Image Quality assessment for Chang＇E-1 IIM 2C Data

嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪（IIM）获取的多波段图像数据对于月表矿物成分反演具有重要意义.从目视质量、客观参数、几何配准精度、图像质量随时间的变化情况等方面对IIM 2C级的多波段图像数据质量进行了评价.结果显示,其两端波段范围的图像质量较差,不能有效识别月表单元,中间波段图像质量较好;自然色图像显示IIM数据存在明显的横向色调不均一性.利用图像的客观评价指标（辐射精度、清晰度、信息量）将干涉成像光谱仪图像数据与美国Clementine UV-VIS多光谱图像数据进行对比分析,结果表明,IIM数据清晰度好于ClementineUV-VIS,而在方差和信息量上弱于Clementine UV-VIS.将IIM图像数据与Clementine多光谱数据统一到相同的空间分辨率,进行配准精度评价,其最大控制点配准误差为0.63 pixel.此外,还对时间跨度两个月覆盖月表同一区域的IIM图像数据从辐射精度、信息量和清晰度方面进行了评价.     

嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪2C级图像数据质量评价

嫦娥一号干涉成像光谱仪(IIM)获取的多波段图像数据对于月表矿物成分反演具有重要意义. 从目视质量、客观参数、几何配准精度、图像质量随时间的变化情况等方面对IIM 2C级的多波段图像数据质量进行了评价. 结果显示, 其两端波段范围的图像质量较差, 不能有效识别月表单元, 中间波段图像质量较好; 自然色图像显示IIM数据存在明显的横向色调不均一性. 利用图像的客观评价指标(辐射精度、清晰度、信息量)将干涉成像光谱仪图像数据与美国Clementine UV-VIS多光谱图像数据进行对比分析, 结果表明, IIM数据清晰度好于Clementine UV-VIS, 而在方差和信息量上弱于Clementine UV-VIS. 将IIM图像数据与Clementine多光谱数据统一到相同的空间分辨率, 进行配准精度评价, 其最大控制点配准误差为0.63pixel. 此外, 还对时间跨度两个月覆盖月表同一区域的IIM图像数据从辐射精度、信息量和清晰度方面进行了评价.      

利用多尺度区域权重的红外可见光图像融合

针对红外、可见光图像融合，提出了一种利用多尺度区域权重的方法，获得既具有良好视觉效果又能保留和继承特征细节的融合结果。首先，通过改变平滑滤波的参数构建多尺度分解，获得一系列具有不同细节的双波段图层；其次，基于每一图层生成区域权重图，实现双波段图层融合;最后，利用适当的系数对融合后的图层进行合成，获得最终的融合结果。通过对比实验结果的主客观评价分析，证明本文方法能够产生最佳视觉效果的融合图像，能保留和突出原始双波段图像中的细节与特征，并能获得最佳的客观评价指标。     

高光谱遥感地形影响建模与仿真

针对地形起伏对高光谱遥感图像几何变形和辐射变化的影响,建立高光谱遥感地形影响模型.该模型利用传感器位置、姿态和视场角建立模拟图像像元坐标和地面空间坐标之间的成像几何关系,利用地表反射率、数字高程模型等数据,考虑大气辐射传输过程,计算起伏地形下传感器入瞳辐亮度图像,并经过空间分辨率转换,生成最终遥感模拟图像,实现高光谱遥感地形影响精确建模.利用西藏驱龙地区Hyperion数据和其它相关数据进行仿真分析,将模拟图像和原始图像进行对比,结果比较吻合,表明该模型具有较好的模拟效果.     

基于光谱知识的高光谱图像自动识别方法

针对传统高光谱图像矿物识别方法未能充分利用矿物光谱诊断吸收特征与矿物光谱知识、识别过程人为干预多等问题,提出了一种基于光谱知识的高光谱图像自动识别方法.该方法引入了基于光谱吸收特征与波形特征的光谱知识作为自动识别的标准,利用连续统去除操作增强光谱吸收特征,采取基于光谱主次吸收特征的识别决策策略,建立多级约束准则以提高识别精度及避免误识别,通过利用模拟数据进行算法精度评价并应用航空高光谱成像仪AVIRIS(Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer)数据进行应用分析与验证.结果表明:当图像信噪比大于200时,识别准确率可以达到80.3%,能够得到良好的识别结果以及较高的精度,并实现了基于高光谱图像的矿物自动识别.     

