Fast solar radiation pressure modelling with ray tracing and multiple reflections

Physics based SRP (Solar Radiation Pressure) models using ray tracing methods are powerful tools when modelling the forces on complex real world space vehicles. Currently high resolution (1?mm) ray tracing with secondary intersections is done on high performance computers at UCL (University College London). This study introduces the BVH (Bounding Volume Hierarchy) into the ray tracing approach for physics based SRP modelling and makes it possible to run high resolution analysis on personal computers. The ray tracer is both general and efficient enough to cope with the complex shape of satellites and multiple reflections (three or more, with no upper limit). In this study, the traditional ray tracing technique is introduced in the first place and then the BVH is integrated into the ray tracing. Four aspects of the ray tracer were tested for investigating the performance including runtime, accuracy, the effects of multiple reflections and the effects of pixel array resolution.Test results in runtime on GPS IIR and Galileo IOV (In Orbit Validation) satellites show that the BVH can make the force model computation 30–50 times faster. The ray tracer has an absolute accuracy of several nanonewtons by comparing the test results for spheres and planes with the analytical computations. The multiple reflection effects are investigated both in the intersection number and acceleration on GPS IIR, Galileo IOV and Sentinel-1 spacecraft. Considering the number of intersections, the 3rd reflection can capture $99.12\%\text{,}99.14\%$, and $91.34\%$ of the total reflections for GPS IIR, Galileo IOV satellite bus and the Sentinel-1 spacecraft respectively. In terms of the multiple reflection effects on the acceleration, the secondary reflection effect for Galileo IOV satellite and Sentinel-1 can reach 0.2?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ and 0.4?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ respectively. The error percentage in the accelerations magnitude results show that the 3rd reflection should be considered in order to make it less than $0.035\%$. The pixel array resolution tests show that the dimensions of the components have to be considered when choosing the spacing of the pixel in order not to miss some components of the satellite in ray tracing. This paper presents the first systematic and quantitative study of the secondary and higher order intersection effects. It shows conclusively the effect is non-negligible for certain classes of misson.     

Compensation of base disturbance using optimal trajectory planning of dual-manipulators in a space robot

This paper presents a trajectory planning algorithm for a space robot with dual-manipulators. Here one manipulator of the space robot captures a target, and another manipulator is free. In this case, this study uses one manipulator as the mission manipulator to capture the target, and another as the balance manipulator aiming at the compensation of the pose disturbance. For this method, a novel trajectory planning algorithm applied to the balance manipulator is presented. The trajectory planning problem is transformed into series of problems of the optimal state solution, and then the iterative algorithms for the trajectory planning are designed. In the iterative algorithms, the bias force on the spacecraft base caused by the balance manipulator is used as the compensation force. Then, to calculate the expected compensation force and torque, a pose control law for the spacecraft base is introduced. The expected compensation force and torque provide equality constraints for optimization problems, which implies that the trajectory planning algorithm compensates for not only the disturbance generated by the manipulator’s motion, but also environmental disturbances. This is because the expected compensation force and torque depend on the pose change of the spacecraft base rather than the type of the disturbance. Numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the proposed trajectory planning method. It was observed that the method greatly reduces the disturbance of Manipulator A on the spacecraft base. These results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method for the trajectory planning to make the spacecraft base disturbance up to minimum.     

基于分布式平台的FDTD并行算法

基于分布式平台开展一种新的时域有限差分（FDTD）并行算法研究,该算法基于VC++、CUDA5.0平台开发,调用Intel MPI 4.1.0库进行测试,在上海交通大学高性能计算中心图形处理单元（GPU）集群、上海超级计算机中心的“魔方”商用超级计算机以及国家超级计算济南中心的“神威蓝光”国产超级计算机等平台开展软件调试。通过对纯CPU、GPU以及CPU和GPU的混合测试,线程调度水平、核心函数处理速度得到明显提升,同时减少了通信执行时间比例,提高了加速比和并行效率,最后以2×2微带阵列为验证模型进行拓扑优化测试,结果证明该算法准确、有效。      

高精度法矢下切割面自适应的凸曲面射线寻迹

针对电大尺寸目标难以精确解析表达带来的一致性几何绕射算法应用难问题,提出了基于三角网格、适用于任意凸曲面的射线寻迹（TM-tracing）算法。应用工程中较易获取的三角网格及其协议,设计了一种满足快速多边搜索条件的网状数据存储链表;提出了满足寻迹要求的高精度法矢求解算法;采用切割面自适应调整的弧形拟合寻迹方法实现了爬行波寻迹算法;结合一致性几何绕射理论（UTD）实现了暗区场值求解算法。任意网格曲面射线寻迹结果表明:本文提出的寻迹算法适用于包括球、柱和锥在内的任意光滑凸曲面,寻迹偏差小于1.61%,寻迹速度为2.8 s,具有一定的工程应用价值。      

