Learning from living in space

The current state of space life sciences knowledge and research is described. Findings about the health of astronauts in space are reviewed and a plea is made by some former astronauts to increase the amount of research being conducted. Longitudinal studies of the long term effects of space travel, especially radiation exposure, are being conducted and have yet to show any ill effects. Current research focuses are discussed, including Neurolab, an upcoming shuttle mission devoted to neurological and vestibular research. Experiment and spacecraft hardware is discussed, as are future directions in research. Partnership with Russian space life sciences investigators is also underway.     

Life sciences

Space life sciences research activities are reviewed for the year. Highlights of animal studies were the first long-term flight of an animal enclosure module and an avian development facility on STS-108. Plant research efforts focused on a biomass production system for eventual use on the International Space Station (ISS), the PESTO experiment on ISS, and screening of several salad crop varieties for potential use in space. Health-related studies included the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE) on the Mars Odyssey mission, presentation of results from NASA's Biomolecular Physics and Chemistry Program, and research related to human liver cell function in space through an agreement with StelSys. In industry and academia, a memorandum of understanding was signed between NASA and the biotechnology industry to enhance communication between NASA and the industry, expand commercial biotechnology space research and development, and expand formal and informal education of industry and the public regarding biotechnology and space research. NASA selected Purdue University to lead an NSCORT for advanced life support research to develop technologies to enable long-duration planetary mission and sustain human space colonies.     

基于健康监测的飞机结构寿命预测技术

飞机结构健康监测技术在飞机的结构设计、飞行及维护过程中发挥着重要作用,该技术可用于结构健康状况预判、辅助维修与维护决策。本文首先介绍了当前结构健康监测的概念及其适用范围,讨论了结构健康监测相关规范要求,以F-35 和A400M 为例分析了国外飞机结构健康监测技术的典型工程案例,并给出了典型飞机单机跟踪和寿命控制、某老龄飞机载荷谱实测及寿命预测,讨论了基于裂纹的监测方法研究及限制其应用的主要因素。在此基础上,提出了飞机结构健康监测系统设计的主要思路,给出了寿命预计的基本流程,阐述了其中控制点选择、飞参筛选、载荷/应变方程构建、损伤计算及寿命评估、结果输出及方程验证等主要环节。最后,对航空领域未来开展结构健康监测智能化研究进行了展望。     

Life sciences

Space life sciences research activities are reviewed for 2003. Many life sciences experiments were lost with the tragic loss of STS-107. Life sciences experiments continue to fly as small payloads to the International Space Station (ISS) via the Russian Progress vehicle. Health-related studies continue with the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE) aboard the Odyssey spacecraft, collecting data on the radiation environment in Mars orbit. NASA Ames increased nanotechnology research in all areas, including fundamental biology, bioastronautics, life support systems, and homeland security. Plant research efforts continued at NASA Kennedy, testing candidate crops for ISS. Research included plant growth studies at different light intensities, varying carbon dioxide concentrations, and different growth media. Education and outreach efforts included development of a NASA/USDA program called Space Agriculture in the Classroom. Canada sponsored a project called Tomatosphere, with classrooms across North America exposing seeds to simulated Mars environment for growth studies. NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research released an updated strategic research plan.     

Life in space may help life on Earth

Teams of chronobiologists from the U.S., Russia, and Japan are working toward a remote computerized health care system which, once tested in space, may change how doctors diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and conditions predisposing stroke. The system is based on ongoing research indicating that swings in blood pressure charted over a span of 24 hr or longer, rather than a single systolic and diastolic reading, can reveal a new major risk factor for heart disease.     

Advanced life support in lunar and Mars missions

Strategies being considered for further exploration of space are presented. Scenarios are being examined by NASA's Office of Exploration to reach the goal of permanent facilities on other planets. Near-term requirements, as well as life support, technology, and human factors are being identified and studied to enable long term self-sufficiency in space. The article also examines medical and psychological issues to be addressed.     

