利用飞轮的航天器姿态跟踪与能量存储

研究航天器集成能量与姿态控制系统中飞轮的控制律。系统中飞轮是姿态控制的执行机构,同时也是储能装置。首先利用Lyapunov方法设计了航天器姿态跟踪的反馈控制律,然后研究一种力矩形式的飞轮控制律。利用奇异值分解方法把飞轮组的控制力矩向量分解为3部分相互正交的力矩向量,一部分用来提供姿态控制力矩,一部分用来以给定的功率储能,另一部分完成轮速平衡以避免由于各飞轮轮速差异过大引起的飞轮饱和。提出了一种基于动能反馈的储能功率规划方案来保证系统的能量平衡,可以避免由于过剩能量引起的飞轮饱和。数值仿真结果验证了控制方案的有效性。     

Nonsaturating Satellite Open-Loop Feedback Controls

The dynamics of a zero-momentum three-axis attitude controlled satellite is used to formulate an optimal control problem, which is then solved for the special case where the flywheels operate in a nonsaturating mode. The results then serve as guidelines in the design of simple open-loop and feedback controllers.     

Dynamics and autopilot design for endoatmospheric interceptors with dual control systems

The nonlinear system model of an endoatmospheric missile whose attitude is controlled by tail fins and reaction jets is presented. By choosing the divert accelerations and rotational rates as output variables, the internal dynamics of the nonlinear system are derived and are proved to be bounded under a bounded input. The blending principle of the reaction jets and tail fins is addressed to ensure that the normal acceleration is principally maintained by angle-of-attack or sideslip angle. An autopilot is designed by using the feedback linearization technique. Results of a numerical simulation of an autopilot design example show the effectiveness of the proposed blending principle and the autopilot design.     

Fault-tolerant control with mixed aerodynamic surfaces and RCS jets for hypersonic reentry vehicles

This paper proposes a fault-tolerant strategy for hypersonic reentry vehicles with mixed aerodynamic surfaces and reaction control systems (RCS) under external disturbances and subject to actuator faults. Aerodynamic surfaces are treated as the primary actuator in normal situations, and they are driven by a continuous quadratic programming (QP) allocator to generate torque com-manded by a nonlinear adaptive feedback control law. When aerodynamic surfaces encounter faults, they may not be able to provide sufficient torque as commanded, and RCS jets are activated to augment the aerodynamic surfaces to compensate for insufficient torque. Partial loss of effective-ness and stuck faults are considered in this paper, and observers are designed to detect and identify the faults. Based on the fault identification results, an RCS control allocator using integer linear programming (ILP) techniques is designed to determine the optimal combination of activated RCS jets. By treating the RCS control allocator as a quantization element, closed-loop stability with both continuous and quantized inputs is analyzed. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Nonlinear decoupling sliding mode control and attitude control ofspacecraft

Control of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems which can be decoupled by state-variable feedback is considered. A variable-structure-control (VSC) law is derived so that in the closed-loop system the output variables asymptotically track given output trajectories in spite of any uncertainty in the system. On the basis of this result, a control law is derived for the attitude control of an orbiting spacecraft in the presence of uncertainty using reaction jets. The controlled outputs are the three Euler angles which describe the orientation of the spacecraft relative to an orbital frame. Simulation results are presented to show that, in the closed-loop system, precise attitude control is accomplished in spite of the uncertainty in the system     

Integrated power and attitude control with two flywheels

Energy storage and attitude control are two distinct subsystems of the typical satellite. Energy storage is provided using batteries and active attitude control is accomplished with control moment gyroscopes or reaction wheels. A system mass savings can be achieved if these two subsystems are combined using multiple flywheels for simultaneous kinetic energy storage and momentum transfer. This paper develops, simulates, and experimentally demonstrates the control algorithms to accomplish integrated power and single-axis attitude control using two flywheels.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Attitude Control of Spacecraft

A model reference adaptive control law is presented for largeangle rotational maneuvers of spacecraft using reaction jets. It isassumed that the various parameters of the spacecraft arecompletely unknown, and unknown but bounded disturbancetorques are acting on the spacecraft. The controller includes adynamic system in the feedback path. Simulation results arepresented to show that fast, large angle rotational maneuvers can beperformed using the adaptive controller in spite of uncertainty inthe system.     

