基于ZnO阵列的银表面二次电子发射抑制技术

随着卫星有效载荷的射频功率越来越大,传统的微放电抑制方法已经无法满足大功率卫星有效载荷的需求。降低大功率射频部件内表面的二次电子发射系数是抑制微放电效应的重要方法之一,通过在金属银表面构造纳米量级ZnO阵列,实现了纳米尺度银陷阱结构的制备,研究了晶种制备方式、锌盐浓度对ZnO阵列生长的影响。结果表明,采用紫外照射法制备晶种获得的ZnO阵列在样片表面分布均匀,提高锌盐浓度可改善ZnO阵列的分布均匀性。分析了ZnO阵列排列密度对银膜构筑的影响,发现在低密度的ZnO阵列上更加容易镀覆金属银。因此,获得了镀银表面基于ZnO阵列的陷阱结构制备的工艺技术,实现金属银表面二次电子发射系数最大值降低36.3%。     

基于涂层传感器的金属结构疲劳裂纹监测

针对飞机金属结构在服役过程中的裂纹扩展实时监测需求,提出一种现代表面技术与电位法原理相结合的疲劳裂纹监测研究方案.在结构易出现裂纹的热点部位制备了一种具有绝缘隔离层、导电传感层和封装保护层3层结构的裂纹监测涂层传感器.然后进行了疲劳裂纹监测试验,结果表明:通过分析涂层传感器电阻(电位)的变化可以实现对2A12-T4铝合金连接结构多个部位的裂纹同时进行有效监测.此外,还对表面制备涂层传感器的试样与原始试样的疲劳特性进行了对比研究.结果表明:应用现代表面技术在2A12-T4铝合金表面制备涂层传感器,对其疲劳性影响甚微.     

石墨烯用于提高材料抗原子氧剥蚀性能

提出新型二维纳米材料石墨烯在航天器上的应用.首先采用超声空化法制备得到石墨烯,然后将其添加到环氧树脂中,采用共混法制成纳米复合材料.热失重分析显示材料的热稳定性能有所提高.在地面模拟设备中对环氧树脂和纳米复合材料进行了原子氧效应试验,并对试验前后材料的质量损失、表面形貌和表面成分等进行了分析,结果表明纳米复合材料相对于纯环氧树脂,其抗原子氧剥蚀性能有明显提高.      

纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层的抗原子氧剥蚀性能

为了进一步提高有机硅涂层的抗原子氧剥蚀能力,采用经硅烷偶联剂处理的纳米ZnO微粒,在聚酰亚胺薄膜基材表面制备出纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层.通过原子氧地面模拟试验,研究了纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层的质量损失、表面形貌及化学成分的变化规律.结果表明:经表面处理的纳米ZnO微粒可以均匀分布在有机硅涂层中,有效消除有机硅树脂成膜过程中产生的微裂纹.经过原子氧辐照试验,没有保护涂层的聚酰亚胺基材的质量损失较大,而涂覆纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层具有良好的抗原子氧剥蚀性能,其质量损失和微观表面形貌变化很小,并且随着涂层中纳米ZnO含量的增加,其抗原子氧剥蚀的能力进一步增强.     

组合材料芯片技术应用及Zn-Al合金镀层材料优选

基于组合材料芯片技术原理,通过离子束溅射方法,在低碳钢基片上快速制备了全组份范围的二元Zn-Al薄膜材料样品库,研究了不同热处理条件对薄膜组份互扩散过程的影响.使用XRD及EDS等手段表征薄膜的成分和结构,并采用原子力显微镜和透射电了显微镜观察形貌;使用纳米压痕仪测试材料芯片样品的压痕硬度和弹性模量;使用电化学方法测试平衡电位和极化电阻.在获得薄膜材料样品组成-结构-性能(力学性能和耐腐蚀性能)关联特性的基础上,对具有良好力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的二元Zn-A1合金镀层材料提出了成分设计和优化方案,即选择兼具良好力学性能和耐蚀性能的Al-Zn镀层材料,成分配比应控制为约30at%Zn含量.     

