低轨航天器运行环境质子通量预测模型对比研究

辐射带粒子环境是导致航天器故障和异常的重要因素。为此,需要对辐射带粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。文章主要研究低地球轨道（LEO）环境辐射带质子分布情况。分析了目前用来计算质子通量的几种常用模型的优缺点;利用各模型计算了不同轨道的质子通量,对计算结果进行了比较;总结了进行不同高度、不同能量范围的质子通量计算时,选择不同模型的依据原则。     

Penetration of solar cosmic rays into the Earth’s magnetosphere on January 28, 2012

Results of the comparative analysis of the dynamics of SCR fluxes with energies of 1–100 MeV in the interplanetary environment according to the data of the ACE and Wind spacecraft and within the Earth’s magnetosphere according to the data of the GOES-15 and Electro-L satellites in the region of geostationary orbits, and POES-19 and Meteor-M1 in the region of polar caps during two increases in SCR of January 19–31, 2012, are presented. It is shown that the decrease in the efficiency of SCR penetration into the Earth’s magnetosphere in the region of the orbits under study on January 28, 2012, is related to the passage of the Earth’s magnetosphere through the interplanetary environment structure with a quasi-radial interplanetary magnetic field and a small pressure of the solar wind.     

Optimization of measurements of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes

The Earth’s radiation belts discovered at the end of the 1950s have great scientific and practical interest. Their main characteristics in magnetically quiet periods are well known. However, the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts during magnetic storms and substorms, particularly the dynamics of relativistic electrons of the outer belt, when Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes undergo significant time variations, is studied insufficiently. At present, principally new experiments have been performed and planned with the intention to better study the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts and to operationally control the space-energy distributions of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes. In this paper, for spacecraft designed to measure the fluxes of electrons and protons of the Earth’s radiation belts at altitudes of 0.5–10000 km, the optimal versions for detector orientation and orbital parameters have been considered and selected.     

载人航天器舱内辐射环境及剂量分析

构建载人航天器模型,利用Geant4软件计算了银河宇宙射线中的质子穿过载人航天器后在水模体中的总吸收剂量以及次级粒子吸收剂量,并且统计了不同种类的次级粒子在水模体中的总数量分布。计算结果表明,次级粒子引起的辐射剂量所占比例为50%,且二次电子总数量达到了10~7量级。     

基于羽流效应分析的航天器发动机布局设计研究

为解决由航天器姿控发动机等带来的羽流热效应问题,文章通过仿真得到了在不同的发动机布局下航天器表面的羽流热流密度分布情况,通过增大发动机的推力线角度和安装点高度,可以使得发动机羽流核心区远离航天器表面,从而降低喷流对航天器表面的加热效应。综合考虑控制力矩及推力损失、布局包络和发动机支架设计等因素,对某航天器发动机布局进行了优化设计及羽流热防护设计。     

充液航天器变质量液体大幅晃动的SPH分析方法

本文基于非惯性系下的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,在以虚粒子设置缓冲层的开口边界处理方法基础上,提出一种流出流量可控的出口边界处理方法,能够根据当前时刻航天器的姿态信息和充液比,计算该动力学时间步下变质量液体晃动对航天器产生的作用力和作用力矩,使得航天器系统动力学的闭环仿真成为可能.最后,通过与计算流体动力学(CF...     

多层隔热组件等效热物性参数的分析

多层隔热组件在卫星热设计中应用最为广泛,主要用于减小漏热以及整星与外环境之间的热耦合。文章采用等效处理的方式,将多层隔热组件等效成为一种低太阳吸收比、低红外发射率的热控涂层。根据等效处理法结果讨论了等效处理法在计算中可能带来的误差。     

一种粒子群模糊支持向量机的航天器参量预测方法

针对航天器精确预测与健康管理的需求,将粒子群算法、模糊数学与支持向量机的优势相结合,提出了一种粒子群模糊支持向量机预测方法。针对某卫星南帆板输出电流参量的预测实例,设计了总平均绝对误差、总平均绝对百分比误差、总均方根误差三个预测结果评价指标,对不同步长情况下的预测结果进行了比较,证明了粒子群优化模糊支持向量机预测方法的有效性。通过对比粒子群优化模糊支持向量机模型、灰色粒子群神经网络优化模型、粒子群神经网络模型、灰色模型预测的总平均绝对百分比误差,结果证明粒子群优化模糊支持向量机的预测精度和效率较高,在航天器参量预测领域具有较好的应用前景。     