基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法

针对现有波段选择方法无法依据感兴趣地物划分数据子空间及子空间划分容易受背景地物影响等问题,提出一种基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法.利用感兴趣地物的光谱曲线,建立光谱自适应因子(SAF,Spectral Adaptive Factor);通过聚类划分子空间,在每个子空间内,利用J-M距离筛选类别可分性最大波段作为子空间最优波段,从而得到整个数据空间的最佳波段组合.利用AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter)成像光谱仪数据与波段指数(BI,Band Index)和基于类间可分性最佳波段选择两种方法比较,SAF方法选择的最佳波段组合,包含信息量丰富,地物之间差异较大,且地物平均J-M距离大于另外两种方法.用最大似然法(maximum likelihood)对最佳波段组合进行分类,总体分类精度为96.8％,Kappa系数为0.894.结果验证了SAF方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法

针对现有波段选择方法无法依据感兴趣地物划分数据子空间及子空间划分容易受背景地物影响等问题,提出一种基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法.利用感兴趣地物的光谱曲线,建立光谱自适应因子(SAF,Spectral Adaptive Factor);通过聚类划分子空间,在每个子空间内,利用J-M距离筛选类别可分性最大波段作为子空间最优波段,从而得到整个数据空间的最佳波段组合.利用AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter)成像光谱仪数据与波段指数(BI,Band Index)和基于类间可分性最佳波段选择两种方法比较,SAF方法选择的最佳波段组合,包含信息量丰富,地物之间差异较大,且地物平均J-M距离大于另外两种方法.用最大似然法(maximum likelihood)对最佳波段组合进行分类,总体分类精度为96.8%,Kappa系数为0.894.结果验证了SAF方法的有效性和实用性.     

霍尔推力器在轨羽流图像诊断方法

为便于霍尔推力器羽流在轨诊断测量,文章提出了一种基于光谱诊断衍生出来的图像诊断方法。首先对推力器羽流进行光学图像采集,然后提取出能够反映羽流不同谱段光强信息的红绿蓝三通道数据;同时结合相机成像原理分析,得到不同通道的像素点灰度值与羽流光谱强度的对应关系;并且基于光谱碰撞辐射模型,建立了羽流图像计算模型。研究结果表明,利用图像诊断方法计算得到的羽流区电子温度和离子密度分布规律均与探针试验结果相吻合,计算的相对不确定度分别约为20%和15%,说明了该诊断方法精度适中,具有较高的可靠性,适用于在轨诊断霍尔推力器羽流等离子体参数。     

多光谱遥感数据之相关性

多光谱遥感比单波段或全色遥感具有优越性,因为它能提供更多的信息,有利于识别一些类似的目标。但是,多光谱遥感数据在不同波段之间存在着相关性,减少了它理论上可能提供的信息量。本文讨论了计算多光谱遥感数据相关性的一般方法。分析结果表明,当所需遥感辨别的目标种类较少时,每个波段的数据的概率分布函数是不知的,且与波长有关。此时,相关函数并无规律性,随不同的波段而变。当所需遥感辨别的目标种类足够多时,任何波段的数据的概率分布均趋向于正态分布,规范化的平均光谱函数h(λ)趋向于平稳过程的形式,而相关函数趋向于单调下降,且仅与波段间隔距离有关。本文中举了两个例子,一个是对不同水质遥感辨别的问题,另一个是假设的增加一些目标种类的问题,以作对前一例子的对比。计算结果说明前述有关相关函数性质的论点是正确的。本文也对由于多光谱遥感数据中存在的相关性而带来遥感系统设计的问题,以及利用这种相关性改善遥感系统性能的可能性,做了简短的论述。     

An object-level strategy for pan-sharpening quality assessment of high-resolution satellite imagery

Current satellite imaging systems offer a trade-off between high spatial and high spectral resolution providing panchromatic images at a higher spatial resolution and multispectral images at a lower spatial resolution but rich in spectral information while a wide range of applications need the highest level of this information, simultaneously. Image fusion techniques as means of enhancing the information content of initial panchromatic and multispectral images produce new images, titled pan-sharpened, which inherent the advantages of the initial images. Considering the impact of fusion accuracy on the quality of corresponding applications, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of these processed images. During the last decade, a lot of quality evaluation metrics have been proposed which are mostly inspired by traditional image quality metrics. These methods are mostly based on applying quality metrics at the pixel level and evaluating final quality value based on averaging of obtained metric values through the whole image. However, obtained results clearly show that the behaviour of image fusion quality is inconsistent amongst different image objects. In this article, by applying image fusion quality metrics (IFQMs) to image objects, an object-level strategy for quality assessment of the image fusion process is proposed. The proposed strategy is applied to different satellite imagery covering residential and agricultural areas. Experimental results show higher capabilities of object-level quality assessment strategy in the quality assessment of the fusion process. Evaluating fusion quality at the object level provides the potential of fusion quality assessment for each individual image object in compliance with different parameters such as the type of objects and the effective size of objects in data set.     

