Tactical cockpits-the coming revolution

A cockpit revolution is in the making. Many of the much ballyhooed, much promised, but little delivered technologies of the 70's and 80's will finally come of age in the 90's just in time to complement the data explosion coming from sensor and processing advances. Technologies such as helmet systems, large flat panel displays, speech recognition, color graphics, decision aiding and stereopsis, are simultaneously reaching technology maturities that promise big payoffs for the third generation cockpit and beyond. The first generation cockpit used round dials to help the pilot keep the airplane flying right side up. The second generation cockpits used multifunction displays and the HUD to interface the pilot with sensors and weapons. What might the third generation cockpit look like? How might it integrate many of these technologies to simplify the pilot's life and most of all: what is the payoff? This paper examines tactical cockpit problems, the technologies needed to solve them and recommend three generations of solutions     

Flying the Desk

The terminology ``flying the desk' has had a bad connotation for aviators over the years, inferring that a pilot has been relegated from the aircraft cockpit to an earthbound office. A unique advanced transport flight station design, described in this paper, could change that implication. The Lockheed-Georgia Company, in a joint project with NASA, has designed, developed, and fabricated a high fidelity flight station simulator for researching issues pertaining to transport aircraft of the mid-1990s and beyond. Early in the program the need and operational requirements for an advanced transport were identified, operating environments were forecast, and technologies available for application to future aircraft were projected. The flight station and all crew systems were designed and initially tested in a full scale mockup by operational line pilots. The refined design was then incorporated into three identical full-mission flight station simulators located at NASA's Ames and Langley Research Centers and at Lockheed's plant in Marietta, Georgia. These simulators contain the unique Pilot's Desk Flight Station design, a radical departure from traditional transport cockpits. The desk design resembles an office or laboratory workstation.     

Human Factors R&D Requirements for Future Aerospace Cockpit Systems

Cockpits are rapidly changing from dedicated instruments to multifunction displays, integrated controls, and computer controlled subsystems. Solid-state displays, voice recognition, and artificial intelligence are just a few of the emerging technologies that will help the pilot perform his mission in the future. Early investigations involving mission analysis, sensor data, software development, and evaluations will be required to insure total integration. These new technologies will require extensive human factors research in the areas of anthropometry, displays, controls, human/computer interface, automation, and workload assessment to support the integration process. This research will help provide weapons systems that have increased survivability and reduced pilot workload. This paper addresses some of the human factors research that will be needed to help develop future cockpit systems. It also reviews the basic evolution of the crew station and some of the emerging technologies that will drive human factors research in the 1990s. In the past, crew systems were designed to provide each aircraft function with a corresponding instrument display, such as airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude direction indicator, vertical velocity indicator, etc. The bulk of the information had to be integrated by the pilot. Present systems are in a state of transition. We are rapidly moving from individual instruments to multifunction displays. The C-17, HH-60, F-15E, B-1B, F-111D, and F-16C/D aircraft use multifunction, cathode-ray tube displays, some of which are color. Another trend is the continued increase in the use of integrated controls.     

牵引救生装置性能仿真研究

为了获得牵引救生装置最佳性能,根据牵引救生装置的工作原理,针对牵引救生过程的不同阶段,建立相应的数学模型,用仿真计算的手段来确定弹射筒和牵引火箭的动力配置以及前后舱乘员程序离机的时间间隔,结果表明该牵引救生装置的设计方案为：弹射筒出口速度13m／s,火箭牵引动力5000N,工作时间0．7S,前后舱飞行员同时弹射。牵引救生装置性能仿真研究为救生装置的总体设计提供初步性能依据和最终技术方案。     

民用飞机信息重构技术性能分析

大尺寸显示器已经广泛应用于新一代民用飞机的驾驶舱内。虽然通过提高信息集成度能够提升飞行员的用户体验，但是，正因为其要求的系统集成度高，在发生局部失效时，容易导致集成显示信息的共模失效，加之信息布局对管理操作任务的性能有着重要影响，如果诱发工作负荷的增加，在特定场景下甚至会迫使飞行机组丧失必要的任务情景意识。信息重构技术是应对此类问题的重要手段。在民用飞机机组资源管理理念的指导下，根据飞行机组的职责分配和人机工程学要求，论述了在主仪表板布置4块15 inch正屏显示器的布局是一种具有比较优势的布局方案。从关键飞行场景下飞行机组的操作任务需求入手，基于正常操作流向保持、压缩格式、重构操作、以及职责分配一致性这4个评价信息重构性能的要素，通过对比分析，证明了所提的显示管理策略相较于某现役先进机型具有更优的信息重构性能。     

