for the compressible steady three-dimensional(3-D) flow.The flow field computations were performed using the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation(SIMPLE) algorithm on several blocks of nonuniform collocated grid.The calculation was conducted over a pressure range of 202 650.0 Pa to 1.2×107 Pa and a temperature range of 120.0 K to 3 568.0 K.Twenty-nine different cases were simulated to calculate the impact of different factors.The results show that mass flow rate,length,diameter,number and diffused or convergence of film jet channel,injection angle and jet array arrangements have great impact on transcritical film cooling effectiveness.Furthermore,shape of the jet holes and jet and crossflow turbulence also affect the wall temperature distribution.Two rows of film arranged in different axial angles and staggered arrangement were proposed as new liquid film arrangement.Different radial angles have impact on the film cooling effectiveness in two row-jets cooled cases.The case of in-line and staggered arrangement are almost the same in the region before the second row of jets,but a staggered arrangement has a higher film cooling effectiveness from the second row of jets.     

喷注角度对超声速气流中液体横向射流的影响

为探索超声速气流中变角度组合射流对喷注雾化过程的影响，采用高速摄影和基于KH-RT破碎模型的欧拉-拉格朗日数值仿真方法开展研究，仿真结果和实验吻合较好。研究表明，同一流量下逆流喷注，可以较为有效地增强混合效果，提升射流穿透深度。带扩张型面内液雾穿透深度呈现先增大后降低的趋势。等流量条件下顺流双孔喷注有效截面面积大体一致，略低于单孔直喷。等效流量下逆流喷注所得液雾截面面积收益最为明显。截面平均粒径方面，单孔喷注雾化粒径基本一致，顺流双孔喷雾粒径较小。等压降顺流对喷由于流量较大，雾化质量相对较差，平均粒径最大。     

Jet sweeping angle control by fluidic oscillators with master-slave designs

The fluidic oscillator is an instrument that can continuously generate a spatially sweeping jet entirely based on its internal geometry without any moving parts. However, the traditional fluidic oscillator has an inherent limitation, that is, the spreading angle cannot be controlled independently, rather by the jet volume flow rate and internal geometry. Accordingly, two types of fluidic oscillators based on the master-slave design are developed in current study to decouple this correlation. In both designs, the master layer inherits the similar oscillation mechanisms of a sweeping jet, and the slave layer resembles a steady jet channel. The difference between the two designs is that Design A has a short diverging exit in the slave layer, but Design B adds a long interaction chamber in the exit channel to intensify flow instability. The external flow fields and governing oscillation properties of these two designs are experimentally explored with time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), while the internal flow dynamics and driving oscillation mechanisms are numerically investigated. By fixing the total volume flow rate, the jet spreading angle of Design A can be increased smoothly from 0° to above 100° by increasing the proportion of master layer's flow rate from 0 to 100%. For Design B, the control authority of the master layer is significantly enhanced by adding the interaction chamber in the slave layer. In addition, the added chamber causes notable jet oscillation even when the master layer has none input.     

横向脉冲喷流超声速燃烧流场数值模拟与分析

为了研究横向脉冲喷流对燃烧室流场结构及燃烧特性的影响,对带后台阶的超燃冲压发动机燃烧室横向氢气喷流超声速燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。采用有限体积法求解多组元Navier-Stokes (NS)方程,分别对定常喷流与两种脉冲喷流超声速燃烧流场进行了数值计算,对比分析了三种氢气喷注方案下的流场结构、氢气掺混燃烧特性及燃烧室总压恢复特性。研究表明:脉冲干扰仅对燃烧室内局部流场产生周期性影响,且有利于氢气的横向扩散;采用与定常喷注喷流参数相同的脉冲喷注方案时,可在脉冲干扰区内保持氢气掺混量与定常喷注基本相同,氢气燃烧量与总压恢复系数整体上与定常喷注基本一致;采用特征时间内喷出氢气质量流量与定常喷注相同的脉冲喷注方案时,在燃烧室出口处氢气掺混量和燃烧量较定常喷注分别提高了21.94%和32.24%,总压恢复系数仅减小4.17%。采用脉冲喷注方案增加了燃料与空气接触面面积,对燃料掺混及燃烧起促进作用。     

膜片激励器控制同轴射流掺混的试验

利用试验方法研究合成射流激励器对同轴射流掺混控制的作用效果,探索在激励器控制作用下掺混效率的变化规律和流动结构,分析了掺混效果被控制的物理机制。利用激励器零质量射流大幅度提高内外涵道射流的掺混效率,缩短高速区的长度,流动掺混更均匀。     

Characteristics of pulsed plasma synthetic jet and its control effect on supersonic flow

The plasma synthetic jet is a novel flow control approach which is currently being studied. In this paper its characteristic and control effect on supersonic flow is investigated both experimentally and numerically. In the experiment, the formation of plasma synthetic jet and its propagation velocity in quiescent air are recorded and calculated with time resolved schlieren method. The jet velocity is up to 100 m/s and no remarkable difference has been found after changing discharge parameters. When applied in Mach 2 supersonic flow, an obvious shockwave can be observed. In the modeling of electrical heating, the arc domain is not defined as an initial condition with fixed temperature or pressure, but a source term with time-varying input power density, which is expected to better describe the influence of heating process. Velocity variation with different heating efficiencies is presented and discussed and a peak velocity of 850 m/s is achieved in still air with heating power density of 5.0 · 1012W/m3. For more details on the interaction between plasma synthetic jet and supersonic flow, the plasma synthetic jet induced shockwave and the disturbances in the boundary layer are numerically researched. All the results have demonstrated the control authority of plasma synthetic jet onto supersonic flow.     

