太阳同步、回归轨道的轨迹漂移与控制

有相当多的近地轨道对地观测卫星都采用近圆形太阳同步、回归轨道。采用该轨道的主要原因是满足遥感系统的要求。因为利用可见光照相的遥感系统,要求有一定的光照条件并希望这样的光照条件尽可能不变。对于采用单自由度太阳帆板的卫星也需要采用太阳同步轨道来保证卫星的正常供电。回归轨道也称为地面轨迹重复的轨道,它的地面轨迹是均匀分布的,因此可以最有效地利用遥感系统对地面的覆盖,而且可以实现对任一地区的定期动态观测。由于大气阻力的影响,轨道高度会不断降低,轨道周期不断缩短,这就导致地面轨迹的向东漂移。各条轨迹的漂移量是不一样的,这就导致回归模式的破坏,最终影响飞行使命的完成。因此对于长寿命的对地观测卫星来说,都有一个轨迹控制的任务,即要对轨道作定期的调整,使实际的轨迹控制在标称轨迹附近的一定的范围内。本文推导了轨迹漂移的一般表达式,并在此基础上讨论了轨迹控制的模型,给出了计算轨道调整量及调整周期的公式。     

伴星运动的轨道参数表示

以经典开普勒轨道根数的形式对航天器的伴飞运动进行了细致描述,较之C-W形式的表达,该法具有易于理解和应用的特点;继而以其为理论指导,通过算例验证了其正确性及在伴飞轨道设计、维持与分析中的应用方法;指出伴飞构形对地面存在稳定性问题,需采用冻结轨道以消除。     

空间交会对接调相轨道误差特性分析

分析空间交会对接目标航天器和飞船的轨道特性,针对同一发射地点先后发射两个航天器进行交会对接的方式,开展目标航天器调相轨道特性研究,并在.轨道预报相位误差特性分析的基础上,讨论目标航天器调相变轨策略和轨道预报精度需求。针对空间交会对接地面导引段开展飞船轨道特性研究,在霍曼转移轨道特性分析基础上.讨论一般转移轨道特性,分析飞船地面导引段终点状态对转移轨道的影响,并结合地面导引段研究轨道设计要素与飞船地面导引段终点状态的关系,分析轨控误差和预报误差对地面导引误差的影响。     

载人飞船轨道控制及其方案研究

飞船轨道控制的目的是先将飞船捕获到运行轨道,然后进行轨道维持,并且使飞船的星下点轨迹在返回圈经过主着陆场。本文描述了飞船轨道控制的数学模型和相应的控制方案,并对飞船的轨道进行了在不同情况下的试算,试算结果表明,该控制方案能够达到总体对飞船轨道控制的要求。     

RLV双层迭代末端能量管理段轨迹设计方法

针对可重复使用运载器末端能量管理段初始状态存在大范围摄动问题，提出一种双层迭代末端能量管理段轨迹设计方法。首先，将地面轨迹设计问题简化为求两直线公切圆问题，仅需改变单一参数即可大范围调节航程，得到可行地面轨迹；针对纵向平面，提出双层迭代轨迹设计算法，内层迭代剖面参数保证飞行器满足末端状态约束，外层迭代地面轨迹参数改变航程。然后，提出了制导方法和双层迭代校正算法，并开展了仿真计算及分析。研究结果表明，在初始状态存在大范围散布情况下，所提算法均可得到满足需求的地面轨迹和纵向剖面参数，保证飞行器顺利到达自动着陆窗口，末端状态误差较小，具备较强的鲁棒性。     

近地卫星严格回归轨道保持控制

研究了近地卫星基于严格回归参考轨道的轨道保持控制方法：将卫星编队理论引入单星绝对轨道保持控制,提出了"虚拟卫星编队"的概念,分析了卫星轨道相对于参考空间轨迹在轨道摄动情况下的偏离状态及变化趋势,然后根据卫星编队相对运动学,推导出了偏离状态与虚拟卫星编队构形参数之间的对应关系,并设计了以轨道参数超调、偏置及阈值触发为特征的管道保持控制策略。数值仿真结果表明,使用该控制策略能够将卫星轨道保持在以空间参考轨迹为中心的轨道管道内,并且有效减少了因周期性轨道摄动波动造成的管道保持控制量和控制频次。研究成果对于有空间轨迹回归要求的卫星轨道保持控制具有指导意义。     

