Systolic time intervals after a seven-day orbital flight.

Heart rate, systolic time intervals (pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time , ejection friction, stroke volume and QT interval of two cosmonauts (Leonid Popov--L.P. and Dumitru Prunariu--D.P.) were studied before, during, and after an ergometric bicycle exercise test performed before and after the seven-day Soviet-Romanian orbital flight on the Soyuz 40-Salyut 6 Complex in May 1981. For this purpose one precordial electrocardiogram (ecg) and the ear photodensitopram (den) were recorded stimulaneously. The method used permitted recording even during exercise, Ecg and den signals were stored on magnetic tape, processed in an analogue device and in a digital computer. The data obtained after landing suggest a slight cardiac deconditioning in L.P., demonstrated especially by augmentation of the pre-ejection period, which was unchanged in D.P. corresponding to a sympathoadrenergic hypertonia. The seven-day orbital flight has not produced important cardiovascular changes.     

Effect of geomagnetic disturbances on physiological parameters: An investigation on aviators

Over the last years the potential effect that the geomagnetic activity may have on human physiological parameters (such as heart rate, arterial diastolic and systolic pressure) is being widely investigated with irrefutable results. As it is suggested, human health can be affected by solar activity and related geophysical changes. In this study a group of 4018 Slovak aviators was examined from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2002, covering periods with high solar and geomagnetic activity. Specifically, medical data of mean values of arterial diastolic and systolic blood pressure, which were registered during the medical examinations of the Slovak aviators, were related to daily variations of Dst and Ap geomagnetic indices. All subjects were men (from 18 to 60 years old) in good health. Statistical significance levels (p-values) of the effect of geomagnetic activity on the aforementioned parameters up to three days before and three days after the geomagnetic event were established using the statistical method ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis of the arterial blood pressure variations for different levels of geomagnetic activity revealed that geomagnetic changes are connected to variations of the human physiological parameters.     

代偿服加压条件下的血液动力学仿真

利用仿真方法研究飞行员穿着高空代偿服加压条件下生理参数的变化情况,探索加压对人体血液循环功能的影响及其变化规律,为飞行员高空防护提供理论支持.在Heldt立位应激模型的基础上,针对代偿服加压特性进行修正,建立人体加压条件下的血液动力学模型,同时通过地面加压试验验证模型的正确性.模型模拟得到全身侧管式代偿服不同加压条件下的血液动力学参数平均动脉压、每搏量和每分量,并与试验值进行对比,模型结果与试验值吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性.模型可有效地模拟代偿服加压条件下的血液动力学变化情况.     

Central hemodynamics in a baboon model during microgravity induced by parabolic flight.

We developed a chronically instrumented nonhuman primate model (baboon) to evaluate the central cardiovascular responses to transient microgravity induced by parabolic flight. Instrumentation provided simultaneous recording of high fidelity (Ao) and pulmonary artery (PA) pressures, right and left ventricular and atrial pressures, Ao and PA blood flow velocities and vessel dimensions, ECG and pleural pressures. Four daily flights in 1991 and five in 1992 were flown with forty parabola per flight. Animals flown in 1991 were not controlled for volume status. Animals flown in 1992 were studied in one of three conditions: 1) volume depleted by furosemide (DH), 2) volume expanded by saline infusion (VE), and 3) euvolemic (EU, no intervention, used for echo only). Mean right atrial pressures (RAP) during 1991 flights had a variable early microgravity response: increases in n=3 and decrease in n=3 (supine) and increases in n=5, decreases in n=2 (upright). In 1992 flights, DH, upright and supine, changed -10 +/- 4.1 mmHg, -3.2 +/- 2.2 mmHg, respectively (p < .05) compared to the pull-up phase. In contrast, VE changed (from pull-up to microgravity) +13 +/- 1.5 mmHg and +4.25 +/- 2.9 mmHg (upright and supine, respectively, p < .05). EU increased with microgravity +6.9 +/- .9 mmHg (upright only). LAP responses were similar, but more variable. Finally, heart chamber areas paralleled pressure changes. Thus, right and left heart filling pressure changes with sudden entry into microgravity conditions were dependent on initial circulatory volume status and somewhat modified by position (supine vs upright).     

Temporal variation of the arterial pressure in healthy young people and its relation to geomagnetic activity in Mexico

We present a study of the temporal behavior of the systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure for a sample of 51 normotensive, healthy volunteers, 18 men and 33 women with an average age of 19 years old in Mexico City, Mexico, during April and May, 2008. We divided the data by sex along the circadian rhythm. Three geomagnetic storms occurred during the studied time-span. The strongest one, a moderate storm, is attributed to a coronal hole border that reached the Earth. The ANOVA test applied to the strongest storm showed that even though we are dealing with a moderate geomagnetic storm, there are statistically significant responses of the blood pressure. The superposed epoch analysis during a three-day window around the strongest storm shows that on average the largest changes occurred for the SBP. Moreover, the SBP largest increases occurred two days before and one day after this storm, and women are the most sensitive group as they present larger SBP and DBP average changes than men. Finally, given the small size of the sample, we cannot generalize our results.     