喷涂粉末对Al-Cu-Fe准晶涂层组织结构的影响

准晶材料具有低热导率、低磨擦系数、良好的耐磨性和抗氧化性、高硬度、高温塑性等优异性能,使之适于作为表面防护涂层.为了提高钛合金的抗高温氧化性能和耐磨性能, 采用低压等离子喷涂方法LPPS (Low Pressure Plasma Spraying)在钛合金表面制备了Al-Cu-Fe准晶涂层.通过改变喷涂粉末的成分和粒度大小,研究了喷涂粉末对制备态涂层相结构及微观形貌的影响. 由X-射线衍射XRD(X-Ray Diffraction)、扫描电镜SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscope)分析得出:采用原子比为Al70Cu20Fe10、粒度为-325目的粉末制备的涂层,在800℃下真空退火处理2?h后,结构均匀致密,二十面体准晶相(I相)含量高,并只含有少量的β相.     

硼酸金属化合物的制备及其电催化活性

采用电化学沉积法于室温、碱性条件下在氧化铟锡(ITO,Indium Tin Oxide)表面制备了硼酸钴(CoBi)、硼酸镍(NiBi)、硼酸锰(MnBi)、硼酸铑(RhBi)、硼酸钯(PdBi)几种无定形的硼酸金属化合物薄膜,并对其形貌和结构进行表征,结果表明几种薄膜均为无定形结构.将这几种硼酸金属化合物应用于电化学催化水氧化制氧,对比其催化活性,发现CoBi,NiBi,RhBi具有较高的催化性能,而MnBi和PdBi催化活性较低.进一步研究硼酸pH值对CoBi电催化水分解的影响.发现硼酸有利于金属化合物的制备,pH7~11范围内,HBO₃^2-作为质子受体含量逐渐增大,能接受放氧过程产生的质子,促进催化水分解过程的进行.所得催化剂可自我修复,实现循环利用.     

金属化丙烯酸酯橡胶微球的制备及其电性能

采用化学镀方法,对微米级丙烯酸酯橡胶(ACM,Acrylate rubbers)微球进行表面金属铜镀覆;通过对镀铜反应进程的控制,制备出了镀层致密、包覆均匀的低密度ACM核-铜壳结构复合导电微球(简称镀铜ACM复合微球);研究了镀铜ACM复合微球表面铜镀层的结构、形貌及微球的电性能.结果表明:应用化学镀的方法可以对ACM微球进行表面金属铜镀覆;通过控制镀液中OH-的补加量,能够准确控制化学镀铜反应进程及表面镀层包覆程度;不同包覆程度的镀铜ACM复合导电微球的体积电阻率均随外加压力增大而降低,几乎不随通电时间变化,但随温度升高表现出阻-温特性.      

电镀法制备超疏水性铜表面

在对天然荷叶表面观察的基础上,通过改变电流密度控制电镀层表面的形貌,制备出了仿荷叶结构的铜表面.随着电镀电流密度的逐渐增大,接触角先增大后减小,当电流密度为0.08 A/cm2时,镀层的表面结构与荷叶表面最接近,其疏水效果最好,接触角最大,达到了153.5°,滚动角为7.9°(小于10°).这种表面未经任何修饰就产生了超疏水性.这是处于Cassie模型的一种亚稳定状态,只要表面形貌特征满足一定条件,就可使水滴在亲水基体上处于Cassie模型的亚稳态,从而有可能产生疏水性甚至超疏水性.对亲水材料的疏水机理进行了探讨,这些结果对亲水基体上超疏水性表面的制备和现有疏水理论的理解具有一定的意义.      

Spectroscopy peculiarities of thermal plasma of electric arc discharge between electrodes with Zn admixtures

Plasma of the free burning electric arc between Ag–SnO₂–ZnO composite electrodes as well as brass electrodes were investigated. The plasma temperature distributions were obtained by Boltzmann plot method involving Cu I, Ag I or Zn I spectral line emissions. The electron density distributions were obtained from the width and from absolute intensity of spectral lines. The laser absorption spectroscopy was used for measurement of copper atom concentration in plasma. Plasma equilibrium composition was calculated using two independent groups of experimental values (temperature and copper atom concentration, temperature and electron density). It was found that plasma of the free burning electric arc between brass electrodes is in local thermodynamical equilibrium. The experimental verification of the spectroscopic data of Zn I spectral lines was carried out.     

