空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧研究进展

在混流燃烧室内组织富燃燃气与空气的高效稳定掺混燃烧对于空气涡轮火箭发动机（ATR）性能至关重要。回顾了国外各研究机构关于ATR掺混燃烧方案的试验研究,对波瓣混流器在航空领域强化内、外涵气流掺混中的典型应用及研究成果进行总结评述,总结并提出ATR掺混燃烧的特点和关键问题,分析了后续掺混燃烧研究中需重点关注的问题。     

固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的建模及特征研究

建立了固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的设计状态数学模型,提出了燃烧室燃气与空气配比的关系,分析了压气机增压比、涡轮进口燃气总温和涡轮落压比对燃烧室油气比的影响,以及固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的设计特点。基于涡轮压气机功率平衡条件、静压相等的掺混条件和尾喷管流量匹配条件,建立了固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的非设计状态数学模型。     

TSPR涡轮增压器出口方式对掺混燃烧的影响

针对涡轮增压器出口气流进入涡轮增压固冲发动机(Turbocharged Solid Propellant Ramjet,TSPR)补燃室后,因同轴流动而造成掺混燃烧效率不高的问题,通过对比研究ATR(Air Turbocharged Ramjet)及固冲发动机掺混燃烧增强手段,形成了一种可有效增强TSPR补燃室掺混燃烧效果的方案。继而通过数值模拟的手段对该方案的有效性和内在机理进行了讨论。最后通过TSPR工作模式的数值模拟,发现在不同富燃燃气余气系数状态下补燃室效率均能保持90%以上,验证了该方案的有效性和适用性。根据这些研究,该文认为保留驱涡燃气高速旋流配合增压空气采用一定射流角度进入燃烧室的出口流动方式能够使TSPR补燃室有效工作,燃烧效率相对原有ATR模式能够提高1倍以上;其中涡轮的旋转速度高于40 000 rpm时,经过涡轮膨胀做功的驱涡燃气使发动机比冲和补燃室温度分布情况都比较理想;增压空气采用40°~50°的射流角进行斜向射流对发动机比冲性能提高和补燃室内温度分布改善是比较有利的。     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

喷嘴入射方式对气体-液滴群掺混的影响

通过数值模拟的方法从冷态方面研究了金属/水反应冲压发动机二次掺混室内横流气体和通过压力旋流喷嘴雾化的液滴群的掺混情况.提出了掺混度、不均匀浓度因子和等浓度线这3种特征量作为评价指标,分析了不同喷嘴入射角度情况下,液滴群对横向交叉气流的影响以及气流对液滴群掺混的作用.结果表明,液滴群的加入使气流中产生了尺度不同的涡,促进了湍流;喷嘴附近的掺混初始阶段,大涡作用使液滴分布很不均匀,喷嘴下游,涡的尺度减小,对液滴的扩散影响减弱,但初始的喷雾形态和液滴趋向高应变和低涡量区域造成了壁面处液滴浓度仍然高于其他区域;喷嘴垂直无偏入射的掺混优于轴向或切向入射;轴向向上游偏转入射优于向下游偏转入射;切向偏转角度越大,越不利于掺混.     

火箭发动机喷雾均匀性数值分析

喷雾均匀性对火箭发动机燃烧室内掺混效率和燃烧强度有着重要影响。以火箭发动机为对象,研究了喷雾均匀性。为了对雾化场均匀性给出定量指标,对燃烧室横截面内周向和径向方向上进行区域划分,定义了能定量衡量雾化场均匀性的参数。利用商业软件对火箭发动机燃烧室内喷雾场进行了数值模拟,结果表明,合理调整喷嘴喷射角度,能够有效改善喷雾均匀性。     

侧向旋转射流进气对固冲发动机性能的影响

采用Reynolds应力方程模型及涡耗散燃烧模型,在不同旋转工况下给定相同进气流量,对侧向进气固冲发动机补燃室湍流反应流场进行了数值计算,得到了燃烧产物的平衡组分、燃烧温度和其他热力学参数,并在此基础上计算了补燃室燃烧效率、发动机推力等参数。数值模拟表明,对于侧向进气固体火箭冲压发动机,在空气射流中引入旋转流动,能有效提高补燃室内的燃烧效率,进一步提高发动机性能。燃烧效率随旋流强度呈先增大、后又减小的规律。采用最佳旋流数的旋转进气后,可使发动机推力提高约2.3%。     

固液火箭冲压发动机燃烧室流场数值仿真

固液火箭冲压发动机通过固液两种燃料匹配工作,相比传统的固体火箭冲压发动机和液体燃料冲压发动机具有较为明显的优势.基于离散相模型和单步反应模型,采用Fluent 对设计点飞行参数下,不同结构和不同工况条件下的燃烧室两相反应流场进行了数值仿真.结果表明,燃气发生器喷管参数和进气道进气角度主要影响空气与燃气流的撞击以及头部区...     

