适用于弹道导弹的导航星选取方法

针对当前适用于弹道导弹的导航星选取方法较少,研究了一种根据标准弹道均匀化选取导航星的方法.通过分析导弹飞行弹道及飞行参数的影响,在构建"伪天球"坐标系的基础上,确定了导航星的选取区域,简化了因射向变化、坐标越界等造成计算和搜索比较复杂的问题;基于天球上的基准点及提出的"距离-星等"加权法,均匀化地筛选导航星,并按照k-vector索引方式构建适用性较好的弹载导航星表,可以有效地提高星图识别算法的效率.仿真结果表明,该方法简单易行,选取的导航星数量少,分布均匀性好,在不降低星图识别成功率的基础上,能够有效地减少识别时间.     

星敏感器用仪器星等的确定

仪器星等对正确评估星敏感器的灵敏度、捕获概率以及建立导航星表都有重要的意义。理论推导了色指数与接受器和恒星辐射之间的关系,证明星敏感器仪器星等可以由波段星等线性拟合得出,在此基础上由蓝光和可见光波段星等拟合计算了星敏感器的仪器星等,并与实测计算数据做了对比,结果表明用色指数计算仪器星等是可行的。更进一步对误差产生的原因也作了分析探讨,结合最近天文学的研究成果,提出了改进方法,从而使获得的拟合仪器星等与通过13波段观星数据计算得出的仪器星等的标准差不超过0.1个星等,满足当前星敏感器的要求。     

星敏感器导航星表建立

导航星表是星敏感器系统用来实现恒星星图识别和姿态确定的唯一依据,它的容量、内容、存储读取方式对于完成星敏感器功能和性能指标都极为重要．通过分析恒星在视场中的分布规律,建立起星表的完备性和冗余性与星敏感器视场内导航星的数量之间的关系,确定了导航星数量,提出了筛选导航星的原则和方法,为了实现星表的快速搜索,对导航星表的组织形式进行了详细讨论．构造一个由2510颗0～6等导航星组成的导航星表,满足了星敏感器星图识别和姿态确定的需求．     

星模拟器驱动软件的研究

星模拟器是星敏感器的标定设备之一,主要用于星敏感器的地面调试.星模拟器的驱动软件是该系统的重要组成部分.本文概要地介绍了星敏感器系统的组成并针对对星模拟器软件设计中任务星库的选取、任务星库的分区、星点位置的确定、星等的模拟问题进行了讨论.     

动态拖尾星图模拟算法研究

星图模拟技术是星图识别算法仿真和性能测试的基础.为了更好地模拟星敏感器在轨工作的情况,对星敏感器的软件开发以及自身性能进行有效的地面测试,提出一种动态拖尾星图模拟算法.该算法分为4个步骤:首先根据星敏感器指向在全天球范围内搜索导航星;接着利用小孔成像模型计算导航星在星敏感器成像面的投影位置;然后在考虑卫星运动引起的恒星拖尾的基础上,按照二维灰度分布规律置灰度值来模拟星像点像素;最后叠加杂散光背景及成像器件引起的噪声.提出的算法具有速度快、精度高及可实现性高等优点.     

近地空间短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法

针对星敏感器在近地空间导航应用需求,开展了短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法研究。基于恒星目标与天空背景辐射特性,构建了恒星探测信噪比模型,并结合光学系统及图像传感器参数完成了仿真试验。结果表明,同一星等及太阳天顶角下,Ks波段下的恒星探测信噪比最大,H波段次之,J波段最小;同一太阳天顶角及波段下,星等越小,恒星探测信噪比越大;同一星等及波长下,太阳天顶角越大,即恒星与太阳之间角距越大,恒星探测信噪比越大。本文可为新一代近地空间全天时星敏感器系统的方案设计、指标论证、评估应用提供可靠的理论方法与技术支持。     

甚高精度星模拟器星图显示与控制系统研究

为对甚高精度星敏感器进行地面标定和精度测试,提出甚高精度星模拟器的研制,其模拟精度应优于0.5″.在甚高精度星模拟器设计中,对星模拟器的星图显示与控制系统进行了重点研究.根据模拟精度要求,提出利用星点板作为星图显示器件.采用单点可控矩阵式LED照明系统作为星点板光源,完成小天区静态形式的动态星图模拟.通过设计星图显示控制系统,编写控制软件,实现每个LED的亮灭和灰度值控制,完成了星图变换和星等模拟.实验结果表明,星图显示精度小于0.5″,可以实现动态变换以及星等模拟,以满足对甚高精度星敏感器的地面标定和精度测试要求.     

