平凡的浪漫——神九航天员刘旺妻子王玮专访

航天城里处处可见的彩旗昭示着又一次重大任务的临近。每个人都是一种蓄势待发的姿态。2012年6月11日下午。在中国航天员中心的办公室里，我们见到了王玮。对她的第一印象是朴素、温柔，一袭过肩长发．声音像是和煦的春风拂过。面对我们的采访，她更多的将话题转向了自己的丈夫。对于自己，“感觉都是琐事。没什么可谈的”。     

又见体验营

有时候我觉得自己是世上最幸福的人。虽然还来不及慢慢回味,就坐上返家的火车,但闭上眼睛,过去四天里的每一秒都像一段美妙的音乐,回响在我的脑海。这不是梦。太多的记忆值得慢慢品味,太多的故事值得慢慢讲述。     

向外太空播种生命

如果其他的行星上没有生命,那就送一点儿去那里。地球的第一次星际远征似乎是一场灾难。在漫长的旅途中,绝大多数的乘客都死于辐射病。当太空船最终抵达目的地时,它一头栽在了一个荒凉的行星表面。密封舱开裂,渗入的外星空气又结果了许多剩下的远征队员。     

读者园地

对本刊读者的温馨提示尊敬的读者朋友:感谢您对我们杂志的喜爱。您的支持是对我们工作的最大肯定与鼓励。我们的杂志从创刊到你手中拿到的这期刊物已经连续出版发行了15期。而我们的部分订户朋友是从总第1期或总第7期开始订阅至总第14、15期,所以烦请您留意一下订阅的杂志是否已到期。如快到期或已到期.希望您能继续订阅本刊,本刊订阅价格保持不变(8元/册,48元/年)。有关的优惠赠送活动请关注本刊第79页的征订广告。     

美丽星空急需远离光污染

或许不少人在童年时都有数星星的经历。在我的童年记忆里，天上的星星多得数不清。但是，现今城市夜空中的星星越来越好数了，因为城市的夜空越来越亮，稍暗一点的星星就看不见了，只能在天空中看见几十颗特别明亮的星星。不仅城市的夜空如此，城市附近的夜空也被污染得越来越明亮了。当一些偏僻的地区成为旅游胜地之后，日渐增多灯光也令当地的夜空越来越单调了。为了让人们意识到保护夜空的重要性，国际夜空保护组织从2010年开始举办“地球和天空”国际摄影大赛。2013年是第四届，最近大赛结果揭晓。评委从参赛的710幅作品中，选出了10幅获奖作品，其中有5幅获奖作品向人们展示了美丽的夜空景象，而另外5幅作品则展示了光污染的严重性。     

寿命的可靠性综论(三)——故障更新信息的汇总、分析、改进系统及维修策略

产品出了故障就要维修,到了使用寿命不报废就要更新,为此需要设计一个维修更新系统。在产品设计中偶然故障的可靠性预计的基本假设是:产品组成单元故障率之和即产品故障率。本文通过实际数据揭示,硬件故障只是产品故障的一部分。根本的办法是在预计的初步基础上,全面、详细地统计分析现场故障,从产品各方面有针对性地进行改进。因此建立全面的故障更新信息的汇总、分析、改进系统极为重要。维修性的数学模型应从现场数据总结并求数值解。备件的费用取决于备件价格。本文导出了最佳备件数公式,一般用数值法求解。它的最简单情况即古典运筹学中的库存公式。     

“我找对了老公”——刘伯明妻子张瑶访谈

张瑶的笑容和刘伯明的极其相似,安静而活泼、踏实又幸福,俨然成了舒服的自处。自得其乐的人说起话来也娓娓道来,慢慢的、淡淡的,不经意间,已然是篇美好的故事:"我们俩是老乡,又是一所中学的,他比我高两届。我母亲当时是中学校长,刘伯明高二时,母亲代过他们班语文课,当时他就给母亲留下了很深的印象。后来考上飞行员也是我母亲送他去的。从那之后的五六年间,他一直和我母亲保持通信,汇报学习和工作,谈人生、谈理想。有一次,我母亲就问他有对象没,想找个什么样的。他说还没有,找个能独立理家的就行。"说到这儿,张瑶的脸上多了一抹灿烂。     