民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效综合评价

未来民机驾驶舱将广泛采用触控技术,但目前尚未形成针对民机驾驶舱显示触控系统的人机工效评价体系与评价方法。针对上述问题,首先梳理民机驾驶舱显示触控系统相关的现行标准与规范,结合适航规章中人为因素考察项,提出民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效评价指标体系。其次,考虑到评价指标的模糊性与灰色性,基于灰色关联分析,对传统模糊层次综合评价算法从数据集结处理和指标权重确定两个方向进行改进,通过构造专家信度系数修正秩次矩阵,实现专家认知特性的定量描述,建立民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效综合评价模型。最后,结合ACROSS项目下的民机驾驶舱显示触控系统人机工效评价试验案例,分析驾驶舱显示触控系统配置策略对系统人机工效的影响,验证了评价体系与评价方法的适用性和合理性。     

The C-17 multifunction display: a building block for avionicsystems

The multifunction display (MFD) developed for use as the primary cockpit display system on the US Air Force C-17A military air transport is described. The 6-in by 6-in color cathode ray tube (CRT) display features a self-contained 1750 processor and vector generator capable of processing MIL-STD-1553B aircraft data and raster video into any of 10 formats as selected by the pilot or copilot. The MFD can display stroke, raster, or hybrid formats in 16 colors. Raster images are driven by sensor inputs with an RS-170 or RS-343 interface. The CRT uses a taut mask delta gun design and provides the best available brightness and line-width performance. The display features small size, low weight, low power, standard interface, and adaptable software. Reconfigurability in the aircraft is enhanced by using four identical cockpit displays     

交流对机组失误的影响

分析了团队失误产生的一般过程，发现加强交流管理可以有效改善团队工作的整个过程，从而降低人为失误的发生．指出造成机组交流缺陷的多种原因．给出实际可行的交流方法以减少机组失误的产生。     

民用飞机驾驶舱照明光辐射安全问题探讨The Discussion of Civil Aircraft Cockpit Lighting light radiation safety issue 魏培坤 吴春泽

民用飞机驾驶舱照明旨在为飞行员创造一个舒适安全的视觉环境,保证飞行员能准确地操作各种控制开关和清晰地判读仪表、显示器等的显示信息。照明的安全除了传统意义上的安全外也应包括光辐射安全,随着LED在驾驶舱照明中的应用,光辐射安全问题日益突出,必须制定出一种对驾驶舱照明环境中的光辐射危害水平进行评估的方法,以保证飞行员的眼睛和皮肤不受到潜在的光辐射伤害。     

民机驾驶舱工效学综合评价方法研究及应用

飞机驾驶舱工效学综合评价是驾驶舱研制中一个极其重要的问题,以往在驾驶舱的研制过程中往往为其工程质量提出种种衡量标准而忽视工效学的综合评价,导致设计出的驾驶舱存在不少工效学方面的问题。为此,结合民机驾驶舱工效学的实际情况,本文提出一种将改进专家打分法、三标度层次分析法和模糊综合评判法集成的综合评价体系,给出了合适、可操作的评价指标和评价方法,能指导驾驶舱的工效学评价。该体系考虑了工效学评价的模糊性,实现了征求和提炼专家群体的意见,对飞机驾驶舱工效学进行了定量地综合评价,为比较相似设计方案的优劣提供了理论基础和方法。应用此方法,结合研究项目,对某民机驾驶舱尺寸设计的工效学进行了评价,证明了该方法的有效性。     

民机驾驶舱扬声器啸叫成因研究与抑制方法

民用飞机驾驶舱扬声器是一个电声换能器件,安装在飞机驾驶舱中,可将电信号转为声信号输出,并将声学功率辐射到驾驶舱。驾驶舱扬声器不仅能够为驾驶舱内的机组人员提供与客舱乘务人员以及塔台管制人员的通话语音,还能够提供飞行导航音、选呼音和告警音的发声。因此,驾驶舱扬声器是飞机上不可或缺的机载设备,为飞机的飞行安全提供了保障。驾驶舱扬声器产生的尖锐刺耳啸叫让人难以忍受,导致飞行机组无法听到其他声音,甚至无法使用语音通信系统,严重时会影响到飞行安全。指出驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的危害,分析啸叫的成因,并在此基础上探讨驾驶舱扬声器"啸叫"的抑制方法,为民机驾驶舱音频系统的防啸叫设计提供一定的参考依据。     

基于OpenGL的虚拟座舱显控系统快速设计与实现

以当前飞机座舱显控系统为背景,介绍座舱显控系统的组成和功能。以国内外通用的座舱显控系统为参考对象,使用VC++开发平台,应用OpenGL专业图形开发库,结合快速原型开发思想,设计并实现了一套完整的虚拟座舱显控系统。该虚拟座舱显控系统实现了数据显示、按键控制等功能。该系统能用来座舱显控系统的论证、开发和功能测试,还为飞行员的演示和培训提供了一种简单、快速、经济的选择。     

Humane Intelligence: A Human Factors Perspective for Developing Intelligent Cockpits

A human factors perspective for creating intelligent cockpits is described and explained. A conceptualized interface among the pilots, mental models, and human information technologies is proposed wherein knowledge concerning human cognition is meshed with the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence (AI). Necessarily, a different way of looking at the pilot's role in the intelligent cockpit is developed.     

