测量表面粗糙度参数的反散射计算研究

用光的角散射分布技术测量工件表面的粗糙度参数是近几年来发展起来的新的测量技术。它具有分辨力高、非接触、区域平均和快速测量等优点,可获得多个表面粗糙度参数。采用该技术测量的实验装置角分辨力为0.1°,测量范围为0.6328μm<λ_s(空间平均波长)<40μm,0.0001<△_a(轮廓的算术平均斜率)<0.0088,2nm相似文献   

测量超光滑表面粗糙度参数的反散射计算研究

介绍一种高分辨力、无接触式测量超光滑表面粗糙度参数的反散射计算测量技术。实现该技术的测量装置的角分辨力为0.1°。它可以测量导体或非导体表面纳米级精确度的粗糙度。     

金刚石滚轮修整效果与修整机理

磨削钛合金时砂轮粘附严重,砂轮修整对磨削效果的影响尤为显著.采用金刚石滚轮修整新型陶瓷氧化铝SG砂轮并进行钛合金的磨削实验,通过改变修整参数(包括轴向速度、修整深度和修整速比)对磨削力、工件表面粗糙度及表面形貌进行测量,考察不同修整参数对磨削效果的影响.研究结果表明,减小轴向速度和修整深度均使磨削力增加,同时获得较好的工件表面质量.修整速比对工件表面粗糙度的影响比较复杂.研究发现,修整速比为0.4时修整出来的砂轮磨削后工件表面质量较好.在分析实验结果的基础上,深入探讨了砂轮修整机理和工件表面形貌形成机理.实验及分析结果为金刚石滚轮修整SG砂轮磨削钛合金的修整工艺提供了依据.      

美国的宇载雷达遥感试验及未来计划

雷达遥感是一种有源微波遥感技术。它包括合成孔径雷达(SAR),雷达散射计、雷达高度计及地基有源微波频谱仪等。美国的雷达遥感计划始于1966年。目的主要是利用宇载、机载和地基(包括车载)的雷达设备,研究地球和其它行星表面的微波频率响应特性。SAR用于军事侦察与测绘、地质、地理、水文、海洋和农业等部门的遥感测量;高度计用于海洋地貌和海洋大地水准面的测量;散射计用于海洋表面风场和海流的测量;宽带的有源微波频谱仪主要用于地物散射特性曲线的测量。     

材料粗糙度变化对卫星光谱红化效应的影响

在轨人造目标的地基观测光谱存在红化效应，影响对目标反射光谱的理解应用.目标在进入空间环境后外露材料表面粗糙度发生变化.本文结合材料的光谱散射特性、卫星轨道和观测条件，仿真分析了卫星表面材料粗糙度变化对红化效应的影响.基于文献中实验数据，设计不同粗糙度的卫星表面材料样本，模拟空间环境中材料表面粗糙度的变化.利用双向反射分布函数，建立不同粗糙度材料样本的光谱散射模型.理论模拟结果表明，材料表面粗糙度的变化会影响其光谱散射特性，散射光谱形态和散射分布取决于粗糙度及入射-反射几何关系.引入网格剖分和可见面片，利用材料双向反射分布函数，仿真计算卫星表面材料在不同粗糙度状态下，整个卫星在可见光波段的反射光谱信号.仿真结果表明，随着卫星表面材料粗糙度的增加，其反射光谱在600nm之后随波长增加而呈现上升趋势，这表明空间环境中外露材料表面粗糙度变化是卫星产生红化效应的原因之一.      

粗糙度参数tp的测量及tp曲线

粗糙度参数ｔ＿ｐ的测量及ｔ＿ｐ曲线周富臣，陈泰全，苏玉湖轮廓支承长度率ｔ＿ｐ在《ＧＢ１０３１－８３表面粗糙度参数及其数值》中以附加参数给出。为了探索ｔ＿ｐ值的测量方法，为了给设计人员在图样上标注ｔ＿ｐ值提供可靠的依据，我们随机抽取五种不同Ｒ＿ａ值的外...     

工件表面轮廓均方根斜率的光散射测量

描述并确定具有明显纹理粗糙表面均方根斜率的光散射技术(均方根斜率是联合表面轮廓高度和波长特性的混合参数)。称为散射光锥法(The scattered light-conemethod)的该技术是基于激光角散射检测阵列(DALLAS——Defector Array for Laser LishtAngular Scattering),它用于测量粗糙表面散射光角分布的仪器。均方根斜率是从DALLAS光散射图象的角宽得到的。一般可以发现角宽(即估计的均方根斜率)对光的入射角和散射角变化相当大时是不敏感的。这些结果与表面材料无关,并且对正弦和随机粗糙表面都是有效的。介绍了散射光锥法的测量原理、实验、数据分析和几点结论。     

用机器显示系统测量表面粗糙度

开发一种在生产条件下测量表面粗糙度的新方法。该方法利用基于微机的显示系统分析表面散射光的图形,导出粗糙度参数。已得到被研磨成各种粗糙度的工具钢样品的粗糙度参数。通过绘制粗糙度参数与用触针仪器获得的相应平均表面粗糙度读数的图形确定相关曲线。     

磨削表面粗糙度在线实时测量的研究

在试验研究的基础上,研制了一种新的光纤表面粗糙度在线测量系统。以光散射法为理论基础,用光纤束作为传感器,并用单片机进行数据处理和实时显示。针对外圆磨削在线检测中存在的冷却液、工件尺寸变化、环境干扰以及仪器的装夹与对中等问题进行了研究,找到了改进或解决的办法,从而更利于该测试技术的实施与推广。     

非接触光学点位显微镜误差分析

对可用于非接触测量叶轮、曲面面形、软质材料工件形位误差的光学点位显微镜的测量原理及纵向瞄准、定位误差进行了分析，指出适当选择好参数，纵向定位瞄准误差从理论上可达±（１～３）μｍ。实验表明，被测工件表面漫反射特性对纵向定位瞄准有一定影响，其纵向定位瞄准分散值一般可控制在±（３～５）μｍ左右。该装置是一种非常实用、使用方便的纵向定位瞄准装置。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.