单颗导航卫星的轨道确定

讨论在导航星座只有一颗卫星时，不依赖于时间同步系统的卫星定轨策略和精度分析。采用历元间差分算法，在消除钟差的主项（低频）误差后，将伪距和相位数据转化为等价的积分Doppler数据，并对其建立测量模型。仿真分析表明，此时不需要知道钟差参数而定轨算法收敛。为进一步验证此定轨方案的可行性及其定轨精度，利用实测的GPS数据进行轨道确定计算，计算结果表明，采用历元间差分算法，利用国内观测台站3天弧段的观测资料对单颗GPS卫星进行定轨，其径向精度优于10m，利用其对国内定位用户的用户距离误差URE可达13．8m。     

联合定轨技术及其应用前景

研究了联合定轨的基本原理并给出了计算方法，通过对中继卫星系统和编队飞行星座两种不同应用的联合定轨的计算分析，总结出了联合定轨不同于一般传统定轨的基本特点。中继卫星与用户星的联合定轨在精度 上优于传统定轨，并能够降低对地面测量站的测量几何和测站数量的要求。编队飞行星座的联合定轨，能够显著提高星间相对位置的精度，且几乎不受动力学模型误差的影响，从而在轨道外推时误差不会扩大。     

空间飞行器的多普勒实时自主定轨精度分析

空间飞行器需要实时的高精度轨道信息来完成对栽荷的指令操作和遥感数据的实时处理。除了星栽GPS技术,星载多普勒无线电定轨定位系统（DORIS,Doppler Orbitography and Radio—positioning Intergrated by Satellite）是仅有的有能力提供分米级精度的实时在轨轨道确定技术,它可通过测量星地相对多普勒频移,在星上完成实时定轨和预报,目前该技术已在国外多个卫星上实现,达到了较好的效果,而我国还没有建立这样实时自主定轨系统。为此,结合我国高分辨率空间对地观测系统的建设需求和我国航天器对实时自主定轨及其精度的要求,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对多普勒测量进行了实时自主定轨仿真计算,分析了频率偏差估计与否、初轨误差、地面信标站地理分布以及观测精度等对实时自主定轨的滤波收敛时间和定轨精度的影响,为我国利用DORIS技术进行实时在轨轨道确定提供方案和软件原型。仿真计算表明,基于28个全球分布的地面站,对于高度为800km的卫星,在忽略其动力学模型误差的假设下,若初轨三维位置、速度误差分别为100m（或差至1km）、1m／S（1d）,2h后滤波可以达到稳定收敛,收敛后的实时定轨误差可以达到0．1m（1d）。滤波估计参数除了6个卫星轨道状态参数,还估计了地面信标相对于卫星超稳定振荡器的频率偏差;     

利用DORIS测轨系统实现高精度定轨

仿真研究DORIS测轨系统,重点考察了大气密度模型误差、测量精度、测轨网分布对定轨精度的影响。仿真结果表明,除了测轨网的地理分布,动力学模型中的大气模型误差对中低轨卫星精密定轨结果影响也较大。对ENVISAT卫星的DORIS实测数据进行了定轨分析,结果表明实测数据的定轨精度比仿真精度大约低1个量级不到。综合仿真结果和实测数据进行精度分析,推断对800km高度的太阳卫星轨道,采用8个DORIS信标站布设,24h定轨,定轨三维位置精度可以达到29cm(1σ),其中径向误差为3.4cm(1σ)。若采用30个DORIS信标站布设,定轨精度可提高30%。     

航天发射任务星箭分离前调姿段测轨数据定初轨精度分析

在对星箭分离前调姿段各类测轨数据的测量机理及其误差特性研究的基础上,通过仿真数据和实战任务数据计算,分析了调姿段各类测轨数据的常用定轨方法的定轨精度,给出了定轨时各类数据的使用方法和定轨结果的优选原则。     

转发式测轨系统地面设备时延测量方法

受地面设备时延误差的影响,转发式测轨系统的卫星定轨精度受到严重制约。为实现卫星精密定轨,地面设备时延误差的精确补偿至关重要,因此需要对地面设备时延进行精确测量。采用一种外环设备时延测量方法,实现对转发式测轨系统地面设备时延的实时测量。经过试验验证和分析,结果表明地面设备时延测量稳定度优于0.3ns,修正地面设备时延误差后的卫星重叠弧段的轨道差RMS值优于2m。     

星载GPS相位非差低轨卫星定轨及其精度分析

星载GPS相位非差低轨卫星事后精密定轨无需考虑复杂的动力学模型和地面资料，只需低轨卫星上的GPS观测资料和IGS的GPS精密星历产品，而且对于不同高度的卫星定轨都适用，计算简单、方便，能快速、高精度地确定轨道，同时还能确定部分动力学参数。本文在研究相位非差定轨方法基础上，对低轨卫星的误差影响及其处理措施进行探讨，给出了GPS相位非差定轨流程，编写了相应的定轨软件（SHKINE），并利用CHAMP卫星资料对定轨的可靠性和精度进行分析，表明：利用自行编写的SHKINE定轨软件对CHAMP卫星定轨，3个方向坐标精度为10cm-20cm，点位精度为30cm-40cm，能满足一般定轨要求，是一种简单方便、行之有效的定轨方法。     