基于条件生成对抗网络的HDR图像生成方法

高动态范围（HDR）图像相比低动态范围（LDR）图像有更宽的色域和更高的亮度范围,更符合人眼视觉效果,但由于目前的图像采集设备大都是LDR设备,导致HDR图像资源匮乏,解决该问题的一种有效途径是通过逆色调映射将LDR图像映射为HDR图像。提出了一种基于条件生成对抗网络（CGAN）的逆色调映射算法,以重建HDR图像。为此,设计了基于多分支的生成对抗网络与基于鉴别块的鉴别网络,并利用CGAN的数据生成能力和特征提取能力,将单张LDR图像从BT.709色域映射到对应的BT.2020色域。实验结果表明:与现有方法相比,所提出的网络能够获得更高的客观与主观质量,特别是针对低色域中的模糊区域,所提方法能够重建出更清晰的纹理与细节。      

Recovering of the thermal band of Landsat 7 SLC-off ETM+ image using CBERS as auxiliary data

The failure of scan-line corrector (SLC-off) has resulted in the limited use of Landsat 7 ETM+ images. Considering its characteristics, many attempts have been conducted to recover the SLC-off ETM+ image. While much attention has been paid to recovering the optically multispectral bands, few researches have been done to reconstruct the thermal band. Main purposes of our study were to evaluate the possibility that using China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) as auxiliary data to recover the thermal band of SLC-off ETM+, and discuss the usage of the recovered one. The adaptive window linear histogram match (AWLHM) method was selected primarily, followed by the modified one. Results illustrated the feasibility of using the modified AWLHM method with the linear combination of CBERS-01 band3 and band4 to reconstruct the SLC-off thermal band. It encourages that further researches should be done to enable more scientific application of SLC-off ETM+, particularly its’ thermal band.     

Novel method for reconstruction of hyperspectral resolution images from multispectral data for complex coastal and inland waters

Hyperspectral resolution image products of a synthetic sensor featuring the high spatial resolution of the space-borne sensor can offer cost-effective means for enhancing our current capabilities in terms of providing an array of images in lieu of designing an expensive system for image acquisition, which can serve the expanding needs of the scientific and user communities for various critical water color applications. Despite several studies on enhancing the capability of land remote sensing sensors, full spectrum reconstruction of water color images with varying spectral bands is hampered by the lack of methods and accurate atmospheric correction procedures. In the present work, a novel method is developed for reconstruction of hyperspectral resolution images from high spatial-resolution Sentinel 2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) data representative of many complex waters in coastal and inland zones. This method uses a deep neural network (DNN) with multiple blocks of deconvolution and dense layers. The spectral reconstruction of hyperspectral resolution images from multispectral data was based on rigorous training data from the atmospherically-corrected and validated HICO normalized water-leaving radiance products (with spectral resolution 438-868 nm sampled at 5.7 nm) of diverse water types. The generalizability and versatility of the DNN method was tested and evaluated systematically by means of various qualitative and quantitative analyses using concurrent space-borne (MSI and HICO) and in-situ measurements from different regional waters. Reconstructed hyperspectral resolution radiances obtained from the MSI images closely matched with independent HICO and MSI measurements within the desired accuracy. Successful reconstruction and validation of the hyperspectral radiances indicate that the proposed state-of-the-art method provides possible future directions for enhancing our current capabilities of space-borne sensors for various research purposes and societal applications at local, regional and global scales.     

基于三维点云模型的空间目标光学图像生成技术

空间探测任务中大量先验图像数据的缺乏，使得基于光学图像的态势感知和导航算法无法被有效定量测试和评估。针对此问题，提出了一种基于三维点云模型和射影变换基本理论的空间目标光学图像生成方法。在完成对空间目标三维点云模型和仿真摄像机模型构建基础之上，利用射影变换基本理论依次计算像平面所有像素点与空间目标三维点云模型空间点的对应关系，并基于Lambertian漫反射模型和相对应空间目标三维点云模型空间点的光照方向，得到所有像素点的灰度值，从而生成给定空间目标的光学图像。大量仿真实验表明:与传统的基于解析模型的仿真图像生成方法相比，所提的空间目标光学图像生成技术能够以更快的速度生成更加真实的仿真图像，且生成的仿真图像可以广泛应用于椭圆拟合、陨石坑检测、着陆器视觉导航、航天器交会对接、空间目标跟踪等典型空间应用算法的定性与定量评估。      