寿命系数定寿的原理和方法

通过对疲劳载荷谱损伤值的研究,发现金属材料的疲劳寿命与疲劳试验载荷谱损伤值成线性关系,即金属材料的疲劳寿命随疲劳试验载荷谱的轻重成线性关系。由此规律推导出寿命系数,通过寿命系数可以降低全尺构件的疲劳试验时间。根据已有的疲劳试验数据研究的寿命系数值显示,在平均谱(疲劳损伤值为50%)基础上加重至58.33%损伤谱可降低全尺寸疲劳试验时间11%,75%损伤谱可降低36%,91.5%损伤谱可降低51%。由此得出:为了减少全尺疲劳试验时间,可以用加重载荷谱进行全尺寸疲劳试验,获得重谱下的寿命,再利用样件的寿命系数将其还原到平均谱下的平均寿命,然后用规范规定的疲劳分散系数除以平均寿命,给出使用寿命。这样既实现了减少疲劳试验时间的目的,又不违背规范规定的疲劳分散数值,使飞机定寿既经济又可靠。     

融合多传感器数据的发动机剩余寿命预测方法

针对基于单一传感器数据的剩余寿命预测方法存在数据利用率低和预测精度不高的问题,论文提出了一种融合多传感器数据的发动机剩余寿命预测方法。首先将多个传感器数据融合成一个复合健康指标来表征发动机的退化性能,采用线性维纳过程对复合健康指标进行退化建模,通过极大似然估计方法确定模型参数,进而得到发动机的预测寿命。为了确定融合系数,提出了一种利用真实寿命与预测寿命的预测均方误差最小化的方法。融合系数确定后,基于训练发动机历史寿命数据,确定出模型参数的离线估计值;然后利用Bayesian公式,同时结合发动机的实时监测数据与参数的先验分布对模型参数进行实时更新,接着在首达时间的意义下推导出剩余寿命的概率分布,进而实现了发动机的剩余寿命在线预测。最后,选择商用模块化航空推进系统仿真数据集进行数值仿真实验,结果表明：相较于基于单一传感器的方法,论文所提方法能够提高剩余寿命预测的准确性,其剩余寿命预测的相对均方误差降低了2%左右。     

榫连接结构微动疲劳寿命研究

根据航空发动机叶片和轮盘的榫连接结构接触区域的几何特性,对其微动疲劳接触问题进行了简化.通过有限元方法对简化模型进行数值计算分析,获取相应的应力、应变和位移.将临界平面法和微动损伤机理相结合,提出了一个微动损伤参量,并建立相应的微动疲劳寿命预测模型.将TC11试验件和榫连接构件的微动疲劳试验寿命与预测寿命进行比较分析.结果表明:所建立的微动疲劳寿命模型其预测结果误差分散带均在2倍因子以内.      

各向异性材料微动疲劳寿命研究

设计和制造了一套采用液压加载方式来施加法向载荷的微动疲劳试验装置,并且在该装置上进行了各向异性材料DD3与粉末高温合金FGH95以及DZ125与FGH95配对接触的微动疲劳试验,研究其微动疲劳的损伤过程.各向异性材料微动疲劳试验的完成证明了该装置的性能良好.将微动综合损伤参量应用于各向异性材料微动损伤的表征,并建立了DD3和DZ125相应的微动疲劳寿命预测模型.通过微动综合损伤参量的计算分析与试验验证,表明所建立的各向异性材料微动疲劳寿命模型其预测结果误差分散带均在2.8倍因子以内.      

航空发动机寿命限制件工作边界系统级分析模型

针对提高航空发动机系统安全性的迫切需求,以发动机本质特征和探索性研究成果为依据,分析了寿命限制件工作边界系统级分析模型(systematic model for engine life limited parts operating boundary analysis,SMELLIPOBA)的必要属性及各属性对应的技术基础,总结了相关技术基础领域的研究进展,介绍了SMELLIPOBA的发展现状,展望了这一领域未来研究方向.得出如下结论:满足适航性设计需求的SMELLIPOBA需具备耦合性、动态性、不确定性、学科交叉、多尺度等属性,未来SMELLIPOBA的发展仍将以上述属性为主线.      

战术导弹用固体发动机长寿命和免维修技术进展

阐述了近年来战术导弹固体发动机长寿命、免维修技术研究领域的一些进展；并根据最近的研究动态和相关技术的发展，展望了这一研究领域未来的发展趋势。     

飞机结构部件疲劳寿命预测技术研究

为解决飞机结构部件疲劳寿命有效预测的难题,以实现视情维修,提升飞机的安全性与可靠性,本文以某型军用飞机某一关键结构部件———水平尾翼为具体研究对象,对其进行疲劳寿命预测技术研究。采用飞机结构疲劳寿命专用试验平台,对飞机水平尾翼进行长期疲劳寿命试验,得到疲劳寿命真实试验数据,运用模糊相关理论及强化函数,建立混合疲劳寿命预测模型,应用此模型对飞机水平尾翼疲劳寿命进行预测研究。试验结果表明,所设计的模型预测准确性较传统M iner模型有了很大提高,具有很好的工程实用价值。     