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室掺混与燃烧流场数值模拟

用雷诺平均N-S方程和k-ε双方程湍流模型,对壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室内的掺混与燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。考虑了进气道尺寸、进气夹角、头部距离、一次喷嘴扩张比和喷嘴数目等结构因素对补燃室掺混与燃烧性能的影响。模拟结果表明,进气道尺寸和进气夹角对掺混与补燃性能的影响与非壅塞式相同;增加一次喷嘴的数目和加大喷嘴的扩张比增加了燃气的分散性,提高了补燃效率。该研究从理论上找到了提高补燃效率的途径。     

补燃室长度对固冲发动机二次燃烧的影响

采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型及单步涡扩散燃烧模型,对二元双下侧进气式固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室内三维反应流场进行了数值模拟,得到了补燃室二次燃烧效率的变化趋势。结合直连式地面模拟试验,分析了补燃室长度对掺混流场和二次燃烧效率的影响。结果表明,增加补燃室长度,可显著提高二次燃烧的效率,但存在一恰当的设计值;大于此设计值时,对提高二次燃烧效率的作用有限。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的气动热力循环分析(英文)

建立了固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的设计状态数值模型,提出了基于压气机增压比、涡轮前温度和涡轮落压比关系的燃烧室燃气与空气配比表达式,以及涡轮落压比和发动机涵道比的匹配关系.定量分析了压气机增压比、涡轮进口燃气总温、涵道比/涡轮落压比和飞行马赫数对固体推进剂吸气式涡轮火箭发动机的单位推力和比冲的影响.     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

展向行波状Lorentz力的波数对壁湍流控制的影响

展向行波状Lorentz力可以有效调制湍流近壁流动及减少壁面摩擦阻力。为了解行波波数在壁湍流控制中的影响,并进一步揭示该方法的减阻机理,本文利用Fourier-Chebyshev谱方法,通过直接数值模拟（DNS）,对槽道湍流的展向行波状Lorentz力控制和减阻问题进行了研究,讨论了展向波数kz对近壁流动及壁面阻力的影响。结果表明,当展向行波状Lorentz力诱导的流场被用来调制固有的近壁湍流流场时,固有流场和诱导流场同时受到调制。Lorentz力的展向波数对流场调制效果具有显著影响。通过波数的选择,引进新的涡结构,可以调制条带结构的展向间距与强度,影响近壁流体的湍流猝发活动,从而调制壁面摩擦阻力的大小。     

固冲发动机补燃室冷流掺混效果与燃烧效率对比研究

在燃气参数相同的条件下,定量分析了多种空气进气形式下的冷流掺混效果和燃烧效率,对其反应流场进行模拟,得到各自的燃烧效率曲线。通过掺混效果和燃烧效率的对比研究,结果表明,冷流掺混效果并不能完全反映二次燃烧效率,原因在于冷流流场分析仅考虑了纯气相流场的掺混效果,而未考虑两相流作用;金属粒子滞留时间对燃烧效率有很大影响。研究结果还表明,提高补燃室燃烧效率,除改善掺混效果外,还应设法延长金属粒子滞留时间。     

固体推进剂空气涡轮火箭发动机的非设计点性能研究

为了简化控制系统和节流装置,采用涡轮进口富燃燃气流量为常数的调节计划,建立了固体推进剂空气涡轮火箭发动机(SPATR)的非设计点计算数学模型。分析了不同设计点涡轮进口富燃燃气流量对SPATR性能的影响,确立了设计点富燃燃气流量选择的方法。计算了SPATR的非设计点性能。结果表明,所建数学模型合理、可行,能满足SPATR在不同高度和速度下飞行任务的需要。     

Calculation of ignition and combustion of a hydrogen jet in air with finite chemical reaction rates

A comparison between two analytical models of a free turbulent mixing of reacting streams with finite chemical reaction rates is presented and the results of calculations compared with experimental data. The substance is a mixture of the inert non-dissociated nitrogen and oxygen that dissociates and reacts with hydrogen.For the first model the local values of flow parameters along the streamlines were provided by the numerical solution of the conservation equations in the boundary layer form for a multicomponent mixture of perfect gases in the von Mises coordinate system. In the course of this analysis the problem was treated by dividing the flowfield into a large number of regions and by solving the Cauchy problem of the conservation equations for each region.The second analytical model was based on the ignition delay to describe the chemistry in the region of pre-ignition. The external air stream was heated by combustion and the influence of the water vapor and the intermediate species on the reaction kinetics in the mixing zone was numerically investigated.The results of calculation are compared with the experimental data with respect to the location of a visible flame edge under combustion of hydrogen jet in the co-current flow.