空间机械臂地面装调与空间应用迭代学习控制

针对空间机械臂系统地面装调和空间应用两阶段的末端轨迹控制问题,提出了采用闭环PD型迭代学习控制算法对空间机器人进行轨迹跟踪控制,从而使在地面重力条件下装调好的空间机械臂能够在空间微重力条件下实现在轨操控任务。建立了空间机械臂在地面装调阶段和空间应用阶段的运动学与动力学模型,给出了控制算法和控制结构,并通过对控制器的收敛性进行分析,给出系统收敛的充分条件。仿真结果表明,采用闭环PD型迭代学习控制算法对轨迹跟踪是有效可行的。     

击中月球的转移轨道研究

对击中月球的转移轨道进行了全局性的研究,对这种转移轨道的要求是,近地点高度及飞行时间都是预先确定的,采用一种十分有效的算法,可以方便地找出所有满足要示转移轨道,这种方法的关键是利用初始状态终极状态的状态转移矩阵进行迭代,给出了这些转移轨道和近地点和着月点的轨迹,并讨论了轨迹随飞行时间变化的特性,研究结果表明,对于任意的轨道倾角都可以到两条满足要求的转移轨道。     

基于单参数迭代的TAEM在线轨迹生成方法

针对大升力体轨道再入飞行器末端能量管理（TAEM）段制导控制能力强、末端约束不惟一的问题，将TAEM段分为动压跟踪和着陆预备2个阶段，设计了不同的纵向轨迹剖面，从而将TAEM段在线轨迹生成问题转化为单参数搜索问题。第1阶段设计标称动压剖面为纵向参考轨迹，使得飞行器过程约束得到保证。第2阶段纵向剖面设计为标称高度剖面，从而使得末端点高度和倾角约束得到保证。根据末端动压误差设计修正律，迭代修正第一阶段动压剖面，从而使得最终的纵向轨迹满足所有的状态约束。在线轨迹递推采用以时间为自变量的数值积分，递推过程引入闭环制导律，通过实时修正攻角跟踪纵向剖面，修正倾侧角跟踪地面轨迹，从而保证在线生成的轨迹符合物理特性，降低闭环制导难度。在考虑初期再入末端大范围状态散布情况下，数值仿真显示了所提算法的鲁棒性。     

卫星轨道变化规律的综合分析

对于航天工程而言,无论是航天器的发射,卫星轨道设计,地面测控系统的跟踪、定轨和预报．还是卫星在轨运行过程中的轨道控制策略等,均需了解卫星轨道变化的规律。为此,本文对人造卫星(包括中心天体为快自转天体和慢自转天体两种引力源的绕飞轨道器)的轨道变化特征以及轨道寿命进行系统的综合分析。为各种应用提供简明信息。     

Orbit Design for the THEMIS Mission

THEMIS, NASA’s fifth Medium Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission will monitor the onset and macro-scale evolution of magnetospheric substorms. It is a fleet of 5 small satellites (probes) measuring in situ the magnetospheric particles and fields while a network of 20 ground based observatories (GBOs) monitor auroral brightening over Northern America. Three inner probes (～1 day period, 10 R_E apogee) monitor current disruption and two outer probes (～2 day and ～4 day period, 20 R_E and 30 R_E apogees respectively) monitor lobe flux dissipation. In order to time and localize substorm onsets, THEMIS utilizes Sun–Earth aligned conjunctions between the probes when the ground-based observatories are on the nightside. To maintain high recurrence of conjunctions the outer orbits have to be actively adjusted during each observation season. Orbit maintenance is required to rearrange the inner probes for dayside observations and also inject the probes into their science orbits after near-simultaneous release from a common launch vehicle. We present an overview of the orbit strategy, which is primarily driven by the scientific goals of the mission but also represents a compromise between the probe thermal constraints and fuel capabilities. We outline the process of orbit design, describe the mission profile and explain how mission requirements are targeted and evaluated. Mission-specific tools, based on high-fidelity orbit prediction and common magnetospheric models, are also presented. The planning results have been verified by in-flight data from launch through the end of the first primary science seasons and have been used for mission adjustments subject to the early scientific results from the coast phase and first tail season.     

基于遗传算法的太阳同步轨道组网访问序列优化

针对考虑回归周期、重访周期及地面站接收数据冲突等多约束条件下太阳同步回归轨道多星组网问题,开展了基于遗传算法的组网优化研究。通过分析太阳同步回归轨道运动特性与星下点的关系,构造了回归周期内轨道的访问序列,建立了卫星半长轴、相位差与太阳同步回归轨道的关系;结合组网卫星有效载荷指标参数,分析了回归周期、重访周期与访问序列的关系及极值;将组网卫星的访问序列作为优化参数,采用二进制编码方式建立综合适应度函数;设计了遗传算子并通过种群繁殖得到优化结果。仿真结果表明,该方法能够快速设计出满足约束条件的组网优化策略。     