顺电相PbTiO3晶体的电子结构和光学性质

应用全电势线形平面波缀加方法对铁电晶体钛酸铅的顺电立方相的电子能带结构、态密度、电子密度分布进行了计算.能带结构的计算结果表明立方顺电相晶体PbTiO₃为直接带隙的半导体,带隙大小为1.7eV.通过态密度和电子密度的计算结果分析,得到价带和导带的电子组成情况,并且指出Ti原子和O原子存在较强的共价键合.在电子结构的计算基础上,计算得到了与实验符合较好的PbTiO₃晶体的介电函数的实部和虚部,分析了虚部所对应的能带跃迁,并得到了其它的光学性质的参数(光学吸收系数、折射率、消光系数、能量损失曲线、反射率).     

Charges on dust particles

We discuss the potential (charge) on dust particles in various environments. We first consider the classical case of a single isolated dust particle. In conditions which apply to planetary dust rings, the exact value of the dust potential depends critically on several effects (e.g. secondary electron emission, photoelectric efficiency) which are not well known for small dust particles of relevant material and surface conditions. In dust clouds of high dust densities the classical approach fails to give the correct value of the dust potential due to the neglect of collective effects. In terms of an ordering parameter P = a_μN_d0/n₀ (dust radius in microns × cloud dust density/exterior plasma density) the collective effects on the dust potential become apparent at P ～ 10^?6. For increasing values of P the collective effects increase, whence the dust potentials decrease and eventually approach zero.     

Modeling of ionospheric scintillation at low-latitude

The presence and movement of plasma density fluctuations in the F-region of the ionosphere are studied by monitoring phase and amplitude of radio waves propagating through the region. In this paper, we have used weak scattering theory and assumed the plasma density fluctuations to behave like phase changing diffraction screen. Appropriate relations for scintillation index S₄, and phase variance δ? are derived and computed for different parameters of the plasma density irregularities of the ionosphere. SROSS-C2 satellite in situ measurements of plasma density fluctuations, which provide direct information about the structure and morphology of irregularities that are responsible for scintillation of radio waves, were used first time to develop a scintillation model for low latitude. It is observed that the scintillation index S₄ and phase variance δ? depends on the strength of the plasma turbulence. Finally, the results obtained from modeling are compared and discussed with the available recent results.     

纳米银膏与微米银膏烧结连接对比

用粒径20~80nm的纳米银膏和粒径1~3μm的微米银膏进行了烧结连接镀银铜块的对比实验.借助热/力物理模拟试验机Gleeble 1500D对接头剪切强度进行了测定.用扫描电镜及能谱分析仪对接头的微观组织进行了观察和分析.结果表明:在相同的连接条件下纳米银膏烧结连接的剪切强度明显高于微米银膏烧结连接的剪切强度.接头断口和显微组织分析表明,在相同条件下,纳米银膏烧结接头组织的质密性好于微米银膏烧结接头的组织质密性.在微米银连接接头中,由于Cu块-烧结银层间的界面处存在裂纹,其剪切强度较低.     

Charging of dust grains by anisotropic solar wind multi-component plasma

In this paper we study the charging process of small grain particles by anisotropic multi-component solar wind plasmas (electrons, protons and heavy ions), versus two-component (electron/proton) plasmas. We are focusing attention on the important characteristics of the charging process, namely the charging time, floating potential and current content as functions of plasma parameters such as He⁺⁺/H⁺ (α/p) number density and T_α/T_p temperature ratios of alpha particles to protons, as well as plasma streaming velocity v₀. Measured statistical properties of solar wind plasma parameters at 1 AU show considerable variations in α/p-temperature ratios from 1 to 10, in α/p-number density ratio from 0.01 to 0.35, as well as in values of streaming velocity v₀ from 200 km/s to 1000 km/s and more. Periods of these variations could last for several days each, leading to significant variability in the charging process, according to newly derived general analytical expressions. Numerical calculations performed for protons/alphas plasmas showed large disparity in the charging characteristics. For example, in anisotropic plasma, grain charging time varies up to 90% depending on α/p-particles temperature and number density ratios, whereas changes in floating potential are up to 40%. In contrast, in isotropic plasma, charging characteristic for grains do not change very much for the same plasma parameters variations, with charging time varying about 12% and floating potential only varying about 4%. It is also shown that in highly anisotropic plasma, with all ballistic electrons and ions, dust grains could not hold their charges, and characteristic discharged time is calculated. We note that the analysis is equally applicable to any sized body immersed in solar wind plasma.     