组合体航天器智能协同姿态控制研究

组合体航天器在姿态机动过程中的各单体卫星承受的控制力是不均匀的，局部控制力过大将会导致组合链接断裂而失效。应用多体动力学理论建立了组合体航天器间的相互作用模型，对内力、内力矩与整星姿态、控制力矩之间的关系进行了分析；仿真了极端情况下的内力矩分布，其大小可能超过常用对接机构的力矩承受范围；采用粒子群算(PSO)法对控制合力矩进行优化分配，通过预设初值和继承初值来加快PSO算法的收敛速度，实时调整各星控制力矩分配比例，减小星间相互作用力，实现组合体航天器的智能协同控制，保证组合体航天器的连接铰不因受力过大而损坏。算法仿真和Adams软件验证分析表明，本文建立的相互作用模型可准确计算出星间相互作用力，提出的智能协同姿控算法可显著降低姿控过程中的星间内力，确保组合体航天器的安全。     

X射线动态数字图像降噪方法与快速实现

对于X射线动态数字成像系统,为了实现高帧频采集引起的数字摄影(DR,Digital Radiography)图像降质的恢复,采用Anscombe变换将NL-means降噪算法引入到DR图像的降噪中.为了解决NL-means降噪算法计算量大、运算速度慢的问题,利用可编程图形处理单元(GPU,Graphic Processing Unit)并行计算和高速浮点计算特性,将DR图像映射为GPU中的纹理,采用多线程并行计算,使得NL-means算法在GPU中加速执行.实验结果表明,NL-means能够有效抑制动态DR图像噪声.GPU加速方法可以在不损失图像信息的前提下,加速比可达2个数量级以上,满足了实时降噪的要求.     

基于奇异值分解的单框架变速控制力矩

摘要： 本文提出一种新的变速控制力矩陀螺（VSCMGs）的角动量管理方法.将VSCMGs的控制力矩(CMGs)模式和飞轮模式分开求解同步输出,对CMGs模式力矩输出进行奇异值分解,只有CMGs模式接近奇异的时候,在奇异方向上的指令力矩才会分配一部分给RWs模式,从而在保证VSCMGs输出精度的情况下尽量充分的利用VSCMGs的执行能力.同时角动量管理算法中还引入零运动来实现转子轮速平衡以及框架构型避奇异,并且考虑了框架角速度死区非线性以及忽略项的补偿问题.仿真结果表明,所设计的操纵律在航天器大角度快速姿态机动时,可以实现高精度的大力矩输出.     

Predictive fault-tolerant control of an all-thruster satellite in 6-DOF motion via neural network model updating

The problem of controlling an all-thruster spacecraft in the coupled translational-rotational motion in presence of actuators fault and/or failure is investigated in this paper. The nonlinear model predictive control approach is used because of its ability to predict the future behavior of the system. The fault/failure of the thrusters changes the mapping between the commanded forces to the thrusters and actual force/torque generated by the thruster system. Thus, the basic six degree-of-freedom kinetic equations are separated from this mapping and a set of neural networks are trained off-line to learn the kinetic equations. Then, two neural networks are attached to these trained networks in order to learn the thruster commands to force/torque mappings on-line. Different off-nominal conditions are modeled so that neural networks can detect any failure and fault, including scale factor and misalignment of thrusters. A simple model of the spacecraft relative motion is used in MPC to decrease the computational burden. However, a precise model by the means of orbit propagation including different types of perturbation is utilized to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed approach in actual conditions. The numerical simulation shows that this method can successfully control the all-thruster spacecraft with ON-OFF thrusters in different combinations of thruster fault and/or failure.     