Possible influence of solar extreme events and related geomagnetic disturbances on human cardio-vascular state: Results of collaborative Bulgarian–Azerbaijani studies

This collaborative study is based on the analysis and comparison of results of coordinated experimental investigations conducted in Bulgaria and Azerbaijan for revealing a possible influence of solar activity changes and related geomagnetic activity variations on the human cardio-vascular state. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate of 86 healthy volunteers were measured on working days during a period of comparatively high solar and geomagnetic activity (2799 measurements in autumn 2001 and spring 2002) in Sofia. Daily experimental investigations of parameters of cardio-vascular health state were performed in Azerbaijan with a permanent group of examined persons. Heart rate and electrocardiograms were digitally registered (in total 1532 records) for seven functionally healthy persons on working days and Saturdays, in the Laboratory of Heliobiology at the Medical Center INAM in Baku, from 15.07.2006 to 13.11.2007. Obtained digital recordings were subjected to medical, statistical and spectral analyses. Special attention was paid to effects of solar extreme events, particularly those of November 2001 and December 2006. The statistical method of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis were applied to check the significance of the influence of geomagnetic activity on the cardio-vascular parameters under consideration. Results revealed statistically significant increments for the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values of the group with geomagnetic activity increase. Arterial blood pressure values started increasing two days prior to geomagnetic storms and kept their high values up to two days after the storms. Heart rate reaction was ambiguous and not significant for healthy persons examined (for both groups) under conditions with geomagnetic activity changes. It is concluded that heart rate for healthy persons at middle latitudes can be considered as a more stable physiological parameter which is not so sensitive to environmental changes while the dynamics of arterial blood pressure reveals a compensatory reaction of the human organism for adaptation.     

Changes of endolymphatic pressure in the semicircular canal of pigeon by caloric stimulation.

It gets into difficult to explain the mechanism of caloric nystagmus only by convection theory from results of microgravity experiments. One of the other theories is an occurrence of a relative volume change due to a temperature change. Since the volume change must lead to a pressure change after caloric stimulation, we tried to measure the ampulla pressure of the horizontal semicircular canal in pigeons (Columba livia) using an improved servo micropipette system. The main result was that the ampulla pressure increased by cooling and decreased by heating. The changes of the ampulla pressure depended on the temperature change but were not influenced by the pigeon's head position.     

基于CCERT与声发射技术的气液固三相流相含率测量

传统的相含率测量方法在测量三相流相含率时只能对某单一相进行检测,针对此问题,基于电容耦合电阻层析成像(CCERT)技术与声发射技术,建立了相含率测量模型,提出了一种三相流各相相含率的非侵入式测量方法。利用偏最小二乘回归法,在静态情况下建立CCERT技术的相含率测量模型,同时在鼓泡床上进行动态实验,采用差压法进行同步测量作为参考值验证模型的有效性,实现了对两相相含率的非接触测量。在此基础上,通过对声发射技术采集到的声音信号进行处理,建立声发射技术的气相相含率预测模型,利用该模型测量出三相体系中的气相相含率,结合CCERT技术测量出三相体系中的不导电相相含率,从而利用非侵入式测量方法得到三相流中的各相相含率。     

Potential vascular damage from radiation in the space environment.

Cultured endothelial cells of blood vessels have a Do of 2 Gy for X-rays. A dose of 0.5 Gy of X-rays has an acute effect on vessel diameter. The vessels may show other acute effects such as change in permeability including a change in the blood brain barrier. Changes occurring from late effects of chronic exposure in vascular architecture include telangiectasia and decrease in vascular density. Changes in the perivascular connective tissue particularly collagen may play a role in these changes. After charged particle exposure of 15 and 30 Gy, radiation changes in the blood brain barrier and vascular changes are noted in the nervous system. These long term changes are recorded by PET, MRI, and CT imaging. Chronic exposure to alpha particles causes vascular damage in compact bone resulting in bone infarcts. Using tandem scanning confocal microscopy in-situ imaging of the capillaries and collagen of the papillary dermis provides a non-invasive method of serial recording of changes in irradiated microvasculature.     