An Approach to Optimization of Terminal Rendezvous

The optimal solution is presented to a cooperative game which is described by a common quadratic cost functional subject to linear ordinary differential equation constraints. The optimal feedback controller is constructed for both players when all components of the state vector can be measured. For the case that only some components of the state vector are available, the optimal feedback controller is designed using a dynamic observer. As a specific application, the approach is used in determining the optimal feedback controllers for two satellites which are performing a rendezvous on a circular orbit. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

A novel two-stage extended Kalman filter algorithm for reaction flywheels fault estimation

This paper investigates the problem of two-stage extended Kalman filter(TSEKF)-based fault estimation for reaction flywheels in satellite attitude control systems(ACSs). Firstly, based on the separate-bias principle, a satellite ACSs with actuator fault is transformed into an augmented nonlinear discrete stochastic model; then, a novel TSEKF is suggested such that it can simultaneously estimate satellite attitude information and actuator faults no matter they are additive or multiplicative; finally, the proposed approach is respectively applied to estimating bias faults and loss of effectiveness for reaction flywheels in satellite ACSs, and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault estimation approach.     

神经网络最优闭环制导律设计

对于复杂的非线性导弹制导系统 ,很难求得其解析的最优制导律 ,只能求得开环的数字解 ,不能适用于具有时变不确定性的导弹制导系统。利用神经网络的学习和推广能力 ,对开环的数字最优制导律进行离线的学习 ,作为闭环的神经最优制导律在线应用。研究分别选择系统状态变量和视线角速率等不同的神经网络输入对制导系统性能的影响 ,以及各种制导律的鲁棒性问题 ,并采用模块化神经网络结构提高神经网络的学习和推广能力 ,仿真结果得到一些有益的结论。     

Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets

Modern military aircraft jet engines are designed with variable-geometry nozzles to provide optimal thrust in different operating conditions, depending on the flight envelope. How- ever, acoustic measurements for such nozzles are scarce, due to the cost involved in making full- scale measurements and the lack of details about the exact geometries of these nozzles. Thus the present effort at Pennsylvania State University （PSU） in partnership with GE Aviation and the NASA Glenn Research Center is aiming to study and characterize the acoustic field produced by supersonic jets issuing from converging-diverging military style nozzles, and to identify and test promising noise reduction techniques. An equally important objective is to develop methodology for using data obtained from small- and moderate-scale experiments to reliably predict the full-scale engine noise. The experimental results presented show reasonable agreement between small-scale and medium-scale jets, as well as between heated jets and heat-simulated ones.     

航天器姿态控制系统的退步控制设计方法

研究了航天器的姿态控制问题.考虑了飞轮作为执行机构的姿态动力学模型,应用退步控制理论设计了姿态控制算法.该算法克服了飞轮的电机滞后带来的影响,保证了姿态控制系统对指令信号的跟随.对所设计的控制律进行了数值仿真.仿真结果说明了所设计的控制律的有效性.     

飞机发电机电压调节系统数学模型的建立与研究

讨论了研制的某60kVA交流电源的调压系统工作原理与组成结构。在实验基础上,利用MATLAB强大的模型辨识和数值计算功能,建立了调压系统数学模型,并对其进行仿真分析,最后给出验证实验波形。两种结果都表明励磁电流反馈在改善系统稳态性能的同时也影响系统动态性能,和理论分析一致,证明建模方法和结果是正确有效的,可以为调压系统的参数设计与性能分析提供重要的理论依据,而且对研究数字调压器的控制算法有参考价值。     

敏捷卫星的联合执行机构控制策略

 针对对地观测敏捷卫星大角度快速机动、高控制精度的任务需求,提出了联合推力器与飞轮作为执行机构的控制策略。该控制策略综合利用2种执行机构的优点:推力器以前馈的形式提供机动过程中所需的主要力矩以实现航天器大角度的快速机动,而飞轮以反馈的形式提供精准的控制力矩以提高机动过程中的姿态控制精度。为补偿由于初始状态偏差和推力器输出力矩不准确所带来的控制误差,采用变结构控制设计了2种姿态跟踪控制器,使航天器能够渐进地跟踪上参考轨迹。并对姿态机动控制过程中,飞轮力矩及转速可能出现的饱和问题作了相应的修正。仿真结果表明了所提控制策略及所设计控制算法的可行性和有效性。     