论管制员的职业道德

职业道德是道德的特定范畴，是和一定职业相联系的社会意识形态。是从事特定工作的人们共同生活及其行为的准则和规范。职业道德与规章制度不同，它是通过从业人员的自律或通过一定的舆论对其工作生活起约束作用。职业道德具有鲜明的职业特征，不同的职业对于其从业人员的行为规范和价值取向的要求是不尽相同的。救死扶伤是医生的天职，传道授业解惑是对教师的要求，等等。     

冯·布劳恩的“火星梦”

或许因为火星人的传说。或许因为火星极地冰冠的存在。人类对探索火星有着异乎寻常的热情。1948年，随着V-2导弹测试项目接近尾声。航天专家沃纳·冯·布劳恩闲暇时写了一部火星探险的科幻小说。虽然小说文学性缺乏，但作为工程师的冯·布劳恩在手稿附录中列出了全面的工程运算数据和图表。     

绚烂如夏花静美如秋叶——记英国首位女航天员海伦·沙曼

80年代的世界航天领域—直都由苏联和美国主导。其他国家的航天员也是鲜有耳闻。1991年来自英国的航天员海伦·沙曼（HelenPatriciaSharman）首次访问了太空，这引起了不小的轰动。因为她是继苏联和美国之后第三国走出的第一位进入太空的女航天员。而且她有个特殊的身份一一青年化学家。一时间沙曼聚焦了无数的目光，人们对这位英国的女航天员充满了好奇。     

The famous son of Ukrainian people V.I. Voznyuk who has provided launch of all ballistic missiles of the cosmodrome Kapustin Yar

The history of the life of V.I. Voznyuk is a history of the phenomenon of the Soviet rocket progress when the engineers with experience of launch of military rocket of small radius of action were testing the ballistic missiles. The remarkable and little-known destiny of Voznuk is the history of the Soviet rocket technology experts who had a severe practical schooling of command by the military forces of the first combat missiles “Katucha” during the grim military years (including the grandiose fight in Stalingrad) and then they have continued to launch the ballistic missiles. V.I. Voznyuk worked as the chief of the first Soviet cosmodrome Kapustin Yar for almost 30 years—since the most difficult moment of its organization. He organized a launch of the first Soviet ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, R-5M of S. Korolev. This report is about the outstanding achievement of the organizing ability of V.I. Voznyuk—about the launch of a missile with a nuclear warhead in 1956. V.I. Voznyuk closes a unique chain in the world of outstanding figures of space-rocket technology who were born or lived in Ukraine from designers of missile up to the organizers of its manufacture and now up to the organizers of the tests of rockets—J. Aizenberg, V. Budnik, O. Baclanov, V. Dogujiev, M. Galasj, N. Gerasuta, V. Gluschko, B. Gubanov, A. Gudimenko, I. Ivanov, G. Kesunjko, B. Konoplev, S. Korolev, V. Kovtunenko, V. Kukuschkin, O. Makarov, A. Nedaivoda, M. Reshetniyov, Yu. Semenov, V. Sergeev, Yu. Smetanin, V. Tchelomey, D. Torchiy, V. Utkin and M. Yangel.     