载人航天器显示仪表展望

根据９０年代的先进技术展望载人航天器显示仪表的未来发展。在简单回顾现有航天器仪表之后,介绍９０年代有代表性的先进的波音７７７飞机座舱仪表。接着讨论彩色液晶平板显示仪、大屏幕显示仪与玻璃座舱等９０年代的先进技术,并提出由计算机统一管理的带自然语言输出的仪表,以发挥航天员听觉的作用和减轻航天员的视觉负担。     

民机新一代驾驶舱显示技术

在研究最新大型民用客机驾驶舱显示技术及平视显示器、电子飞行包、视景增强、合成视景等一系列新兴在研技术基础上,提出新一代驾驶舱显示技术的构想。新一代驾驶舱显示技术将以形象化的信息表达能力为基础,显示更丰富的周围环境,以达到降低飞行员工作量及提高飞行员情景意识和态势感知能力的目的。     

2010: The Symbionic Cockpit

The cockpit of the year 2010 is described in terms of both the capabilities and systems it contains and how the pilot interacts with it. A brief mission narrative is provided describing seveal hours in the life of the Manta air superiority fighter. This is followed by a discussion of the pilot interface components employed in the cockpit including hueristic voice, instrument panel display, canopy display, and holographic display systems. The concept of a ``symbionic' system is then introduced, describing in some detail the capabilities and features of a cockpit system that senses the physiological and mental state of the pilot and responds accrodingly. Finally, conclusions and predictions are made that summarize and emphasize the points made in the paper.     

Aiding vertical guidance understanding

A study was conducted to evaluate training and displays for the vertical guidance system of a modern glass cockpit airliner. The experiment consisted of a complete flight performed in a fixed-base simulator with airline pilots. Three groups were used to evaluate a new flight mode annunciator display and vertical navigation training. Results showed improved pilot performance with training and significant improvements with the training and the Guidance-Flight Mode Annunciator. Using actual behavior of the avionics to design pilot training and FMA is feasible and yields better pilot performance.     

Security, Internet connectivity and aircraft data networks

Internet connectivity which was in experimental stages only a few years ago is a reality today. Current implementations allow passengers to access Internet for pleasure and in some cases secure VPN access is provided to corporate networks. Several researchers are looking at the possibility of the existence of a total of three networks: passenger network (PN); crew network (CRN); and the control network (CON). Researchers envision an architecture where these three networks will co-exist in an airplane. The available Internet connectivity can be utilized for transporting flight critical information like cockpit flight data recorder (CFDR) data, digital flight data recorder (DFDR) data, cockpit voice recorder (CVR) data, and controller pilot data link communication. In addition, the Internet connectivity could also be used for other safety mechanisms like video surveillance and remote control of the flight. Security is one of the major concerns that affect the successful deployment of aircraft data networks (ADN) and other safety features. Several studies have been carried out to secure the network using firewalls and intrusion detection system but so far no study has focused on securing the communication channel (between the aircraft and the ground station) and its impact on the ADN. The scope of this research is to determine the viability and need of a security mechanism. The research also focuses on the performance of different security architectures and determine their usability in the framework of an ADN.     

基于功能危险性评估的民用飞机驾驶舱门设计探讨

FAA分别于2002年和2008年颁布25-106及25-127修正案,增加驾驶舱门安保事项以提高驾驶舱的安全水平。修正案要求加固驾驶舱门,驾驶舱门必须设计成可以阻止未被授权人员进入驾驶舱并且阻碍危险物体射入以保证机组人员的安全。驾驶舱门必须能检测驾驶舱失压并可以释放门或者卸压板平衡压力差,还应有措施使飞机机组成员在该舱门卡住的情况下能直接从驾驶舱进入客舱。因此,在驾驶舱门上设有一个可以快速释放的紧急出口。根据飞机驾驶舱门结构及功能的主要特点,对驾驶舱门功能故障进行探讨,同时对功能故障引发的危险性等级进行划分,以确定安全指标,进而辅助驾驶舱门设计工作。     

合成视景系统的机遇与挑战

基于三维地形显示的合成视景系统结合空中隧道等新技术,为飞行员提高情形认知、降低工作量,同时也给传统驾驶舱显示、飞行安全、航线运营等带来不同程度的影响,特别是对驾驶舱显示将是划时代变革。综述机遇与挑战并结合航空发展,预测合成视景系统在10～15年内必将广泛应用。