用腐蚀损伤计算金属日历寿命的原理和模型

通过对金属腐蚀T-H曲线和温湿谱的腐蚀损伤研究,找到一种用腐蚀损伤计算金属日历寿命的原理和模型。这种计算金属日历寿命的模型,只要给出真实使用环境下的腐蚀T-H曲线和温湿谱,就可计算出金属真实使用日历寿命。通过对30CrMnSiA钢的日历寿命实例计算结果与真实环境下的腐蚀试验结果的比较得到,相对误差是17.5%,这说明该日历寿命计算模型和方法是有效的。     

高校分析化学人才培养模式研究

高校是分析化学人才培养的摇篮,然而,目前高校分析化学人才培养中存在诸多问题,使得高校难以顺应时代对分析化学人才的需求。为此,分析了21世纪分析化学人才应该具备的素质,并以此为基点,探讨了目前高校分析化学人才培养的误区,提出分析化学人才培养模式的调整思路。     

Fatigue life research and experimental verification of superalloy thin-walled structures subjected to thermal-acoustic loads

Rapid alternating stress is formed in structure subjected to harsh thermal-acoustic loads, which will affect fatigue performance and reduce fatigue life seriously. First, fatigue experiment of superalloy thin-walled structure was carried out to obtain fatigue damage location and failure time of the experiment specimen, and S-N curves of superalloy thin-walled structure at 723 K were fitted. Then, dynamic response simulation of superalloy thin-walled structure under the same load as experiment was implemented, and fatigue life was estimated based on the fatigue life prediction model which mainly included: improved rain-flow counting method, Morrow average stress model and Miner linear cumulative damage theory. Further, comparisons between simulation solutions and experimental results achieved a consistency, which verified the validity of the Fatigue Life Prediction Model (FLPM). Moreover, taking a rectangle plate as the analysis object, the distributions of Fain-low circulation blocks and damage levels of the structure were discussed respectively. Finally, current research indicates that in pre-buckling the structure is in softened area and fatigue life decreases with the increase of temperature; in post-buckling the structure is in hardened area and fatigue life increases with the increase of temperature within a certain range.     

R. Burkhardt, U. Esser, H. Hefele, I. Heinrich, W. Hoffmann, V. R. Matas, L. D. Schmadel, R. Wielen and G. Zech (eds.), Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts, Volumes 69A and 69B, Literature 1998, Part 1, published for Astronomisches Rechen-Institut

The reviewed Volumes of the AAA series record, summarize and index nearly 12 000 papers covering all aspects of astronomy and space sciences, published throughout the world during the first half of the year 1998. The AAA series is the most important source of information on progress in the scientific disciplines. They have become an indispensable source of information for scientists and students involved in the Universe research. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于局部应力应变场强法的薄壁缺口结构随机声疲劳寿命估算

航空发动机火焰筒结构在随机声激励下的寿命估算属于典型的多轴疲劳问题。对航空薄壁结构随机声疲劳寿命估算的峰值概率密度法和功率谱密度法进行了探讨。在应力场强法的基础上,深入研究了一种用于薄壁缺口结构随机疲劳寿命估算的有效方法——局部应力应变场强法,该方法能同时考虑缺口局部应力梯度和应变梯度对疲劳损伤的影响。以薄壁缺口结构作为研究对象,结合声疲劳问题分析的一般方法,对局部应力应变场强法在声疲劳寿命估算中的运用进行了研究。     

考虑冲击缺陷的钛合金板的疲劳寿命预估

基于连续损伤力学理论,研究了含冲击凹坑缺陷的Ti-1023钛合金板的疲劳损伤问题。通过分析冲击损伤与疲劳损伤的共同作用以及应力场与损伤场的耦合作用,对含冲击凹坑的钛合金板的疲劳寿命进行了预估。首先,基于连续介质运动学理论,采用非线性动力学有限元分析软件进行冲击损伤的模拟,得到冲击凹坑处的残余应力场与塑性应变场。其次,根据塑性损伤方程,计算冲击凹坑局部的初始损伤场,并将其作为后续疲劳计算的初始条件。然后,采用Chaudonneret的多轴疲劳损伤力学模型建立损伤力学-有限元数值解法,以进行损伤演化过程的数值计算。最后,综合考虑残余应力场、塑性初始损伤和疲劳损伤的共同作用,对含冲击凹坑的钛合金板进行了疲劳寿命预估,并进行了相应的疲劳验证试验。结果表明,预估结果与试验结果相一致。所做研究为工程中采用损伤力学方法来预估含冲击损伤的结构的疲劳寿命提供了一种可行的方法。