基于激光诊断技术的汽油直喷发动机喷雾机理

汽油直喷喷雾贯穿度、锥角等宏观喷雾特性，对研究汽油直喷发动机喷雾及燃烧的发生、发展具有重要意义。在设计并建立汽油直喷（GDI）系统的基础上，搭建定容燃烧弹系统和激光测试系统，基于LSD测试技术，研究了喷油压力和背景压力对汽油直喷宏观喷雾特性的影响。通过试验发现，随喷油压力增加，相同喷油时刻下的贯穿度逐渐增加。随背景压力增加，相同喷油时刻下的贯穿度逐渐减少。在不同喷油压力和背景压力下，随着喷射时间的发展，贯穿度均逐渐增加，喷雾锥角为38°~50°。      

Biosphere 2 Test Module: a ground-based sunlight-driven prototype of a closed ecological life support system.

Constructed in 1986, the Biosphere 2 Test Module has been used since the end of that year for closed ecological systems experiments. It is the largest closed ecological facility ever built, with a sealed variable volume of some 480 cubic meters. It is built with a skin of steel spaceframes with double-laminated glass panels admitting about 65 percent Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). The floor is of welded steel and there is an underground atmospheric connection via an air duct to a variable volume chamber ("lung") permitting expansion and contraction of the Test Module's air volume caused by changes in temperature and barometric pressure, which causes a slight positive pressure from inside the closed system to the outside thereby insuring that the very small leakage rate is outward. Several series of closed ecological system investigations have been carried out in this facility. One series of experiments investigated the dynamics of higher plants and associated soils with the atmosphere under varying light and temperature conditions. Another series of experiments included one human in the closed system for three, five and twenty-one days. During these experiments the Test Module had subsystems which completely recycled its water and atmosphere; all the human dietary needs were produced within the facility, and all wastes were recycled using a marsh plant/microbe system. Other experiments have examined the capability of individual component systems used, such as the soil bed reactors, to eliminate experimentally introduced trace gases. Analytic systems developed for these experiments include continuous monitors of eleven atmospheric gases in addition to the complete gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) examinations of potable, waste system and irrigation water quality.     

正丁醇/煤油混合物非预混燃烧压力振荡特性

为探索生物混合燃料在燃气轮机燃烧室内的应用,将丁醇掺混入航空煤油中,根据燃烧室的实验结果构建熵波对流模型,定量分析其不同体积分数对燃烧室内压力振荡频率的影响。实验结果表明:在燃烧室进口压力1.98 MPa、温度600 K和油气比0.03下,随着丁醇所占体积分数增大,燃烧室内压力振荡频率逐渐下降,而幅值变化无明显规律。熵波对流模型结果与实验吻合较好,通过分析表明,不同燃料组分热值变化引起的对流时间改变,是燃烧室压力振荡频率变化的主要原因,为控制燃烧室内压力振荡提供了参考。      

Physical parameters affecting living cells in space

The question is posed: Why does a living cell react to the absence of gravity? What sensors may it have? Does it note pressure, sedimentation, convection, or other parameters?

If somewhere in a liquid volume sodium ions are replaced by potassium ions, the density of the liquid changes locally: the heavier regions sink, the lighter regions rise. This may contribute to species transport, to the metabolism. Under microgravity this mechanism is strongly reduced. On the other hand, other reasons for convection like thermal and solutal interface convection are left. Do they affect species transport?

Another important effect of gravity is the hydrostatic pressure. On the macroscopic side, the pressure between our head and feet changes by 0.35 atmospheres. On the microscopic level the hydrostatic pressure on the upper half of a cell membrane is lower than on the lower half. This, by affecting the ion transport through the membrane, may change the surrounding electric potential. It has been suggested to be one of the reasons for graviperception.

Following the discussion of these and other effects possibly important in life sciences in space, an order of magnitude analysis of the residual accelerations tolerable during experiments in materials sciences is outlined. In the field of life sciences only rough estimates are available at present.     

心动时相在评定正常人心收缩功能潜力中的作用

本实验比较了具有三种不同心收缩功能潜力被试者在运动后心动时相的变化,找出了反映他们心收缩功能的三个时相参数(IC、LVET/R-R、MT/R-R),据此制定出航天员心脏收缩功能的选拔标准,对其实验依据及应用价值进行了讨论.     

