Image based control of the “PINOCCHIO” experimental free flying platform

A free floating platform is realized with a pneumatic suspension system which enables a two-dimensional test of complex space operations, such as rendezvous and docking. The platform is equipped with a IMU and actuated via cold gas thrusters. In addition, an on-board camera is used to acquire a target and its image is processed for evaluating the control actions needed to reach it. A technique for determining the relative position and velocity with respect to target using the same visual device is proposed and realized. The novel algorithms and relevant experimental results are presented. The tested accuracy of the relative navigation system is not very high, but the guidance algorithm, which is image based and has just a weak dependence on the position information, is robust enough to perform a successful maneuver. The error between the final acquired target image and the desired final target image is of the order of one pixel, notwithstanding all the testbed disturbances.     

Validation of attitude/deformation sensing techniques for space flexible manipulators

This paper proposes an approach that makes use of two different techniques to sense and identify both the rigid attitude motion and the flexible dynamics of a manipulator. With the first technique, an accurate attitude motion determination, based on the use of a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals, is performed. For this purpose, some antennas are placed on the manipulator in order to obtain the observable phase of the GNSS signal. The second technique, based on the use of accelerometer sensors, is used in order to identify the dynamic signature during the motion of the flexible link. Specifically, the modal parameters are estimated using data recorded from accelerometers, conveniently placed on the structure, by means of an output-only based approach. The developed algorithms used for both the attitude estimation and the output-only modal analysis are validated by experimental activities carried out on an in-house testbed representing a two flexible arm manipulator.     

基于MicroSim仿真平台的航天器交会对接物理仿真系统

航天器交会对接物理仿真是进行交会对接技术地面试验和验证的一种行之有效的方式,本文初步分析了利用微小卫星五自由度仿真平台M icroSim实现交会对接过程中测量方案、制导和控制策略以及GNC软件系统性能等仿真验证的物理仿真系统的可能性,简要介绍了M icroSim仿真平台,提出基于M icroSim仿真平台的航天器交会对接物理仿真系统总体方案。为建立我国的RVD物理仿真系统提供了一条快速低廉的有效途径。     

寻的导弹寄生天线罩耦合回路有效导航比设计

基于比例导引(PN)制导律和实际惯性稳定框架式导引头回路,针对导引头回路两种校正网络,建立了用于设计有效导航比的两种寻的导弹寄生天线罩耦合回路模型,给出了PN寻的制导系统的控制弹道实际有效导航比的计算公式及设计准则。算例结果表明,该方法正确有效,所得脱靶量较小。     

System test results from the GNC experiments on the PRISMA in-orbit test bed

The PRISMA in-orbit test bed will demonstrate guidance, navigation, and control strategies for spacecraft formation flying and rendezvous. The project is funded by the Swedish National Space Board and the prime contractor is the Swedish Space Corporation. The project is further supported by the German Aerospace Center, the Technical University of Denmark, and the French Space Agency. PRISMA was launched on June 15, 2010 and after three weeks of operations, all on-board systems and units have passed an initial commissioning phase. Separation of the two PRISMA satellites from each other is expected by mid-August 2010.PRISMA consists of two spacecraft: MAIN and TARGET. The MAIN spacecraft has full orbit control capability while TARGET is attitude controlled only.The Swedish Space Corporation is responsible for three groups of guidance, navigation, and control experiments. These experiments include GPS- and vision-based formation flying during which the spacecraft will fly in passive as well as forced motion. The three experiments are: autonomous formation flying, proximity operations with final approach/recede maneuvers, and autonomous rendezvous. This paper presents system test results from two of these experiments as obtained with the flight-ready system. The system tests consist of a series of simulations performed on the flight model spacecraft with a large amount of hardware in the loop.     

Autonomous guidance and control of Earth-orbiting formation flying spacecraft: Closing the loop

Previous work on autonomous formation flying guidance and control identified three key challenges to overcome in order to obtain a fully autonomous guidance and control loop: an accurate but simple model of relative motion about elliptical and perturbed orbits, an efficient way of performing conflicting requirements trade-off with power-limited on-board computers, and finally an optimal or near-optimal control algorithm easy to implement on a flight computer. This paper first summarizes recent developments on each of these subject that help to overcome these challenges, developments which are then used as building blocks for an autonomous formation flying guidance and control system. This system autonomously performs trade-offs between conflicting requirements, i.e. minimization of fuel cost, formation accuracy and equal repartition of the fuel expenditure within the formation. Simulation results show that a complete guidance and control loop can be established using mainly analytical results and with very few numerical optimization which facilitates on-board implementation.     

