An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

神舟载人飞船流体回路动态仿真研究

以神舟载人飞船流体回路为物理模型,分析了各个部件的工作原理、流动和传热特性,建立起辐射器、泵、阀门、补偿器、冷板和换热器的部件模型。在此基础上建立了流体回路模型,并引入实际控制策略。模型的仿真数据与航天器热平衡试验数据进行对比,结果表明,模型对流体回路各点的温度、压力、系统的流量分配和液体体积变化的补偿都能较好的进行动态模拟,并能够模拟系统控制策略的动态执行情况,可用于流体回路系统控制算法和策略的优化分析。     

0.3 m低温风洞液氮供给系统研制

基于系统级的一维热流体模拟分析,建立了适用于研究分析0.3 m低温风洞液氮供给系统的数学模型,并开展了系统漏热、两相流及缓冲罐中液氮容积等流体动力学分析;在系统现有控制策略及试验数据的基础上,基于该数学模型开展了系统压力动态响应分析,获得了在阀门动态调节过程中管网压力的瞬态响应,计算结果与试验值的总体误差控制在10%以内。喷射压力一致化改造避免了阀间干扰,添加的回流管道消除了供给末端的两相流现象,使喷射压力控制精度达到1.1%,调节时间减少到23 s,实现了风洞总温快速安全调节和精确控制。     

氧换热器在两相流条件下的压力脉动机理分析

氢氧液体火箭发动机氧换热器在研制过程中出现了压力脉动现象，影响了换热器的正常工作。以该型换热器为研究对象，将换热器分为燃气侧、汇总管、圆管等结构，进行了CFD仿真计算，与试验结果对比，修正了传热相关参数，建立了换热器理论计算模型用于参数计算；利用非线性方法分析试验数据，确定了该换热器为混沌系统；利用两相流分析与电路类比两种方法分别针对换热器进行了建模与计算，均捕捉到了相变下换热器内的压力脉动。结果表明：通过CFD仿真及试验修正后的参数用于计算换热器的稳态参数，具有较好的一致性；换热器出现压力脉动时，具有一定非线性特征，且压力脉动越大，非线性程度越高；该换热器出现压力脉动的原因为氧工况接近两相区，相变使得介质密度发生剧变。根据分析结果提出了提高换热器设计压力的改进措施，通过试验得到了有效验证。     

泵驱动相变冷却系统中储液器压力响应特性

储液器作为泵驱动两相冷却系统的关键设备,其响应特性将直接影响系统的运行效果.通过储液器压力特性在泵启动过程、热源启动过程和系统稳定运行过程之间响应关系的实验研究和理论分析,结果表明在机械泵启动阶段,由于工质R134a的物理特性和和齿轮泵的工作特性,储液器压力越低,系统启动越稳定.储液器压力的变化,对热源启动过程影响较小,热源启动稳定.在稳定运行阶段,储液器压力越低,蒸发器出口温度波动越大.      

结构形式对双层微通道热沉传热性能的影响

设计一种双层微通道热沉,即热沉上下层通道结构相异B（上层为矩形微通道,下层为复杂结构微通道）,旨在降低压降的同时保持良好的换热性能,并与上下层通道均为复杂结构微通道的热沉A作对比。用数值方法研究了顺流和逆流时、不同通道结构（PA、PB、CA、CB）对其传热性能的影响,并用场协同原理分析流场与温度场的协同关系对传热的影响。结果表明:当0相似文献   

蒸汽腔平板微热管仿真及传热性能测试

平板微热管是一种新型的气液两相流传热器件,在空间有限的紧凑器件热控系统中应用更有优势,但是目前性能仍有很大提升空间。首先分析了具有蒸汽腔的平板微热管的工质输运特性,设计并制作了体积为45mm×16mm×1.75mm的蒸汽腔微热管,其中蒸汽腔的深度为200μm。制作了同样尺寸的无蒸汽腔微热管进行传热性能对比。试验结果表明,仿真分析与试验的温度差异在10%左右,高速图像采集系统采集图像与仿真图像可以较好地吻合。当输入功率为6W时,蒸汽腔热管的平衡温度为70.4℃,而相同功率下没有蒸汽腔热管的平衡温度为118℃。在1~6W输入功率下,蒸汽腔热管的平衡温度要明显低于没有蒸汽腔热管的平衡温度,因此蒸汽腔对于减小气态工质循环阻力,提高微热管传热能力有较大影响。本研究可为平板微热管的优化设计提供借鉴。     

