美国发布新的国家航天政策

2006年8月31日，美国布什总统批准了一项新的国家航天政策，为美国航天活动建立了顶层指导方针。自1996年9月14日实施的“总统决策指示／国家科技委员会-8／国家安全委员会-49，国家空间政策”因此废止。现将2006年10月6日白宫发布的非密版航天新政策全文刊登如下。[编者按]     

构建国际空间新秩序 巩固美国空间领导地位——美国《国家航天政策》评析

<正>2010年6月28日,美国总统奥巴马签发新的《国家航天政策》(以下简称新政策),以取代2006年8月出台的《国家航天政策》。与2006年的航天政策相比,新政策调整了具有"单边主义"色彩的相关内容,语气与措辞也相对比较平和。     

渐进式调整:美国2010年国家航天政策的深度解析

<正>2010年6月28日,美国白宫新闻办公室发布了奥巴马政府的新版《美国国家航天政策》,取代了小布什政府于2006年发布的航天政策。该文件系统阐述了新一届美国政府在航天领域的目     

美国新的国家航天政策

总统于2006年8月31日批准了一项新的国家航天政策,确立了用于管理美国航天活动行为的总体国家政策。这一政策取代1996年9月14日颁布的《国家航天政策》(《总统决策指令/NSC-49/NSTC-8》)。1.背景50年来,美国在空间探索与利用领域一直处于世界领先地位,并建立了牢固的民用、商业     

《航天标准化》期刊2001年报道要点

根据 2 0 0 1年航天标准化科研计划纲要精神 ,紧密结合航天型号研制和科研生产管理实际 ,适时地做好航天标准化的宣传报道工作 ,拟定 2 0 0 1年《航天标准化》报道要点如下。1 标准化方针、政策与目标。有效贯彻和宣传国家、国防科工委、总装备部和航天科技、机电两大企业集团公司的有关标准化方针、政策以及各项法规性文件对指导实际工作的做法 ,认真贯彻《国防科工委关于加强国防科技工业质量管理工作若干问题的决定》 (即“30条”)以及原航天总公司颁布的“72条”、“2 8条”和质量归零“双五条”在型号研制中的作用与效果。2 国防科技…     

2006年中国卫星应用进展

对2006年中国卫星应用领域相关的国家政策、应用卫星的发展以及在卫星遥感、卫星通信和卫星导航、航天育种等方面取得的重大进展进行了评述。     

《航天标准化》期刊2004年报道要点

1.标准化方针、政策与目标·宣传国家和国防科技工业标准化方针与政策以及各项法规性文件的贯彻要求,行业标准化工作的目标与任务。·开展行业标准化法规体系的研究,落实集团公司有关型号研制与管理的标准化和质量法规的做法。·国家科技发展战略之一“技术标准战略”的研究,特别是在航天领域的研究。2.研究与探讨·市场经济条件下,标准化理论、管理模式和方法研究,行业标准化工作的方法创新和管理创新。·探讨航天两大集团公司标准化工作的新机制和运行的新模式。·标准化工作与市场经济接轨的实践和经验总结,深化研究加入WTO后航天标准…     

《航天标准化》期刊2003年报道要点

１．标准化方针、政策与目标·宣传国家、国防科工委、总装备部和航天两大集团公司的有关标准化方针、政策以及各项法规性文件，分析其对实际工作的指导作用。·学习贯彻航天两大集团公司标准化工作会提出的标准化工作的目标、思路、任务与措施的体会。·落实有关型号研制、管理的标准化与质量法规的做法。２．标准化研究与探讨·结合国防科技工业面临的形势和我国加入WTO后我们面临的挑战，围绕经济建设和质量工作，探讨标准化改革的路子与任务，分析工作中存在的问题，提出应对的措施。·根据航天两大集团公司２００２年工作会提出的新…     

日本重新公布航天开发政策指导意见的真实目的

一、引言2014年8月20日,日本重新公布了"航天开发政策指导意见",它是由航天政策委员会负责组织、基本政策部会负责整理、报宇宙战略室核定,经内阁总理大臣批准的国家(即日本,以下同)级的航天开发政策;阐述了重新公布航天开发政策指导意见的原因:面对国际形势和航天开发环境变化,必须从国家利益出发,站在长远发展的角度,研究、修改和完善航天政策,进一步     

《航天标准化》期刊2004年报道要点

1.标准化方针、政策与目标·宣传国家和国防科技工业标准化方针与政策以及各项法规性文件的贯彻要求,行业标准化工作的目标与任务。·开展行业标准化法规体系的研究,落实集团公司有关型号研制与管理的标准化和质量法规的做法。·国家科技发展战略之一“技术标准战略”的研究,特别是在航天领域的研究。2.研究与探讨·市场经济条件下,标准化理论、管理模式和方法研究,行业标准化工作的方法创新和管理创新。·探讨航天两大集团公司标准化工作的新机制和运行的新模式。·标准化工作与市场经济接轨的实践和经验总结,深化研究加入WTO后航天标准…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。