CFD-simulation of the flow through a fluidic element

The outflow channel of the fluidic jet reaction control element (FLE) and hence the direction of the thrust vector may be controlled by the injection of a secondary jet through one of the slits downstream of the inlet nozzle in the side walls. The main medium used is gaseous nitrogen, which is supplied from a reservoir chamber. Depending on the pressure there, three different operating modes can be distinguished.In order to reduce development time, the DLR Euler and Navier–Stokes code FLOWer has been extended for the numerical simulation of the flow through a fluidic element. In the present paper the code is verified and validated for this application. The influence of grid density, turbulence model, boundary conditions and the geometry of the external walls is investigated. The code is validated by comparing numerically obtained results with experimental data, including wall pressure and thrust measurements as well as differential interferometry photos. Numerical solutions are obtained for chamber pressures ranging from 60 to 100 bar, considering each case with and without injection of a secondary mass flow.     

等离子体射流作用下光壁面超声速燃烧室点火试验研究

针对光壁面超声速燃烧室的点火需求，利用中心嵌入式等离子体射流在模拟马赫数6，总温1860K的直连式试验台上实现了煤油燃料的可靠点火和稳定燃烧，研究了超声速燃烧室起动过程中等离子体建立与维持特征，获取了不同当量比下火焰传播与燃烧特性。试验表明：在自身工质的高压射流维持下，等离子体点火器可以在点火起动的不同压力变化环境中保持稳定；中心等离子体射流产生一定尺度的高温区域且含有丰富的自由基，但需要在恰当的中心喷油流量形成的混气当量比下产生等离子体诱导火焰；诱导火焰沿燃烧室轴向传播进而发展形成了稳定的超声速燃烧。     

支板超声速冷流流场及液体喷流混合特性

支板流场和支板燃料喷流的混合效果对超燃冲压发动机的性能有重要影响。为了找出支板流场的特性以及支板构型对支板流场和支板液体喷流混合特性的影响,采用试验和数值两种手段对支板超声速冷流流场进行了初步研究,并对冷流情况下支板液体喷流的混合特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:支板后掠角对支板流场影响较大;支板尾部交错几何结构能形成具有强烈卷吸作用的涡流,加快支板后缘剪切层发展并促进燃料在主流当中的扩散,增强混合;侧喷支板横向喷流与后喷支板顺流喷射相比,燃料在主流当中扩散得更快,混合得更好。研究成果初步确定了不同构型支板的超声速冷流流场特征,得到了支板构型对支板液体喷流混合效果的影响,为进一步开展热态研究和指导支板的设计打下基础。     

亚燃/超燃双重燃烧冷态掺混的数值模拟

通过求解完全的二维Ｎ－Ｓ方程组，对亚燃／超燃双燃烧室冲压发动机超音燃烧室的冷态掺混合性层流流动进行数值计算，采用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ两步显式格式分析一般音速来在股超音速气流间掺混的流动特征，并用代数法生成计算网络。给出的三组算例与文献（１）的实验结果进行对比，结果令人满意。     

新型斜波瓣超声速混合器设计研究及其数值计算

根据超声速两股流掺混的特点, 在波瓣喷管的基础上提出了一种新的斜波瓣型超声速混合器设计方法, 设计的原则是在较小流动损失的前提下尽可能增加混合程度.利用有限体积法对三维可压粘流N-S方程进行离散, 紊流模型为k-ε模型, 分别对欠膨胀、接近完全膨胀和过膨胀3种工况进行了计算研究.计算结果表明, 当内通道瓣腔顶端与外通道相交处成一定夹角, 射流产生鞍形激波和旋涡可以增加掺混效率, 混合器内两股超声速流的流态基本符合设计要求.在欠膨胀、接近完全膨胀的工况, 效果是令人满意的, 但对严重过膨胀的工况, 到出口截面的混合效果不理想.      

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

超声速欠膨胀冲击射流的数值模拟

利用有限体积法对轴对称可压缩的N－S方程进行离散，对喷嘴的超声速垂直冲击射流进行了数值模拟，网格的划分采用非结构性网络，得到详细的波系结构，激波形状和位置与实验相吻俣，大压比下，壁面上冲击中心区域压力相对低，分布较平坦，压力最大点所在位置偏离中心冲击点，并且在近壁处有回流。     

基于自适应网格的超声速液体射流破碎过程研究

为研究超声速气流中液体横向射流的破碎过程,采用脉冲背景光方法和VOF方法开展了实验和数值研究。为提高液体横向射流中气液界面和气流场特征捕捉的精确性,采用自适应网格技术对于气液界面、激波出现位置进行网格细化,计算得到了较为精细的气液界面、激波特征及涡系结构。研究结果表明:在低成本仿真模拟条件下,利用自适应网格计算得到的射流轨迹和轮廓与实验吻合较好,射流轨迹的最大误差为10%;射流初始段在超声速气流条件下,仍然存在一段高度约为1.9倍喷孔直径且圆柱形态保持较好的连续光滑液柱。随着喷注压降的升高,液柱的长度逐渐增大;主流气体流经液柱发生三维绕流,在射流附近和近壁面区域形成不断演化的反转涡对,反转涡对的形成加速了液体射流一次破碎过程。