侧载和管径对管内沸腾两相流性能影响实验

为研究飞行过程中侧向载荷对不同管径内沸腾两相流流动和传热的影响,在自行搭建的实验平台上做了多次实验.通过对实验段内流体的压差、雷诺数、孔隙率、热流密度及传热系数等参数数据的处理分析,研究了侧载和管径对管内沸腾两相流性能的影响.结果表明,动载越大,管内压差越大,管外散热越强,流体流量越小,空隙率越低,流体得热的热流密度越低.动载荷加强了单相流的表面传热系数;但对于沸腾两相流有一个先抑制再增强最后削弱的过程.管径对雷诺数、压差、孔隙率、散热能力等也有显著的影响,较小的管径流动阻力较大,而换热能力则有所提升.      

碱金属工质在基于毛细泵回路的多孔芯蒸发器内的热质传输特性

以基于毛细泵回路(CPL)原理的多孔芯蒸发器为研究对象,耦合多孔芯、蒸汽槽道和蒸发器壳体等多个部件,通过数值模拟的方法对碱金属工质在蒸发器内部的流动和相变传热特性进行分析,得到蒸发器内部的气相体积分数、温度、压力以及速度等分布。结果表明:碱金属液体极高的导热系数使得多孔芯部分的平均过热度不足1K;以碱金属为工质的多孔芯蒸发器,其内部的蒸发属于表面蒸发,气液界面稳定在多孔芯和蒸汽槽道的界面处,且在相同参数条件下,其毛细抽吸力比使用传统工质的蒸发器高1~2个数量级,具有更大的传输能力。      

飞机隔热结构热桥效应分析与实验

针对飞机隔热结构中金属筋条的热桥问题,设计了两类典型飞机隔热结构构型。为了研究分析热桥效应对隔热性能的影响,对各构型进行瞬态热传导有限元分析,得到在热面温度分别为100℃,200℃,300℃,424℃时考核点的温度,并通过隔热性能实验验证了有限元方法的有效性。结果表明:热桥对隔热结构的隔热性能有较大影响,设计隔热结构时应充分考虑热桥现象;提出了热桥阻断的方法。     

Influences of mass flow rate on heat and mass transfer performances of water sublimator combined with fluid loop

For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.     

Heat transfer in annular channels with flow twisting

The results of the experimental study of heat transfer in one-and two-phase regions at a pressure p = (98–103)10⁵ Pa in annular channels with twisting by means of a wire spiral and two-way heat supply are presented. We consider problems of determining the boiling point temperatures and heat transfer intensity at convection and boiling on convex and concave surfaces of an annular channel with twisting.     

轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析

为获得轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析计算方法,探究轴承腔油气两相介质流动换热规律。以某发动机轴承腔结构为对象,运用CFD方法分析轴承腔中两相介质流动速度、温度分布、体积分数和传热系数分布。基于试验获取轴承腔内外不同位置局部温度,利用温度梯度法计算热流获得传热系数。结果表明:两相介质的流动速度随径向高度增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,在无量纲径向高度为0.6时流速最大。轴承腔中转子及壁面之间的区域两相介质的温度随径向坐标增大呈现先减小后增大趋势。轴承腔内滑油主要分布在回油池及轴承腔外壁面上,回油池旁边其剪力分量和重力方向一致区域的油膜较薄,局部传热系数较小,其方向相反区域的油膜较厚,局部传热系数较大。      

动载对管内沸腾两相流传热特性的影响

对旋转状态下的单相水及加热单相水至沸腾的两相流进行了对比实验.通过对热耗散、流型、流阻及传热的分析与计算,研究了动载对流体流动与传热的影响.结果表明:过载强烈影响两相流动(尤其是流阻)和热传递方式,增大了流体的流阻和热损失,并削弱了流体的得热能力.动载引起的冲击交混流改变了管壁温度的均匀性和变化规律,即随着过载的增大,在一定范围内,管壁底部温度降低,顶部温度升高.      