Autonomous navigation and guidance system for low thrust driven deep space missions

Presented herein is a concept of an Autonomous Navigation & Guidance System for electrically propelled deep space missions, including hardware configuration, algorithms for autonomous navigation and guidance, and estimates of potential guidance precision and mass consumption. This concept is actually a unified Navigation, Guidance and Attitude Control system. The unification is imposed by strong coupling between the orbital motion and the spacecraft attitude characteristic of low thrust space flights. The sensor set of the system consists of an optical instrument (Coupled Sun Star Tracker), and a block of four vector accelerometers. The propulsion subsystem is a set of nearly parallel Hall thrusters rigidly attached to the spacecraft body. The final stage of data processing is combining the thrust and torque programs and generating power and mass rate shares for every thruster. An end-to-end computer simulation provides guidance accuracy estimates versus the navigation data precision, flight time and available maximum thrust. Terminal guidance errors of a few tens of km in position and a few tens of cm/s in velocities are predicted under plausible assumptions on system parameters. Mass expenditures for the control are typically below one percent of total fuel mass budget.     

Autonomous guidance and control of Earth-orbiting formation flying spacecraft: Closing the loop

Previous work on autonomous formation flying guidance and control identified three key challenges to overcome in order to obtain a fully autonomous guidance and control loop: an accurate but simple model of relative motion about elliptical and perturbed orbits, an efficient way of performing conflicting requirements trade-off with power-limited on-board computers, and finally an optimal or near-optimal control algorithm easy to implement on a flight computer. This paper first summarizes recent developments on each of these subject that help to overcome these challenges, developments which are then used as building blocks for an autonomous formation flying guidance and control system. This system autonomously performs trade-offs between conflicting requirements, i.e. minimization of fuel cost, formation accuracy and equal repartition of the fuel expenditure within the formation. Simulation results show that a complete guidance and control loop can be established using mainly analytical results and with very few numerical optimization which facilitates on-board implementation.     

基于气浮台的编队飞行地面试验建模与鲁棒控制器设计

为分析验证卫星编队飞行涉及的相对导航、制导与控制以及星间通信等问题,搭建了编队飞行的地面试验系统,采用了一块3m×4.5m的气浮平台和具有两个平动自由度和一个转动自由度的卫星仿真器分别来模拟低阻力的空间环境和编队飞行的卫星,相对导航采用了视觉相机和室内GPS两种方案,星间通信则通过蓝牙进行模拟。推导了描述仿真器间相对运动的包含参数不确定性的动力学模型,并基于此模型设计了带极点配置的鲁棒H∞控制算法,通过姿态同步和构型保持等仿真实验重点对编队飞行的相对导航、星间通信和相对状态控制进行分析验证,对实际的编队任务具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

速度信息缺失的平动点轨道交会预设性能控制

以平动点轨道的交会对接为研究背景，基于高阶积分链微分器和预设性能控制理论提出了一种仅需相对位置信息的平动点轨道近程交会控制律。首先利用高阶积分链微分器估计两航天器的相对速度状态，并设计预设性能控制器使得两航天器的相对运动状态在预设的边界内渐近收敛到期望状态。然后利用李雅普诺夫函数证明相对运动状态存在扰动时控制器的稳定性。该方法为闭环控制，且与模型无关，容易在线操作。仿真结果表明，在平动点轨道航天器存在未知扰动以及导航制导等不确定的情况下，利用所提交会控制律能够实现追踪航天器与目标航天器交会任务的高精度实时控制，具有较强鲁棒性。     

具有最小航向误差的变结构导引规律设计

研究了具有最小航向误差的变结构最优制导问题，选择滑动面函数是航向误差和视线角速度的函数，得到的变结构制导规律由变增益比例导引项、航向误差项以及补偿项组成，弹道收敛性好。在拦截点以前，制导进入滑动模态，在滑动面上，变结构制导规律呈现平行接近法导引性质，具有最小的脱靶量和最低的控制能量要求，仿真结果证实了该结论。     

三轴气浮台转动惯量测试方法研究

提出了一种用于实测在多轴多体卫星全物理仿真中的三轴气浮台转动惯量的新方法,着重叙述其测试原理、步骤,并进行了单通道全物理仿真试验,试验结果分析表明,该方法误差较小,又无须增添专用测试设备,因而是气浮台试验中一种简单实用的转动惯量测试方法。此方法也可稍做推广即可应用于卫星在轨运行状态监测和在轨故障检测等几个研究方面。     

视场角受限的三维攻击角度控制导引律

考虑末制导阶段捷联导引头视场角限制及攻击角度约束,提出一种基于三维比例导引攻击角度控制的导引律。首先,利用三维矢量制导模型和四元数理论实现三维比例导引的攻击角度预测,进而基于空间几何原理设计一种能够满足视场角约束的三维比例导引攻击角度控制方法。对闭环制导动力学进行分析,并采用李雅普诺夫原理证明视场角受限情况下的制导误差收敛性。分析该制导方法在导弹速度大小变化情况下的轨迹不变性,进而保证制导方法在速度大小变化情况下的有效性。理论分析和仿真校验结果说明了该方法的正确性和有效性。提出的方法可为视场角受限下的攻击角度控制导引律设计提供参考。     