基于BEMD与DCT的彩色图像多重水印鲁棒算法

为解决现有彩色图像水印算法容错性低及宿主图像与水印图像在嵌入时尺寸匹配问题,并提高算法抵御各种攻击的鲁棒性,提出一种基于二维经验模态分解(BEMD)和离散余弦变换(DCT)的彩色图像多重水印鲁棒算法。使用Arnold变换对3幅二值水印图像进行置乱,分别对彩色宿主图像的三通道进行BEMD,得到各通道的内蕴模态函数(IMF)和余量信息,选择各通道的第1个IMF（记作IMF₁）作为水印嵌入层,对每个通道的IMF₁分割成不重叠子块后进行DCT;再将置乱后的二值水印图像依次重复嵌入在各通道子块经过之字形(Zigzag)扫描后的中频系数中,使用逆Zigzag扫描和逆DCT得到各通道嵌入水印信息后的IMF₁,并与每个通道其余的IMF及余量重建得到嵌入水印后的彩色图像。水印提取为嵌入过程的逆过程,算法可以实现彩色图像嵌入水印的盲提取。在水印提取过程中对重复嵌入提取到的水印图像使用投票策略,增强了算法的容错性。大量实验结果表明:嵌入水印后的图像峰值信噪比（PSNR）在34 dB以上,水印信息具有较高的不可见性;对嵌入多重水印后的宿主图像进行大尺寸剪切、椒盐噪声等攻击实验,提取到的水印图像与原始图像的归一化系数均在0.96以上,且可达到1,水印信息提取完整清晰可辨。与现有大量彩色图像水印算法相比,所提算法具有较强抵御各种攻击的能力,同时嵌入水印后图像具有较高的不可见性。      

火星多光谱相机的地面几何标定研究

随着航空航天技术的飞速发展,作为地球近邻的火星成为当今国际空间大国的主要研究目标。为完成火星巡视区形貌和地质探测任务,可直接使用多光谱相机获取的高分辨率真彩色图像作为观测手段。为寻找着陆点,火星多光谱相机应具备精确定位的测绘功能,因此需进行几何标定估计其内方位元素。通过张正友标定算法提供初值,然后以改进的Heikkil?算法完成几何标定,经过分析标定结果的不确定度,探究实验误差来源,提出改进方法,最终获得满足要求的标定参数,为实现图像融合、三维重建等计算机视觉领域奠定坚实的基础。     

Mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks using airborne multispectral scanner data,Marysvale, Utah,mining district

Multispectral data covering an area near Marysvale, Utah, collected with the airborne National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 24-channel Bendix multispectral scanner, were analyzed to detect areas of hydrothermally altered, potentially mineralized rocks. Spectral bands were selected for analysis that approximate those of the Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper and which are diagnostic of the presence of hydrothermally derived products. Hydrothermally altered rocks, particularly volcanic rocks affected by solutions rich in sulfuric acid, are commonly characterized by concentrations of argillic minerals such as alunite and kaolinite. These minerals are important for identifying hydrothermally altered rocks in multispectral images because they have intense absorption bands centered near a wavelength of 2.2 μm. Unaltered volcanic rocks commonly do not contain these minerals and hence do not have the absorption bands.A color-composite image was constructed using the following spectral band ratios: 1.6μm/2.2μm, 1.6μm/0.48μm, and 0.67μm/1.0μm. The particular bands were chosen to emphasize the spectral contrasts that exist for argillic versus non-argillic rocks, limonitic versus nonlimonitic rocks, and rocks versus vegetation, respectively. The color-ratio composite successfully distinguished most types of altered rocks from unaltered rocks. Some previously unrecognized areas of hydrothermal alteration were mapped. The altered rocks included those having high alunite and/or kaolinite content, siliceous rocks containing some kaolinite, and ash-fall tuffs containing zeolitic minerals. The color-ratio-composite image allowed further division of these rocks into limonitic and nonlimonitic phases. The image did not allow separation of highly siliceous or hematitically altered rocks containing no clays or alunite from unaltered rocks.A color-coded density slice image of the 1.6μm/2.2μm band ratio allowed further discrimination among the altered units. Areas containing zeolites and some ash-fall tuffs containing montmorillonite were readily recognized on the color-coded density slice as having less intense 2.2-μm absorption than areas of highly altered rocks. The areas of most intense absorption, as depicted in the color-coded density slice, are dominated by highly altered rocks containing large amounts of alunite and kaolinite. These areas form an annulus, approximately 10 km in diameter, which surrounds a quartz monzonite intrusive body of Miocene age. The patterns of most intense alteration are interpreted as the remnants of paleohydrothermal convective cells set into motion during the emplacement of the central intrusive body.