转发式测轨系统地面设备时延测量方法

受地面设备时延误差的影响,转发式测轨系统的卫星定轨精度受到严重制约。为实现卫星精密定轨,地面设备时延误差的精确补偿至关重要,因此需要对地面设备时延进行精确测量。采用一种外环设备时延测量方法,实现对转发式测轨系统地面设备时延的实时测量。经过试验验证和分析,结果表明地面设备时延测量稳定度优于0.3ns,修正地面设备时延误差后的卫星重叠弧段的轨道差RMS值优于2m。     

航天器故障诊断和预测天地一体化集成系统

在轨航天器和地面航天飞控中心天地2个系统缺乏相互支持和配合，是导致对航天器故障诊断和预测能力不足的重要因素之一。为了提高航天器故障诊断和预测的有效性、可靠性和准确性，需要将天地2个系统集成为一个整体（天地一体化系统）。设计了航天器故障天地一体化集成诊断和预测系统，讨论了航天器故障天地一体化集成诊断和预测方法，对航天器故障天地一体化集成诊断系统和方法的特点进行了分析。将天地2个系统集成在一起对航天器故障进行诊断和预测，其效率、准确性和可靠性较高。     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

高轨目标掩星成像相位恢复技术研究

高轨目标掩星成像通过观测高轨卫星对恒星的遮掩过程,实现对高轨目标的成像.该方法采用望远镜线性阵列观测高轨目标遮掩恒星过程中恒星亮度变换,获得高轨目标在地面的投影,通过相位恢复方法可计算得到卫星轮廓图样,具有成像分辨力高,设备制造难度小等优点,在高轨目标成像领域具有较好应用前景.本文分析利用掩星成像方法对高轨目标成像的可行性,重点对掩星成像过程的相位恢复方法进行改进,根据掩星成像特点对输入输出算法进行优化,仿真结果表明：改进后的相位恢复方法可显著提高图像恢复质量和掩星成像方法的空间分辨力.     

Spacecraft telemetry link performance in a transfer orbit

There are several critical periods early in the mission of a geo-stationary communication satellite. The first is the period from launch vehicle ignition until the upper stage final successful burn. The second is after the above span until the vehicle reaches its final altitude of a synchronous orbit. For a nominal low thrust apogee boost ascent subsystem during that later time, almost continuous telemetry is mandatory. This is especially true during the crucial periods of main engine burns and attitude correction phases. Maintaining a strong telemetry link throughout this phase requires an adequate RF signal link from the spacecraft to a ground station in the telemetry RF channel. An analysis of this link performance during each orbit until final position has two major aspects. One, the location of the spacecraft in relation to the ground tracking station at each moment in the mission is a matter of geometry and Keplerian physics. The other is the RF signal and its supporting subsystems, both on the ground and aboard the vehicle. The fundamental theoretical considerations or both the orbit parameters and radio link components are examined and then the individual parameter sensitivities are analyzed. Next, a nominal cast for a generic mission is studied. This survey considers the telemetry performance during each major stage of the flight from the launch through the transfer orbit to the postinjection period to the final orbit. Then abnormal situations due to both orbit and RF faults are examined. Finally, some design and operation concepts which may lessen the impact of the previous anomalies, are presented     

通用卫星轨道的可视化向导式设计软件开发

通过研究太阳同步轨道、地球静止轨道、回归轨道、太阳同步回归轨道及冻结轨道的数学模型，开发了设计软件和人机交互界面，并通过与国际上最通用的卫星设计工具包stk的设计结果的比较及分析，验证了软件设计的正确性。最后从总体的角度介绍了本软件。     

Doppler Radar Tracking of Hostile Fire

Two fixed parameters define a two-dimensional projectile track relative to a radar: an arrival angle, and the expected distance of closest approach (miss distance). Both parameters can be obtained explicitly, the angle from the history of the phase difference between two elements of an interferometer antenna, and the miss distance from the history of the Doppler frequency.     

A new approach to on-board stationkeeping of GEO-satellites

This paper proposes a new autonomous stationkeeping system suitable for geostationary satellite operation and presents the results of the computer simulations conducted to verify the proposed system. The proposed on-board stationkeeping system receives pseudo-range signal from the ground equipments located at two different positions with a long baseline, determines the orbit error in real-time, and generates the orbit control command. To minimize the complexity of the on-board stationkeeping logic and to improve reliability, a simple orbit controller has been designed, which generates a series of control signal making the orbit roughly follow the predetermined reference range data. The reference range data are assumed to be generated through a ground based computer simulation and embedded or uploaded with time tag. Finally, the performance of the proposed system has been verified through computer simulations.