First results of investigating the space environment onboard the Universitetskii-Tatyana satellite

The complex of scientific pay load installed onboard the research and educational Universitetskii-Tatyana microsatellite of Moscow State University is described. The complex is designed to study charged particles in the near-earth space and ultraviolet emissions of the atmosphere. Data of the measurements of charged particle fluxes in the microsatellite orbit are presented, spectra are calculated, and the dynamics of penetration boundaries for protons of solar cosmic rays (SCR) during geomagnetic disturbances in 2005 is investigated. Intensities of the ultraviolet emission are measured in the entire range of variation of the atmospheric irradiation, as well as intensities of auroras in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The experimental data on flashes of ultraviolet radiation (transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere) are considered, and some examples of oscillograms of their temporal development and their distribution over geographical coordinates are presented. Original Russian Text ? V.A. Sadovnichy, M.I. Panasyuk, S.Yu. Bobrovnikov, N.N. Vedenkin, N.A. Vlasova, G.K. Garipov, O.R. Grigorian, T.A. Ivanova, V.V. Kalegaev, P.A. Klimov, A.S. Kovtyukh, S.A. Krasotkin, N.V. Kuznetsov, S.N. Kuznetsov, E.A. Muravyeva, I.N. Myagkova, N.N. Pavlov, R.A. Nymmik, V.L. Petrov, M.V. Podzolko, V.V. Radchenko, S.Ya. Reisman, I.A. Rubinshtein, M.O. Riazantseva, E.A. Sigaeva, E.N. Sosnovets, L.I. Starostin, A.V. Sukhanov, V.I. Tulupov, B.A. Khrenov, V.M. Shakhparonov, V.N. Sheveleva, A.V. Shirokov, I.V. Yashin, V.V. Markelov, N.N. Ivanov, V.N. Blinov, O.Yu. Sedykh, V.P. Pinigin, A.P. Papkov, E.S. Levin, V.M. Samkov, N.N. Ignatiev, V.S. Yamnikol, 2007, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2007, vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 291–305.     

Overview and status of a mirror fusion propulsion system design study

The main goal of this paper is to describe and emphasize the important discoveries made since 1986 in the engineering design of space fusion propulsion plants.

Among the important discoveries are four fundamental design principles (DPs) which should be used when adapting candidate Earth-based fusion-electric power plants to propulsion in space.

1. DP1. Maximize direct access to space for waste radiation.

2. DP2. Operate components as passive radiators whenever possible.

3. DP3. Optimize the plasma characteristics for best specific jet power

4. DP4. Optimize mission capability versus lifetime-mass-to-orbit (LMTO).

Another discovery is a design philosophy called IDEAs (Integrated Design Environment Algorithms) which is a tool for discovering new fundamental design principles.

These discoveries allowed us to adapt, and then to optimize, an earth-based fusion-electric magnetic-mirror-fusion reactor concept for propulsion in space. The resulting design is called the Mirror Fusion Propulsion System (MFPS); and its design status is reviewed.

This work can be used as a general road map for others attempting to convert earth-based designs to propulsion in space. It also has applicability to matter-antimatter propulsion systems engineering.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology [correction of biotechnilogy

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adapted at all to "near weightlessness conditions" (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICAL (correction of ZOOLOGICASL) COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i.e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the sound controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle flight (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiment and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the shortterm space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated "reproduction module" for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

Novel aquatic modules for bioregenerative life-support systems based on the closed equilibrated biological aquatic system (C.E.B.A.S.)

The closed equilibrated biological aquatic system (C.E.B.A.S) is a man-made aquatic ecosystem which consists of four subcomponents: an aquatic animal habitat, an aquatic plant bioreactor, an ammonia oxidizing bacteria filter and a data acquisition/control unit. It is a precursor for different types of fish and aquatic plant production sites which are disposed for the integration into bioregenerative life-support systems. The results of two successful spaceflights of a miniaturized C.E.B.A.S version (the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE) allow the optimization of aquatic food production systems which are already developed in the ground laboratory and open new aspects for their utilization as aquatic modules in space bioregenerative life support systems. The total disposition offers different stages of complexity of such aquatic modules starting with simple but efficient aquatic plant cultivators which can be implemented into water recycling systems and ending up in combined plant/fish aquaculture in connection with reproduction modules and hydroponics applications for higher land plants. In principle, aquaculture of fishes and/or other aquatic animals edible for humans offers optimal animal protein production under lowered gravity conditions without the tremendous waste management problems connected with tetrapod breeding and maintenance. The paper presents details of conducted experimental work and of future dispositions which demonstrate clearly that aquaculture is an additional possibility to combine efficient and simple food production in space with water recycling utilizing safe and performable biotechnologies. Moreover, it explains how these systems may contribute to more variable diets to fulfill the needs of multicultural crews.     