基于沿迹差修正部分轨道参数的两步法定轨

通过分析预报误差与轨道确定参数误差的关系,提出一种使用二次多项式对沿迹差随时间变化的函数进行拟合,并根据拟合结果修正半长轴、面质比参数误差的定轨方法.仿真计算表明：对于稀疏观测数据,该方法的处理结果优于常规的最小二乘轨道确定方法;对于高度在400 km以上的低轨目标,根据该方法得到的定轨结果,预报5d的位置误差小于22 km,与SGP4（Simplified General Perturbations Version 4,简化普适摄动4）/SDP4（Simplified Deep space Perturbations Version 4,简化深空摄动4）水平相当.该方法是一种适用于双屏电子篱笆稀疏观测数据的批量数据轨道确定方法.     

单通道测量条件下DORIS实时定轨方法研究

重点研究了单通道测量条件下的DORIS实时定轨方法。推导了实时定轨的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）公式,仿真生成了47个测站的观测数据文件,分析了单通道测量条件下EKF滤波器的收敛性及其精度。仿真实验表明,仅有单个测站的观测数据时,滤波难以收敛;但在不同测站的观测数据切换时,滤波收敛效果显著。对于轨道高度为800km的卫星,初轨各轴位置误差小于500m、速度误差小于5m/s时,滤波平均收敛时间约55min;若各项系统误差能准确建模,实时轨道的位置精度将优于40cm。     

三向测量模式在嫦娥三号探测器中的应用

以嫦娥三号探测器的三向测量跟踪数据为依据,利用最小二乘方法分析站间钟差,在5阶拟合计算中实现了ns级的拟合精度;然后使用探测器精密星历对三向测轨数据进行标校,经过修正后的测距系统差达到10m量级,拟合噪声水平优于1m;最后将三向测量数据应用于探测器的定轨、着陆点定位和动力下降段的弹道计算,其中环月段100km×15km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差百m级,120km×70km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差10m量级,月面定位与双程测距加时延定位结果相比较偏差10m量级。     

大气密度模型用于近地卫星定轨预报的比较

大气阻力是低轨卫星主要的摄动力,与高层大气密度的变化密切相关。由于目前对高层大气密度变化的机制尚未完全掌握,所使用的各种大气密度模型多属于半经验公式。在这些模型中并没有一种在任何情况下都是最好的,因此,对于特定轨道选择合适的大气密度模型对提高定轨预报的精度是非常重要的。通过对资源2号卫星实测GPS数据的分析计算,比较了常用的8种大气密度模型的定轨预报精度,探讨了预报24h应采用的定轨数据长度和大气密度模型。     

Drag derived altitude aided navigation method

The navigation problem of the lifting reentry vehicles has attracted much research interest in the past decade.This paper researches the navigation in the blackout zone during the reentry phase of the aircraft,when the communication signals are attenuated and even interrupted by the blackout zone.However,when calculating altitude,a pure classic inertial navigation algorithm appears imprecise and divergent.In order to obtain a more precise aircraft altitude,this paper applies an integrated navigation method based on inertial navigation algorithms,which uses drag derived altitude to aid the inertial navigation during the blackout zone.This method can overcome the shortcomings of the inertial navigation system and improve the navigation accuracy.To further improve the navigation accuracy,the applicable condition and the main error factors,such as the atmospheric coefficient error and drag coefficient error are analyzed in detail.Then the damping circuit design of the navigation control system and the damping coefficients determination is introduced.The feasibility of the method is verified by the typical reentry trajectory simulation,and the influence of the iterative times on the accuracy is analyzed.Simulation results show that iterative three times achieves the best effect.     

轨道测量差分精确定轨方法

航天器轨道精确测定重要环节之一是有效地消除观测系统误差,在轨道测量数据处理时,一类是利用轨道约束自校准技术来估算和校准系统误差,另一类可以应用测元差分方法来消除系统误差(例如导航卫星测定目标)。本文提出一种新的差分技术,即利用观测数据时序差分消除系统误差技术,并推导相应确定航天器轨道的公式。     

三向测量技术在深空探测中的应用研究

较详细地介绍了三向测量技术（包括三向测距和三向测速）,阐述使用三向测量的工程背景和重要意义,给出利用三向测量数据进行实时定位的数学推导,并分别对三向测距和三向测速原始数据的误差进行了分析;最后给出在＂嫦娥一号＂试验轨道段采用三向测量技术得到的残差分析结果。结果表明,在未进行站间时间同步的情况下,＂嫦娥一号＂卫星100km×100km环月轨道段三向测距误差约200m,三向测速误差约2cm/s,利用三向测量数据可以单独进行轨道确定,验证了我国后续深空探测中应用三向测量技术的可行性。     