扫描辐射计内光路反射镜中SiO2／Ag薄膜系统的失效分析

SiO_2/Ag薄膜系统是扫描辐射计内光路反射镜的主要组成部分。采用高分辨扫描俄歇微探针(SAM)和扫描电镜分析对SiO_2/Ag 薄膜系统失效进行了较为全面的分析研究。通过扫描电镜观察发现,失效的反射镜表面SiO_2薄膜上存在大量析出物,借助于SAM分析,表明这些析出物主要是银和铜,析出物表面伴随有硫化和氧化。SAM的深度剖面结果说明,有析出物存在的区域,各薄膜层中存在原子间的扩散。文章就反射镜中Ag、Cu、和O的扩散和穿透行为进行了讨论,认为SiO_2薄膜致密度较差是导致反射镜失效的主要原因之一。     

Development of a campaign to study equatorial ionospheric phenomena over Guam

The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) is in the process of developing a series of ground-based and space-based experiments to investigate the equatorial ionosphere over Guam and the southern crest of the Equatorial Appleton Anomaly over New Guinea. On the ground the Digital Ionospheric Sounder (University of Massachusetts, Lowell DPS-4 unit) and a dual-frequency GPS TEC/scintillation monitor will be used to investigate ionospheric phenomena in both campaign and long-term survey modes. In campaign mode, we will combine these observations with those collected from space during USAFA’s FalconSAT-3 and FalconSAT-5 low Earth orbit satellite missions, which will be active over a period of several years beginning in the first quarter of the 2007 calendar year. Additionally, we will investigate the long-term morphology of key ionospheric characteristics useful for driving the International Reference Ionosphere, such as critical frequencies (f_oE, f_oF1, f_oF2, etc.), the M(3000) F2 parameter (the maximum useable frequency for a signal refracted within the F2 layer and received on the ground at a distance of 3000 km away), and a variety of other characteristics. Specific targets of investigation include: (a) a comparison of TEC observed by the GPS receiver with those calculated by IRI driven by DPS-4 observations, (b) a comparison of plasma turbulence observed on-orbit with ionospheric conditions as measured from the ground, and (c) a comparison between topside ionospheric satellite in situ measurements of plasma density during an overpass of a Digisonde versus the calculated value based on extrapolation of the electron density profiles using Digisonde data and a topside α-Chapman function. This last area of investigation is discussed in detail in this paper.     

Evaluation of gravity-dependent membrane potential shift in Paramecium

It is still debated whether or not gravity can stimulate unicellular organisms. This question may be settled by revealing changes in the membrane potential in a manner depending on the gravitational forces imposed on the cell. We estimated the gravity-dependent membrane potential shift to be about 1 mV G⁻¹ for Paramecium showing gravikinesis at 1–5 G, on the basis of measurements of gravity-induced changes in active propulsion and those of propulsive velocity in solutions, in which the membrane potential has been measured electrophysiologically. The shift in membrane potential to this extent may occur from mechanoreceptive changes in K⁺ or Ca²⁺ conductance by about 1% and might be at the limit of electrophysiological measurement using membrane potential-sensitive dyes. Our measurements of propulsive velocity vs membrane potential also suggested that the reported propulsive force of Paramecium measured in a solution of graded densities with the aid of a video centrifuge microscope at 350 G was 11 times as large as that for −29 mV, i.e., the resting membrane potential at [K⁺]_o = 1 mM and [Ca²⁺]_o = 1 mM, and, by extrapolation, that Paramecium was hyperpolarized to −60 mV by gravity stimulation of 100- G equivalent, the value corrected by considering the reduction of density difference between the interior and exterior of the cell in the graded density solution. The estimated shift of the membrane potential from −29 mV to −60 mV by 100- G equivalent stimulation, i.e., 0.3 mV G⁻¹, could reach the magnitude entirely feasible to be measured more directly.