PRISMA—A formation flying project in implementation phase

The PRISMA project for autonomous formation flying and rendezvous has passed its critical design review in February–March 2007. The project comprises two satellites which are an in-orbit testbed for Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) algorithms and sensors for advanced formation flying and rendezvous. Several experiments involving GNC algorithms, sensors and thrusters will be performed during a 10 month mission with launch planned for the second half of 2009.The project is run by the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) in close cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the French Space Agency (CNES) and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Additionally, the project also will demonstrate flight worthiness of two novel motor technologies: one that uses environmentally clean and non-hazardous propellant, and one that consists of a microthruster system based on MEMS technology.The project will demonstrate autonomous formation flying and rendezvous based on several sensors—GPS, RF-based and vision based—with different objectives and in different combinations. The GPS-based onboard navigation system, contributed by DLR, offers relative orbit information in real-time in decimetre range. The RF-based navigation instrument intended for DARWIN, under CNES development, will be tested for the first time on PRISMA, both for instrument performance, but also in closed loop as main sensor for formation flying. Several rendezvous and proximity manoeuvre experiments will be demonstrated using only vision based sensor information coming from the modified star camera provided by DTU. Semi-autonomous operations ranging from 200 km to 1 m separation between the satellites will be demonstrated.With the project now in the verification phase particular attention is given to the specific formation flying and rendezvous functionality on instrument, GNC-software and system level.     

Ballistics, navigation, and motion control for a spacecraft during its landing on the surface of Phobos

Basic concepts and algorithms laid as foundations of the scheme of landing on the Martian moon Phobos (developed for the Phobos-Grunt project) are presented. The conditions ensuring the landing are discussed. Algorithms of onboard navigation and control are described. The equations of spacecraft motion with respect to Phobos are considered, as well as their use for correction of the spacecraft motion. The algorithm of estimation of the spacecraft’s state vector using measurements with a laser altimeter and Doppler meter of velocity and distance is presented. A system for modeling the landing with a firmware complex including a prototype of the onboard computer is described.     

精确制导武器红外成像导引头控制系统研究

红外成像制导具有导引精度高、抗干扰能力强以及可进行多目标识别与跟踪等特点,目前已成为攻击型无人机、小型战术导弹等制导武器制导方式的发展方向。而红外成像导引头作为整个制导系统的重要组成部分,为了提高其控制系统的动态性能和跟踪精度,设计了一种模糊自适应PID控制器并引入到导引头控制回路中。同时,还分别采用校正网络和PID控制这些传统的改善系统性能的方法与之进行对比仿真研究,结果表明模糊自适应PID控制器较之传统方法使导引头控制系统的动态性能和跟踪精度有了明显的改善和提高。     

Study of a bunch of three algorithms for magnetic control of attitude and spin rate of a spin-stabilized satellite

We consider the angular motion of an axi-symmetrical satellite equipped with an active magnetic attitude control system. Dynamics of the satellite is studied on the entire control loop, consisting of a bunch of three successively used algorithms. The control cycle includes the stages of nutation damping, spinning up the satellite about its symmetry axis, and reorienting the symmetry axis into a preset direction in the inertial space. The results are confirmed by numerical simulations.     

高精度偏置比例导引末制导律研究

针对微型拦截器高精度制导控制要求,研究了偏置比例导引末制导控制技术,设计了偏置比例导引律,开发了偏航/滚动优化姿态控制系统,进行了六自由度数学仿真,结果表明:偏置比例导引末制导系统能够实现微型拦截器的高精度直接碰撞.     

Asymptotic study of a complete magnetic attitude control cycle providing a single-axis orientation

The angular motion of an axisymmetrical satellite equipped with the active magnetic attitude control system is examined. Attitude control system has to ensure necessary orientation of the axis of symmetry in the inertial space. It implements the following strategy: coarse reorientation of the axis of symmetry with nutation damping or “-Bdot” without initial detumbling; spinning-up about the axis of symmetry to achieve the property of a gyro; fine reorientation of the axis in the inertial space. Dynamics of the satellite is analytically studied using averaging technique on the complete control loop consisting of five algorithms. Solutions of the equations of motion are obtained in terms of quadratures for most cases or even in closed-form. The latter allowed to study the dependence of motion parameters including time-response with respect to the orbit inclination and other parameters for all algorithms.     

光学稳像系统颤振抑制性能的分析与设计

光学稳定成像方法是一种用于隔离视轴颤振对成像质量影响的综合处理技术,它结合传统光学与反馈控制理论,通过闭环控制系统驱动在光成像通路内的动态校正机构补偿探测视轴与成像焦面间的相对运动,进而有效提升成像质量。文章首先建立了光学稳像系统的回路模型,并在此基础上,根据控制系统稳定性判据导出了颤振抑制函数的设计约束,分析了像移测量延时特性、测量精度特性及校正机构动态性能对颤振抑制带宽的影响。文章进一步给出了一种光学稳像系统颤振抑制带宽的设计方法,该方法针对视轴颤振的功率谱密度、像移探测性能和光机校正机构的动态性能完成了颤振抑制带宽的优化,从而可最小化颤振补偿残差。最后通过试验验证了文中分析结论和设计方法的有效性。