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.     

A sputnik IV saga

The Sputnik IV launch occurred on May 15, 1960. On May 19, an attempt to deorbit a ‘space cabin’ failed and the cabin went into a higher orbit. The orbit of the cabin was monitored and Moonwatch volunteer satellite tracking teams were alerted to watch for the vehicle demise. On September 5, 1962, several team members from Milwaukee, Wisconsin made observations starting at 4:49 a.m. of a fireball following the predicted orbit of Sputnik IV. Requests went out to report any objects found under the fireball path. An early morning police patrol in Manitowoc had noticed a metal object on a street and had moved it to the curb. Later the officers recovered the object and had it dropped off at the Milwaukee Journal. The Moonwarch team got the object and reported the situation to Moonwatch Headquarters at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. A team member flew to Cambridge with the object. It was a solid, 9.49 kg piece of steel with a slag-like layer attached to it. Subsequent analyses showed that it contained radioactive nuclei produced by cosmic ray exposure in space. The scientists at the Observatory quickly recognized that measurements of its induced radioactivity could serve as a calibration for similar measurements of recently fallen nickel–iron meteorites. Concurrently, the Observatory directorate informed government agencies that a fragment from Sputnik IV had been recovered. Coincidently, a debate in the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space involved the issue of liability for damage caused by falling satellite fragments. On September 12, the Observatory delivered the bulk of the fragment to the US Delegation to the UN. Two days later, the fragment was used by US Ambassador Francis Plimpton as an exhibit that the time had come to agree on liability for damage from satellite debris. He offered the Sputnik IV fragment to USSR Ambassador P.D. Morozov, who refused the offer. On October 23, Drs. Alla Massevitch and E.K. Federov of the USSR visited the Observatory. They were shown the Sputnik IV fragment. Measurements on the fragment were reported at the American Geophysical Union meeting on December 28, 1962. Early in January, 1963, the Soviet Embassy told the State Department that the USSR wished to accept the remaining fragment. On January 5, 1963 it was picked up by the Soviet Embassy. This four-month saga dramatically illustrated the need for international agreements on satellite debris issues.     

A hydrodynamic analogy of the solution to double-averaged Hill problem

A hydrodynamic analogy for the solution of doubly averaged Hill problem obtained by M.L. Lidov [1] is discussed. S.A. Chaplygin used a similar analogy reducing the two-dimensional problem of motion of a compressible fluid to the same problem for some fictitious incompressible fluid [2]. In this case, we are led to the range of ideas which go back to the work by N.E. Zhukowski [3]. Two versions of this hydrodynamic analogy, on the basis of the model of a stratified fluid (exact analogy) and on the basis of the model of a homogeneous fluid (approximate analogy), are considered as well as some consequences of them.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–134.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rabinovich, Prokhorenko.     

飞行器多学科设计优化概述

针对飞行器多学科设计优化进行了概述。提出多学科设计优化的综合性定义，介绍了国内外发展现状。指明多学科设计优化的组成要素和存在学科耦合、计算耗时两个难点，并认为其关键问题是离散设计变量和非数值型综合设计变量处理、工程综合评估、数据流管理等。阐述了可用于多学科设计优化的各种方法及其优缺点。并提出了多学科设计优化的研究重点。     

关于互斥方案决策问题的研究

互斥方案决策时，运用净现值和内部收益率指标，经常遇到结论相矛盾的情况，本文主要应用方案重复法和投资增额评价法解决这一问题。