基于水平集方法的复杂地质速度模型表达

地质速度模型表达的难点在于对复杂地质现象的精确描述和对正、反演应用的有效支持。提出了一种将速度间断面信息以隐函数的零等值面形式内嵌于速度模型的表达方法,多重拷贝策略使得相邻的速度块体互不干涉,妥善处理了在速度间断面处插值速度信息的矛盾。该表达方法适于描述复杂地质构造下的速度模型,如多值层面和具有非流形性质的断裂层面。在基于射线理论的应用中,利用符号距离场和速度间断面二叉树能迅速获得空间任意点的速度信息,检测射线与速度间断面的相交关系,并使射线在速度间断面处严格执行Snell定律,提高了射线路径的正确性。两组射线追踪的应用实例验证该表达方法的有效性。      

双储箱液体自衰减晃动分析

航天器在轨运行过程中,液体燃料晃动是破坏航天器稳定性、威胁航天任务安全性的主要因素之一.为此,有必要对液体燃料晃动进行研究.自衰减晃动是一种常见的液体晃动.本文主要针对双并联圆柱形储箱内液体自衰减晃动动态特性进行研究,以有限体积法为计算方法,采用两相层流模型,分析了不同重力环境下,液体燃料晃动对储箱侧壁面及底面作用的晃动力、力矩和波高随时间变化的特性,进而计算出液体晃动等效力学模型的相关参数.采用解析法推导了等效力学模型参数的计算公式,将有限体积法所得仿真解与解析解进行对比分析,证明了双储箱液体晃动仿真计算的可行性,为携带多储箱充液航天器的动力学分析提供了一定的理论基础.      

基于航天器解体事件的空间碎片寿命算法

研究了针对航天器解体事件所生成的空间碎片的寿命计算方法.给出了基于NASA标准航天器解体模型的航天器解体算法.该算法生成的一系列碎片参数,将作为寿命计算的初始条件.总结了现有求解碎片寿命的算法,并提出了一种半分析算法.该算法运用平均根数法的思路,计算了在J2摄动项的影响下,碎片的半长轴和偏心率的变化率;并采用微分积分法预报半长轴和偏心率随时间的变化.为了适应时变大气模型,该算法限制了计算步长.通过与数值法的比较分析了算法的计算速度和精度.选用了3种大气模型:SA76、GOST和MSIS-00,分析了不同大气模型在计算碎片寿命之间的差异.通过与P-78卫星解体事件的实测数据对比验证了整个算法的正确性.      

基于快速搜索的码书快速生成算法

在k维欧氏空间R^k中,给定一个有限子集W及一个向量x,如何快速搜索W中与x距离最近的向量,具有重要的实际应用价值,尤其在图像的矢量量化编码、自组织特征映射SOFM(Self-Organizing Feature Maps)算法的码书迭代生成等问题中,快速搜索算法起决定性的作用.针对SOFM算法的具体特点,在分析已有快速搜索算法的基础上,给出了一种新的快速迭代码书生成算法,该算法兼顾了快速与节省内存问题.实验结果表明:提出的新算法的执行时间仅为已有算法执行时间的约42％.另外,新算法在模式识别领域和计算机图形学领域均具有实际应用价值.     

基于随机森林的航天器电信号多分类识别方法

针对航天器电特性信号数据存在数据量大、特征维数高、计算复杂度大和识别率低等问题,提出基于主成分分析(PCA)的特征提取方法和随机森林(RF)算法,对原始数据进行降维,提高计算效率和识别率,实现对航天器电信号数据的快速、准确识别分类。随机森林算法在处理高维数据上具有优越的性能,但是考虑到时间复杂度问题,利用主成分分析方法对数据进行压缩和降维,在保证准确率的同时提高了计算效率。实验结果表明:与其他算法相比,针对航天器电特性信号数据,本文方法在准确率、计算效率和稳定性等方面均显示出优异的性能。     

一种复杂环境下的无线应急通信中继节点快速布点方法

无线应急通信作为综合应急保障体系的重要组成部分,在应对洪水、地震、海啸等自然灾害时有着传统网络无可比拟的便捷性和经济型.中继节点作为无线中继网络的关键环节,其选址将直接影响整个应急通信网络的性能.复杂环境无线应急通信中继节点选址依靠现场实地调查和测量,但会存在选址速度慢、中继节点冗余和通信链路质量差等问题.针对以往这些...     

Solar sail near the Sun: Point-like and extended models of radiation source

Some modifications of solar sail radiation pressure forces on a plate and on a sphere for use in the numerical simulation of ‘local-optimal’ (or ‘instantaneously optimal’) trajectories of a spacecraft with a solar sail are suggested. The force model development is chronologically reviewed, including its connection with solar sail surface reflective and thermal properties. The sail surface is considered as partly absorbing, partly reflective (specular and diffuse), partly transparent. Thermal balance is specified because the spacecraft moves from circular Earth orbit to near-Sun regions and thermal limitations on the sail film are taken into account. A spherical sail-balloon can be used in near-Sun regions for scientific research beginning with the solar-synchronous orbit and moving outward from the Sun. The Sun is considered not only as a point-like source of radiation but also as an extended source of radiation which is assumed to be consequently as a point-like source of radiation, a uniformly bright flat solar disc and uniformly bright solar sphere.     