一种星图识别的星体图像高精度内插算法

介绍了一种从星敏感器成像中高精度提取恒星位置和星等的方法.这种方法把星光成像看成是高斯点扩散函数模型,利用线性内插和最小二乘法方法,拟合得到高斯曲面参数.从高斯曲面模型中得到亚像素级的恒星位置和恒星星等.理论研究表明,曲面拟合法提取的星体位置精度高于传统的质心法.由于直接进行高斯曲面拟合计算非常复杂,为了简化计算,利用了星体成像点附近x,y方向的非线性插值方法,分别得到不同的曲面系数.仿真结果显示,在信噪比小于0.05时,定位精度小于1/20像素,星等误差小于5%.     

基于STK的空间目标可见光散射特性建模与仿真

为给天基光学观测系统的设计和性能研究提供数据支持, 建立了基于STK的天基 探测空间目标等效星等计算模型. 选用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)五参量计算模 型, 分析了空间目标面元的可见光散射特性; 根据目标几何结构尺寸和物性参 量等建立目标几何模型, 对该模型进行面元划分, 推导了空间目标在天基观测 系统入瞳处的等效星等计算公式; 结合卫星工具包(STK)提供的太阳、目标卫 星、观测卫星三者的关系数据, 建立了基于STK的易于求解的目标星等计算模 型, 对此模型进行实例仿真和分析, 并与漫反射计算模型进行比较. 结果表 明BRDF模型得到的辐照度曲线比漫反射模型更曲折且存在峰值现象, 更符合 目标表面材料的实际特性, 此外, 与STK的结合运用, 使其可更加方便快捷地获得目 标最佳观测时段及相应的等效星等.      

基于资源一号02B卫星姿态敏感器的自主导航

阐述了利用星敏感器和圆锥扫描式红外地球敏感器进行自主导航的原理,以资源一号02B卫星的飞行数据为基础,进行了自主导航的地面实验,发现采用国产红外地球敏感器和星敏感器的资源一号02B卫星可以实现较高精度的自主导航,实验结果说明了该自主导航方案的可行性.     

中子星吸积柱中荷电粒子密度的分布及电场的形成

本文从刘维定理出发,通过相空间求平均,建立了中子星吸积柱中粒子流连续方程和动量迁移方程。并在静力学平衡下求出其解;建立了吸积柱中的荷电粒子分布;引出了某些有趣的新结果。      

A star identification algorithm based on radial and dynamic cyclic features of star pattern

A full-sky star identification algorithm based on radial and dynamic cyclic patterns is presented with the aim of solving the “lost-in-space” problem. The dynamic cyclic pattern match is applied with a maximum cumulate comparison method to identify sensor-catalog pairings in initial match, which substantially eliminates the effects of the star position noise, magnitude noise, and false stars. After initial match pairings of stars are obtained, a chain part extension technique is employed to quickly search for the longest match chain as the final result. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is highly robust to star position noise, magnitude noise and false stars. In a series of simulations, the identification rate of the algorithm is 97.50% with 2.0 pixels star position noise, 96.90% with 0.4 Mv star magnitude noise and 95.30% with four false stars respectively. Moreover, the algorithm achieves an identification rate of 58.08% when only six stars are in the field of view.     

一种基于三正交主轴平面的快速星图模拟方法

为在地面上进行星图模拟以测试星图识别算法和星敏感器性能, 提出了一种新的快速星图模拟方法. 该方法利用截面圆和固定区域的性质, 将单位天球按照三个正交主轴平面进行等分, 根据赤纬值求解恒星矢量与主轴平面夹角来确定选星条件, 进而根据坐标变换原理进行星图模拟. 为验证所提方法与现有方法相比的优势, 进行了大量的仿真实验. 实验结果表明, 与现有星图模拟方法相比, 本文方法在保证星图模拟精度的条件下, 选星速度提高了3倍以上.      

A triangle voting algorithm based on double feature constraints for star sensors

A novel autonomous star identification algorithm is presented in this study. In the proposed algorithm, each sensor star constructs multi-triangle with its bright neighbor stars and obtains its candidates by triangle voting process, in which the triangle is considered as the basic voting element. In order to accelerate the speed of this algorithm and reduce the required memory for star database, feature extraction is carried out to reduce the dimension of triangles and each triangle is described by its base and height. During the identification period, the voting scheme based on double feature constraints is proposed to implement triangle voting. This scheme guarantees that only the catalog star satisfying two features can vote for the sensor star, which improves the robustness towards false stars. The simulation and real star image test demonstrate that compared with the other two algorithms, the proposed algorithm is more robust towards position noise, magnitude noise and false stars.     