基于简化Mohr模型的光纤陀螺温度补偿方法研究

为了提高光纤陀螺温度补偿精度,采用Mohr理论建立了光纤环圈的热传递模型,准确分析了光纤环圈内部的温度变化和分布情况,计算得到了光纤环圈的Shupe误差。根据Shupe理论误差和陀螺仪输出的相关性分析,得到了最优的光纤环圈热传递参数。根据热传递参数建立了光纤陀螺温度补偿模型,完成了光纤陀螺的实时温度补偿,实际补偿后光纤陀螺仪变温精度提高了约3.4倍。     

Ground experimental investigations into an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application

Spray cooling has proved its superior heat transfer performance in removing high heat flux for ground applications.However,the dissipation of vapor–liquid mixture from the heat surface and the closed-loop circulation of the coolant are two challenges in reduced or zero gravity space environments.In this paper,an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application was proposed and the negative pressure in the ejected condenser chamber was applied to sucking the two-phase mixture from the spray chamber.Its ground experimental setup was built and experimental investigations on the smooth circle heat surface with a diameter of 5 mm were conducted with distilled water as the coolant spraying from a nozzle of 0.51 mm orifice diameter at the inlet temperatures of 69.2 °C and 78.2 °C under the conditions of heat flux ranging from 69.76 W/cm~2 to 311.45 W/cm~2,volume flow through the spray nozzle varying from 11.22 L/h to 15.76 L/h.Work performance of the spray nozzle and heat transfer performance of the spray cooling system were analyzed;results show that this ejected spray cooling system has a good heat transfer performance and provides valid foundation for space closed-loop application in the near future.     

超临界航空煤油喷射的射流结构及相变过程

研究了超临界RP-3航空煤油喷射到静止常温常压大气环境中的近场射流结构及喷口附近的射流相变过程.研究结果表明,超临界煤油喷射到静止大气环境中后会经历类似于理想气体不完全膨胀的过程,会在喷嘴下游产生马赫盘等激波结构,马赫盘的位置随喷射压力的提高而增大,而喷射温度对马赫盘位置几乎没有影响.当喷射温度较高时,超临界煤油在喷嘴出口处直接进入气相区,没有凝结现象发生.而煤油的喷射温度接近临界温度时,超临界煤油会在喷嘴内部及出口处发生局部凝结,进入气液两相区.      

中国航天器新型热控系统构建进展评述

热控是由工程热物理与航天技术相互促进发展而形成的一门交叉学科,直接影响着航天器的总体设计水平。随着中国航天事业的飞速发展,对热控设计提出了越来越高的要求,并已成为制约中国航天器设计水平的关键瓶颈技术之一。本文综合评述了中国航天器新型热控系统构建的最新研究成果和进展,具体包括：针对载人航天、探月工程等不同任务需求,构建出了相应的新型热控系统,开发出了以泵驱单相流体回路、重力驱动两相流体回路、环路热管与水升华器等为代表的一批新型热控产品。在此基础上,结合中国航天工程实际需求,指出了今后的主要研究方向。     

航天领域蒸汽压缩热泵技术研究进展

蒸汽压缩热泵是未来大型航天器热控系统和制冷设备的新方案。介绍了国际上的研究情况,阐明了此技术的优越性和可行性。分析了航天用蒸汽压缩热泵的关键技术,包括微重力相变换热器及其研究方法、无润滑高转速压缩机等。在此基础上给出了中国开展航天领域蒸汽压缩热泵的研究方案。     

Ground-based investigations on phase-moving phenomenon with space sublimation cooling for lunar exploration missions

The lunar surface is a typical vacuum environment, and its harsh heat rejection conditions bring great challenges to the thermal control technology of the exploration mission. In addition to the radiator, the sublimator is recommended as one of the promising options for heat rejection. The sublimator makes use of water to freeze and sublimate in a porous medium, rejecting heat to the vacuum environment. The complex heat and mass transfer process involves many physical phenomena such as the freezing and sublimation phase change of water in the porous medium and the movement of the phase-change interface. In this paper, the visualized ground-based experimental approaches of space sublimation cooling were presented to reveal the moving law of three-phase point and the growth phenomenon of ice-peak and icicle in microchannels under vacuum conditions. The visualized experiments and results prove that the freezing ice is divided into the porous ice-peak and the transparent icicle. As the sublimation progresses, the phase-change interface moves downward steadily, the length of the ice-peak increases, but the icicle decreases. The visualized experiments of space sublimation cooling in the capillary have guiding significance to reveal the sublimation cooling mechanism of water in the sublimator for lunar exploration missions.