Improved specular point prediction precision using gradient descent algorithm

Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) utilizes GNSS signals reflected off the Earth surface for remote sensing applications. Due to weak power of reflected signals, GNSS-R receiver needs to track reflected signals by open loop. The first step is to calculate the position of specular point. The specular point position error of the existing algorithm—Quasi-Spherical Earth (QSE) Approach—is about 3 km which may cause troubles in data post-processing. In this paper, gradient descent algorithm is applied to calculate position of specular point and the calculation is based on World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) ellipsoid in geodetic coordinate. The benefit of this coordinate is that it is easy to investigate the effect of real surface’s altitude. Learning rate—the key parameter of the algorithm—is adaptively adjusted according to initial error, latitude and gradient descent rate. With self-adaptive learning rate strategy, the algorithm converges fast. Through simulation and test on Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS II), the performances of the algorithm are validated. The specular point position error of the proposed algorithm is about 10 m. The speed of the proposed algorithm is competitive compared with the existing algorithm. The test on GNOS II shows that the proposed algorithm has good real-time performance.     

Thrusting maneuver control of a small spacecraft via only gimbaled-thruster scheme

The thrust vector control (TVC) scheme is a powerful method in spacecraft attitude control. Since the control of a small spacecraft is being studied here, a solid rocket motor (SRM) should be used instead of a liquid propellant motor. Among the TVC methods, gimbaled-TVC as an efficient method is employed in this paper. The spacecraft structure is composed of a body and a gimbaled-SRM where common attitude control systems such as reaction control system (RCS) and spin-stabilization are not presented. A nonlinear two-body model is considered for the characterization of the gimbaled-thruster spacecraft where, the only control input is provided by a gimbal actuator. The attitude of the spacecraft is affected by a large exogenous disturbance torque which is generated by a thrust vector misalignment from the center of mass (C.M). A linear control law is designed to stabilize the spacecraft attitude while rejecting the mentioned disturbance torque. A semi-analytical formulation of the region of attraction (RoA) is developed to ensure the local stability and fast convergence of the nonlinear closed-loop system. Simulation results of the 3D maneuvers are included to show the applicability of this method for use in a small spacecraft.     

利用人工神经网络快速计算木星系磁坐标

在木星辐射带研究中，从地理坐标向磁坐标的准确转换是建模基础.以往的建模中，磁壳参数L值的计算基于磁偶极场假设，该方法精确度较差.结合最新的高精度木星磁场模型JRM09，本文提出基于磁力线追踪法的木星磁坐标计算方法，并分析其合理性和必要性.要求精确度较高时，磁力线追踪法计算耗时很长.本文在磁力线追踪法的基础上进行改进，提出基于人工神经网络的磁坐标快速计算方法.该方法包括分类器和拟合器.分类器基于Adaboost算法的BP神经网络，用于预测某地理坐标是否在内磁层，如果在内磁层，则用拟合器计算L值.拟合器采用遗传算法优化BP神经网络.结果表明，分类器的分类错误率在3%以内，而拟合器的预测误差在7%以内.以Juno号一圈探测轨道为例，利用神经网络的磁坐标计算法比磁力线追踪计算法速度快3个数量级以上.基于人工神经网络的磁坐标快速计算方法可用于未来木星辐射带的研究.      

曲线曲面的若干几何处理基础算法研究

给出了实用的曲线曲面的离散、投影、直线－圆环求交，空间直线距离计算等算法，曲线用密切圆逼近，采用差商计算离散点参数，算法速度快，根据几何性质构造了点的投影及曲线投影跟踪算法，用拟牛顿法加大收敛范围，利用相关性减少迭代次数，采用矢量方法和局部坐标系技巧，如空间直线间距离计算，直线－圈环求交等常用算法十分简洁。     

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达航天器时间测量

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间(TOA)的空间测量是航天器自主导航和用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准的基础.在简要介绍地面射电观测TOA测量方法基础上,重点研究了X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间的空间测量方法和算法.讨论了利用X射线脉冲星辐射光子到达时间观测,建立X射线脉冲轮廓的方法;给出了通过观测得到的X射线脉冲轮廓与标准脉冲轮廓比较,精确确定TOA的测量方法和实用算法.讨论了削弱多普勒效应对TOA测量影响的方法.