一种基于恒星分布的星敏感器导航星库制作方法

为了进一步提升星敏感器的定姿精度,分析了恒星的空间几何分布对姿态精度的影响,提出了一种基于恒星分布的星敏感器导航星库制作方法。在分析对比了现有星库的基础上,选择了精度较高的依巴谷星库作为基础星库,并剔除了暗星和双星以精简星库。遍历全天球对每个视场的星库中的空间几何分布进行分析对比,删除定姿较差的3颗星。对星库进行遍历补偿,保证了星库中恒星分布的均匀性。实验结果表明,全天球轨道测试中,本文方法制作星库的全天识别率为100%,且星颗分布数10颗以上天区占到97.64%,具有良好的覆盖性,同时有效提升了姿态精度。     

A robust star identification algorithm with star shortlisting

A star tracker provides the most accurate attitude solution in terms of arc seconds compared to the other existing attitude sensors. When no prior attitude information is available, it operates in “Lost-In-Space (LIS)” mode. Star pattern recognition, also known as star identification algorithm, forms the most crucial part of a star tracker in the LIS mode. Recognition reliability and speed are the two most important parameters of a star pattern recognition technique. In this paper, a novel star identification algorithm with star ID shortlisting is proposed. Firstly, the star IDs are shortlisted based on worst-case patch mismatch, and later stars are identified in the image by an initial match confirmed with a running sequential angular match technique. The proposed idea is tested on 16,200 simulated star images having magnitude uncertainty, noise stars, positional deviation, and varying size of the field of view. The proposed idea is also benchmarked with the state-of-the-art star pattern recognition techniques. Finally, the real-time performance of the proposed technique is tested on the 3104 real star images captured by a star tracker SST-20S currently mounted on a satellite. The proposed technique can achieve an identification accuracy of 98% and takes only 8.2?ms for identification on real images. Simulation and real-time results depict that the proposed technique is highly robust and achieves a high speed of identification suitable for actual space applications.     

基于LCOS拼接技术的动态星模拟器设计

提出了以LCOS为核心器件的动态星模拟器设计方案, 采用光学拼接方法实现 了高精度的使用要求, 计算出星模拟器光学系统的焦距、单星张角等光学参 数, 详细介绍了两片LCOS光学拼接的原理和方案, 给出了动态星图的实现方 法, 并对其误差进行了分析. 结果表明, 所设计的动态星模拟器视场 为10.2°× 10.2°, 模拟星等为2～6.5等, 单星 张角优于20", 星对角距误差优于22", 满足星模拟器大视场、高动态 性、高精度、刷新频率快等需求.      

The search for extra-solar planetary systems.

I review the observational evidence for planetary systems around nearby stars and, using our own solar system as a guide, assess the stringent requirements that new searches need to meet in order to unambiguously establish the presence of another planetary system. Basically, these requirements are: 1 milliarcsecond or better positional accuracy for astrometric techniques, 9 orders of magnitude or better star to planet luminosity ratio discrimination at 0.5 to 1" separation in the optical for direct imaging techniques, 10 meters sec-1 or better radial velocity accuracy for reflex motion techniques and +/-1% or better brightness fluctuation accuracy for planet/star occultation measurements. The astrometric accuracy is in reach of HST, direct imaging will require much larger telescopes and/or a 50 times smoother mirror than HST while the reflex motion and occultation techniques best performed on the ground are just becoming viable and promise exciting new discoveries. On the other band, new indirect evidence on the existence of other planetary systems also comes from the observation of large dusty disks around nearby main sequence stars not too dissimilar from our sun. In one particular case, that of Beta Pictoris, a flattened disk seen nearly edge-on has been imaged in the optical and near IR down to almost 70 AU of the star. It probably represents a young planetary system in its clearing out phase as planetesimals collide, erode and are swept out of the inner system by radiation pressure. The hypothesized Kuiper belt around our solar system may be the analogous structure in a later evolutionary stage. Features of this type have been detected in the far IR and sub-millimeter wavelength regions around 50-100 nearby main sequence and pre-main sequence stars. I discuss a battery of new accurate observations planned in the near future of these objects some of which may actually harbour planets or planetesimals that will certainly dramatically improve our knowledge of planetary system formation processes and our peculiar position in this scheme.