Three-dimensional midcourse guidance using neural networks forinterception of ballistic targets

A suboptimal midcourse guidance law is obtained for interception of free-fall targets in the three-dimensional (3D) space. Neural networks are used to approximate the optimal feedback strategy suitable for real-time implementation. The fact that the optimal trajectory in the 3D space does not deviate much from a vertical plane justifies the use of the two-dimensional (2D) neural network method previously studied. To regulate the lateral errors in the missile motion produced by the prediction error of the intercept point, the method of feedback linearization is employed. Computer simulations confirm the superiority of the proposed scheme over linear quadratic regulator guidance and proportional navigation guidance as well as its approximating capability of the optimal trajectory in the 3D space     

飞行器神经元控制系统的研究与设计

提出了一种基于神经元网络的飞行控制系统设计方法 ,该方法设计的神经元飞行控制器具有良好的鲁棒性 ,使飞行器在整个飞行包络内都能保持某种最优的操纵品质。给出的计算机仿真结果显示出神经元网络作为飞行控制器在处理飞行器参数大范围变化的非线性特性方面具有潜在的优良品质     

Energetic and Broad Band Spectral Distribution of Emission from Astronomical Jets

Emission from astronomical jets extend over the entire spectral band: from radio to the TeV γ-rays. This implies that various radiative processes are taking place in different regions along jets. Understanding the origin of the emission is crucial in understanding the physical conditions inside jets, as well as basic physical questions such as jet launching mechanism, particle acceleration and jet composition. In this chapter I discuss various radiative mechanisms, focusing on jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) and X-ray binaries (XRB) environment. I discuss various models in use in interpreting the data, and the insights they provide.     

Execute Command in Space Communications

Two types of feedback systems for a command channel are described. a) Complex Feedback?where, for each command, an identification is relayed back over the feedback channel. b) Decision Feedback?where the feedback channel is used only to state whether the satellite recognized the transmission as a command word. For a), the decision as to whether a command was properly received at the satellite is made on the ground, while for b), the decision is made at the satellite, the only purpose of the feedback channel being to cause the ground station to retransmit the command word if the satellite did not recognize the initial transmission. The decision feedback system then amounts to a one-way channel, since the satellite makes a decision after the initial transmission as to whether or not a command word was sent. If the transmitted command word is interpreted as a command, whether correct or not, the ground station has no further control. The following theorem is proved rigorously: ``It is always possible to specify a decision feedback system which gives the same error performance as a given complex feedback system.'     

敏捷导弹六自由度动力学建模与仿真

研究了敏捷导弹六自由度导弹动力学建模和仿真问题，首先给出了用于拦截器的姿控脉冲发动机和用于空空导弹敏捷转弯的反作用喷气控制系统的力学模型，然后给出了带干扰（包括风的干扰）的具有大迎角大姿态机动能力的敏捷导弹的六自由度动力学模型，最后利用上述模型对先进空空导弹的越肩发射进行了仿真，并给出了部分结果。该模型除了可以进行一般的导弹动力学仿真外，尤其适用于空空导弹敏捷转弯（含越肩发射），高空弹道导弹拦截器的大姿态机动等的仿真计算。     

Nonlinear observer and output feedback attitude control ofspacecraft

The problem of controlling a spacecraft by measuring only the angular position (roll, pitch, and yaw) is considered. A nonlinear observer is proposed which asymptotically reconstructs all the spacecraft state variables; if the spacecraft actuators are reaction wheels, the angular velocities of the wheels also must be measured. It is shown that if the observer is used in connection with asymptotically stable state feedback controllers, the extended system (spacecraft, controller, and observer) is still asymptotically stable. Simulation results are reported to illustrate the dynamic behavior of the observer