Precise modelling of solar and thermal accelerations on Rosetta

This paper presents an analytical approach for the high-fidelity model of the accelerations induced by the Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) and the Thermal Recoil Pressure (TRP) on ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft. The relevant gravitational forces that are induced by planets, moons, and asteroids can readily be incorporated for predicting interplanetary trajectories. However, there are additional perturbation forces that cause residual errors in the orbit determination process. These are the so-called “small forces”, which are mainly induced by the SRP and TRP effects and are often not modelled adequately or not completely. In the case of deep-space missions, the spacecraft travels a wide range of distances relative to the Sun. This makes the spacecraft exposed to a wide range of solar fluxes and surface temperatures. This paper establishes a high-fidelity acceleration model, which enables more precise orbit predictions for interplanetary spacecraft. The application of the model is demonstrated and validated using the orbit determination data and in-flight temperature data of the Rosetta spacecraft.     

航天器热平衡温度预测的粒子群算法

为解决航天器热平衡试验温度外推预测方法中存在的问题,提出了热平衡温度预测的粒子群优化算法。根据热平衡温度模型,建立待优化的目标函数以及热平衡温度粒子群算法的计算流程。依据某型号卫星热平衡试验的前期温度数据,对热平衡极限温度以及瞬时温度进行预测,并与实测数据进行了比对。计算结果与实测数据相比具有较好的一致性,所提出的方法可有效地应用于航天器热平衡试验温度预测。     

Study of radiation conditions onboard the International space station by means of the Liulin-5 dosimeter

For estimating radiation risk in space flights it is necessary to determine radiation dose obtained by critical organs of a human body. For this purpose the experiments with human body models are carried out onboard spacecraft. These models represent phantoms equipped with passive and active radiation detectors which measure dose distributions at places of location of critical organs. The dosimetric Liulin-5 telescope is manufactured with using three silicon detectors for studying radiation conditions in the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS). The purpose of the experiment with Liulin-5 instrument is to study dynamics of the dose rate and particle flux in the phantom, as well as variations of radiation conditions on the ISS over long time intervals depending on a phase of the solar activity cycle, orbital parameters, and presence of solar energetic particles. The Liulin-5 dosimeter measures simultaneously the dose rate and fluxes of charged particles at three depths in the radial channel of the phantom, as well as the linear energy transfer. The paper presents the results of measurements of dose rate and particle fluxes caused by various radiation field components on the ISS during the period from June 2007 till December 2009.     

Contribution of solar cosmic rays to the formation of the Earth’s proton radiation belt

The significance of the contribution of solar protons to fluxes of trapped radiation in the Earth’s outer radiation belt (L > 2) is estimated for various phases of solar activity. In periods of high solar activity, proton fluxes with the energy 1–5 MeV at L = 2–3 for the bulk of time have SCR as a source, during a minimum of solar activity, trapped proton fluxes are determined by the conventional diffusive mechanism under the action of sudden IMF impulses.     

Reflection Model as Applied for the Analysis of Enhancements of Solar Cosmic Rays at Different Heliocentric Distances: An Example of the Event Observed in June 1991 onboard GRANAT and ULYSSES Spacecraft

In this paper we consider a large-scale enhancement of the intensity of solar protons (E = 1–20 MeV) observed in June 1991 for 26 days at different points of interplanetary space, onboard ULYSSES (in the time period under consideration it was located at a heliocentric distance of 3 AU, at an angular distance of 70° to the East of the Sun–Earth line and 3° to the South of the ecliptic plane) and GRANAT (which was orbiting around the Earth spending most of its flight time outside the Earth's magnetosphere). An approximation is made of the complex time profile of the enhancement of the solar cosmic ray (SCR) intensity on the basis of the reflection model of their propagation in the heliosphere. It has been established that, in this event, the transport of SCR particles in the interplanetary space was mainly carried out in the traps made up by the fronts of radially moving flare disturbances. The parameters of these fronts obtained when modeling this enhancement of SCR allow one to estimate the characteristic dimensions of the regions of effective capture of SCR. Comparison of the results of approximations obtained for the data from GRANAT and ULYSSES spacecraft demonstrated an increase in the regions of capture of SCR when the radial distance from the Sun increases.     