Spacecraft orbit determination using GPS navigation solutions

The orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions for the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft has been studied. The Cowell method of special perturbation theories was employed to develop a precision orbit propagation, and the perturbations due to geopotential, the gravity of the Sun and the Moon, solid Earth tides, ocean tides, the Earth's dynamic polar motion, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag were modeled. Specifically, the satellite box-wing macro model was applied to minimize the drag errors at low altitude. The estimation scheme consisted of an extended Kalman filter and Bayesian least square method. To investigate the applicability of the method to the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft, the orbit determination was accomplished using the GPS navigation solutions for the TOPEX/POSEIDON and TAOS satellites. The orbit determination results were compared with NASA POE generated by global laser tracking. The position and velocity accuracy was estimated about 16∼7 m and 0.0157∼0.0074 m·s⁻¹ RMS, respectively, for the two satellites in the presence of SA. These results verify that an orbit determination scheme using GPS navigation solutions can provide the static orbit information and reduce conspicuously the position and velocity errors of navigation solutions. It can be suggested that the sequential and batch orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions be the most appropriate method in the KOMPSAT-1 type mission.     

Investigating suitable orbits for the Swarm constellation mission – The frozen orbit

This paper proposes a suitable orbit design for the lower pair of ESA's Swarm constellation mission, flying side-by-side in near-polar and circular orbits with a separation of only 1.4° at ascending node. Both orbits are suggested to be frozen orbits to minimize the evolution, and an along-track separation strategy is applied to avoid collision risk. The characteristics of the proposed orbit type are examined through numerical techniques including high-fidelity perturbation models. The prime change from the initial configuration is an along-track separation. The perturbations causing the along-track drift are analyzed by switching on/off certain perturbations. The results indicate that the tesseral harmonics and the atmospheric drag yield dominant effects. The atmospheric drag effect shows a dependence on the local time of the ascending node. From two months of orbit propagation for the altitude 300 km the maximum along-track drift we obtain is about 80 km, which is still within the measurement requirement range. Several maneuver strategies for maintaining the proposed orbit design are suggested. The results analyzed for the proposed orbit design show that collision risk can be avoided by along-track separation within the frozen orbit design. Consequently, this combination is considered as a suitable approach for Swarm's lower pair.     

A Detailed Analysis of the Operational Orbit of the Hipparcos Satellite

An analysis of the orbital evolution of the ESA's Hipparcos satellite is presented. Hipparcos operated between August 1989 and March 1993 in a highly elliptical orbit: a geostationary transfer orbit with increased perigee height. The requirements of the scientific mission included high accuracy knowledge of the position and velocity vectors of the spacecraft as a function of time. Through a study of the variations in the total orbital energy, the loss of energy during the mission as a result of non-conservative forces is recovered. These are explained as largely due to atmospheric drag during perigee passages. Apparent variations in the drag coefficient are in agreement with orientation variations of the satellite during those perigee passages. Two different models used for calculating the atmospheric drag give significantly different results, confirming earlier findings by other users of those models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于双星系统的卫星几何学精密定轨方法研究

双星导航系统的建立，为我国实现自主的卫星天基测控技术提供了可能。同时由于其全天候、全天时、相对定轨精度高等特点可望成为一种低、中轨卫星精密定轨的有效手段。但由于双星系统中静止卫星数目仅有两颗，要得到低、中轨卫星的三维定位信息，还需要额外的第三维观测量。本文根据双星系统的现状，结合国内对低、中轨卫星精密定轨的要求，提出了一种基于双星系统的卫星几何学精密定轨的方法，概述了其基本原理及其组成，给出了卫星定轨的方法和数学模型，同时根据数据仿真分析了该定轨系统的定轨精度，为下一步工程实现提供了理论基础。     

星载GPS测量数据预处理方法研究

针对低地球轨道(LEO)卫星星载全球定位系统(GPS)接收机应用的特点,对星载GPS测量数据误差及其对周跳探测的影响进行了分析,提出TurboEdit数据预处理方法中周跳探测算法的改进算法。在原周跳判断算法的基础上,通过引入与测量数据观测高度角相关的加权系数,将周跳探测与测量误差紧密联系起来。根据观测高度角的变化对测量数据误差进行估计,并根据估计情况对加权系数取值,从而实现对周跳探测算法进行调节,达到降低周跳探测失误率的目的。增加参与定轨计算的观测数据量,提高了低轨卫星连续定轨的能力。通过GRACE编队卫星实测数据对改进算法进行了仿真验证。     

An atmosphere-breathing propulsion system using inductively coupled plasma source

CubeSats have attracted more research interest recently due to their lower cost and shorter production time. A promising technology for CubeSat application is atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion, which can capture the atmospheric particles as propulsion propellant to maintain long-term mission at very low Earth orbit. This paper designs an atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion system for a 3 U CubeSat, which consists of an intake device and an electric thruster based on the inductively coupled plasma. The capture performance of intake device is optimized considering both particles capture efficiency and compression ratio. The plasma source is also analyzed by experiment and simulation. Then, the thrust performance is also estimated when taking into account the intake performance. The results show that it is feasible to use atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion technology for CubeSats to compensate for aerodynamic drag at lower Earth orbit.