差动活塞式燃气自增压系统参数设计方法

针对基于单组元肼类物质为工质的液体姿轨控发动机差动活塞式燃气自增压系统,分析了系统的工作原理,提出了系统的参数设计方法,建立了系统的参数设计流程,给出了系统的起动压力计算模型和自锁状态计算方法,并进行了实例研究。结果表明:系统最低起动压力与压力放大贮箱气体腔初始体积、活塞摩擦力和推进剂贮箱初始气垫体积直接相关;系统自锁后,推进剂贮箱压力的设计状态受推进剂贮箱所允许的最大压力上偏差和流量调节器与推进剂贮箱间的压降所约束;推进剂贮箱的工作压力范围是可以根据需要通过燃气自增压系统的设计来保证的。     

柴油机喷油系统压力波时频特性研究

在柴油机喷油系统压力波的研究中,采用Wigner-Ville分布算法,对液-汽两相流条件下的柴油机喷油系统压力波的时频特性进行了分析,并与采用小波函数分析得到的结果进行了对比.研究结果表明,采用Wigner-Ville分布算法进行分析时,可以更好地显示出液-汽两相流条件下的柴油机喷油系统中压力波在时间和频率范围内的能量密度,能更清晰地反映出这种非稳态信号频率随时间变化的关系.当喷油系统存在长时间存活汽泡时,压力波的能量密度主要集中在主波上,除了低频率的能量外,还包着相当一部分较高频率的能量.而压力波次波则没有高频能量的出现.当喷油系统存在短时间存活汽泡时,其压力主波对应的频率较低,但能量密度比较大,而其压力次波具有一定量的高频率能量.      

Radiation biodosimetry: applications for spaceflight.

The multiparametric dosimetry system that we are developing for medical radiological defense applications could be adapted for spaceflight environments. The system complements the internationally accepted personnel dosimeters and cytogenetic analysis of chromosome aberrations, considered the best means of documenting radiation doses for health records. Our system consists of a portable hematology analyzer, molecular biodosimetry using nucleic acid and antigen-based diagnostic equipment, and a dose assessment management software application. A dry-capillary tube reagent-based centrifuge blood cell counter (QBC Autoread Plus, Becton [correction of Beckon] Dickinson Bioscience) measures peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes, which could determine radiation dose based on the kinetics of blood cell depletion. Molecular biomarkers for ionizing radiation exposure (gene expression changes, blood proteins) can be measured in real time using such diagnostic detection technologies as miniaturized nucleic acid sequences and antigen-based biosensors, but they require validation of dose-dependent targets and development of optimized protocols and analysis systems. The Biodosimetry Assessment Tool, a software application, calculates radiation dose based on a patient's physical signs and symptoms and blood cell count analysis. It also annotates location of personnel dosimeters, displays a summary of a patient's dosimetric information to healthcare professionals, and archives the data for further use. These radiation assessment diagnostic technologies can have dual-use applications supporting general medical-related care.     

基于流固耦合的充气翼内压对翼面变形影响分析

基于ABAQUS-FLUENT软件开展柔性充气翼流固耦合分析,采用反距离加权平均法实现耦合界面气动压力分布传递,采用常体积转换法实现变形数据传递,分析获得了充气翼翼面刚度和屈曲特性与翼面内外压差的关系;建立了充气翼模拟加载试验系统验证了分析方法的可行性.结果表明,流固耦合方法用于充气翼变形分析是可行的,分析结果与模拟试验结果能够较好地吻合.      

涡轮轴断裂条件下空气系统强瞬变过程分析

建立了针对空气系统强瞬变过程的控制方程及模块化仿真模型,该模型包括构成瞬态空气系统网络的4类基本元件:容腔元件、节点元件、管道元件和节流元件。上述基本元件及其组合单元的仿真结果与公开的文献数据能够较好的吻合,证明该模型能够模拟容积效应、惯性力作用占主导的强瞬变空气系统演化。在此基础上,仿真分析了某型航空发动机高压涡轮(HPT)轴断裂失效条件下的空气系统强瞬变过程。结果表明,涡轮轴的断裂失效能够引起空气系统内部复杂响应过程,并能导致涡轮盘所受的轴向力反向。该瞬态空气系统模型成功模拟了气流参数毫秒时间量级的动态响应,为深入研究航空发动机内部复杂空气系统的瞬变机理提供了有效的技术手段。      

飞行包线下燃油箱耗氧型催化惰化系统性能研究

为给新型耗氧催化惰化系统部件设计提供输入参数,在提出低温可控耗氧催化惰化系统流程基础上,以燃油箱出口抽吸流量为基准,基于质量守恒和能量守恒方程,建立了系统流程模型。以中央燃油箱为对象,仿真研究了全飞行包线下惰化系统的重要性能变化,以及关键参数对其影响。结果表明:惰化系统可以有效降低氧体积分数,如在初始满载、催化效率0.5、风机抽吸流量60 L/min条件下,24 min后氧体积分数即降至12%以下;在飞行过程中,燃油箱气相氧氧体积分数在下降及进场阶段上升,其他阶段均呈下降趋势;催化效率越高、风机抽吸流量越大,所需惰化时间越小,且催化效率一定时,达到相同惰化时间,初始空载时所需风机抽吸流量最大。应按最不利的空载工况来设计耗氧型催化惰化系统。