关于卫星姿态确定非线性滤波算法的研究

本文探讨了利用方位矢量和陀螺速率观测信息确定卫星姿态的问题。该问题实际上是一个非线性/非高斯状态滤波问题,因此,经典的基于EKF和UKF算法的姿态滤波器有可能失败,尤其是当初始状态的先验估计不可能精确得知的情况下。近来,粒子滤波理论已经开始应用于姿态确定问题,但是,这类算法往往需要大量的“粒子”,这对有限计算能力来说是一个沉重的负担。为此,本文尝试利用双重滤波方法,在每个序贯估计过程中,将有陀螺姿态确定问题暂时分解为1个四元数估计问题和1个陀螺常漂参数估计问题。本文提出了2个双重滤波器,包括1个姿态确定双重粒子滤波器和1个姿态确定的混合型滤波器。这两者都采用一个相同的四元数粒子滤波器,但在粒子重采样和平滑处理方面,不同于近来提出的类似滤波器。至于陀螺常漂估计,双重粒子滤波器发展了一个辅助粒子滤波器,而混合滤波器中则发展了一个参数UKF滤波器。通过与经典的姿态确定滤波器的仿真比较,证实了本文新提的2个算法的有效性和优越性。
     

Observation of narrow energy spectrum electron flows on <Emphasis Type="Italic">the INTERBALL Tail Probe</Emphasis> and their possible relation with the spacecraft charging

The paper describes cases of observations of narrow energy spectrum electron flows up to 500 eV on the INTERBALL Tail Probe. About 30 events were registered in 1996 on the night side of the Earth predominantly in 03^h–06^h local time sector. Quasimonochromatic electrons (QME) were registered by all 8 spectrometer channels oriented along the spacecraft meridian with angles of the field of view centers relative to sunward direction from 11° to 169°. Quasimonochromatic electrons were observed simultaneously with large fluxes of high temperature magnetospheric electrons. The dependences of QME energy on both fluxes and energy of high-energy magnetospheric electrons were observed in every event. The ratio of full width at half height (FWHH) to mean energy of QME was ~20%. This electron component with quasimonochromatic energy probably was originated on the spacecraft surface. The registered energy of QME was apparently due to difference of potentials between spacecraft surface from which electron beam originated and the location of electron spectrometer.     

Low-energy ion fluxes and magnetic field on the inner boundary of the heliosphere

A comparison of temporal profiles of low-energy ion intensity and magnetic field magnitude in different periods of solar activity in the outer heliosphere is carried out using the data of the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. It is shown that temporal, spectral, and statistical characteristics of particle fluxes and magnetic field in the heliospheric regions before and after the terminal shock in 2002–2008 had similar dynamics in different hemispheres. This similarity allowed one to assume that, in the region of the inner heliospheric boundary, a quasistable spatial structure existed moving together with the terminal shock in accordance with the solar wind pressure, as well as, probably, under the action of the interstellar medium. It was revealed that the spatial dimensions of most details of this structure are less on Voyager 2, which, probably, is due to variation of the solar activity level, difference in latitude of spacecraft disposition, and also the influence of the interstellar magnetic field.     

航天器防护高能带电粒子的新方法

文章介绍了航天器防护高能带电粒子的一种新方法——利用磁鞘进行主动防护。阐述了磁鞘防护高能带电粒子的基本原理,分析了其在工程应用上的可行性,并提出了磁鞘的一种设计方案。针对这种设计方案进行了数值分析计算,结果表明该方案可以有效防护0.15MeV以下的电子。     

欠驱动刚性航天器姿态的非完整运动规划粒子群算法

研究欠驱动刚性航天器姿态的非完整运动规划问题。众所周知航天器利用三个动量飞轮可以控制其姿态和任意定位，当其中一轮失效，航天器动力学方程表现为不可控。在系统角动量为零的情况下，系统的姿态控制问题可转化为无漂移系统的运动规划问题。基于粒子群优化技术设计了欠驱动刚性航天器姿态的非完整运动规划算法。通过数值仿真，并和遗传算法进行了比较，结果表明该方法对欠驱动航天器姿态运动规划是有效的。     

A Series of Proton Flares in July 1985 from Observations by the Prognoz-10 Satellite and Vega-1, 2 Spacecraft

The enhancements of solar protons with an energy of more than 30 MeV, originating from flares in one active region and observed simultaneously aboard three spacecraft Vega-1, 2 and Prognoz-10 in July 1985, are analyzed and approximated in this work by using the reflection model [2]. The numerical values of several physical parameters (the parameters of distribution of solar cosmic ray (SCR) particles inside heliosphere traps, the coefficients of trap transparency) that are not observed by direct measurements are estimated.