空间太赫兹亚毫米波载荷初探

太赫兹频段在空间研究及应用领域具有独特的优势。太赫兹频段的科学载荷及气象载荷可以为探测空间信息及地球大气信息提供全新的视角;天基太赫兹预警雷达可以为航天器自身安全及弹道目标中段探测提供有力工具;太赫兹波段的通信链路具有带宽大的显著优势,以太赫兹链路为基础的空间网络具有良好的生存能力;太赫兹测控通信链路也是突破高速飞行器黑障问题的有效解决方案。     

量子通信技术及应用研究综述

量子通信技术自20世纪80年代诞生以来,获得了突飞猛进的发展。文章将量子通信技术及应用研究划分为量子通信协议研究、量子通信工程技术研究以及量子通信应用研究等三方面。在对量子密钥分发、量子秘密共享、量子隐形传态和量子安全直接通信等量子通信协议的技术原理、应用领域和研究进展进行分析对比的基础上,对量子光源产生、量子随机数发生、量子纠缠编码和单光子探测等量子通信工程技术的研究现状进行了总结,并对当前世界各国在量子通信链路构建、量子通信网络构建和量子通信系统构建等方面的主要研究进展进行了介绍,指出了量子通信当前存在的通信速率低、传输距离近、制造成本高等问题,明确了未来的发展方向,可以为量子通信技术和应用相关研究提供一定的参考。     

面向太阳系边际探测的激光通信方案研究

针对我国太阳系边际探测任务需求,提出了利用激光链路进行对地高速信息传输的方案。梳理了深空激光通信的国外发展现状,分析了太阳系边际探测任务的激光链路特点和约束条件,给出了飞行激光终端和激光地面站的初步方案和主要参数,进行了链路预算和影响因素分析,并对我国未来太阳系边际探测任务激光通信的发展进行展望,为我国太阳系边际探测任务的激光通信论证与实施提供参考。     

面向未来大容量通信的太赫兹无线通信技术

随着现代社会的发展，信息需求量快速增长，低频段频谱资源逐渐耗尽，无线通信频谱开始向着太赫兹波段（0.1 THz~10 THz）拓展，太赫兹通信技术已然成为未来大容量通信的重要发展方向之一。围绕着太赫兹通信技术，介绍了太赫兹通信特点及其应用场景，太赫兹通信用核心元器件的发展，国内外现有成果对比以及未来可能的发展趋势。同时，分别对微波光子学太赫兹通信系统、全固态太赫兹混频通信系统和直接调制太赫兹通信系统三种不同架构的系统进行分析和讨论，并对太赫兹通信技术的发展趋势以及未来应用场景进行了探讨。     

基于激光高速通信信号的精密测量方法与性能分析

随着天基定位、导航、授时（Position，Navigation and Time，PNT）系统和天地一体化信息网络的建设，利用星间链路实现高速通信和高精度测量，构建天基信息网络和维持天基时空基准，对星间链路的发展提出了更高的要求。激光波束窄，方向性好，抗干扰能力强，可以实现更高的信息传输和更高的测量分辨率。通过激光星间链路的通信测量一体化设计，实现通信与测量功能的高度融合，共用相同的物理信道和信号设计，将会极大地提升系统性能，降低系统复杂性，从而实现载荷的小型化设计，这已成为星间链路的发展趋势。针对通信与测距一体化的需求，文章设计了基于高速通信信号的激光测量通信一体化方案，并对测量性能进行了理论分析；采用激光测量验证系统，对理论分析进行了验证。实验表明，在1Gbit/s的通信速率下，星间测量精度优于1mm，相比于目前微波星间链路测量，精度提升了30倍。     

空间激光通信组网光端机技术研究

随着高分辨率观测技术的发展和高数据率信息传输的迫切需求,研究高速率激光通信的全光网络迫在眉睫。文章介绍了空间激光通信技术的优点及发展趋势,提出了可用于激光通信组网的几种光端机光学原理及系统方案,分析了多反射镜拼接形式光端机的APT控制模型,为空间激光通信链路组网提供了新的技术途径。     

低轨天基信息定向分发区域分割编码控制方法

为提高低轨指向性信息分发链路的频谱利用效率，从天基分发平台与地面用户的相对位置关系入手，建立了分发指向、编码增益与信道传输容量的量化关系。在此基础上，提出一种低轨天基信息定向分发区域分割编码控制方法，该方法针对不同信息分发区域，采用最小均方误差(MMSE)作为区域分割准则选择编码方式，既提升了信道传输效率也便于工程实现。最后，本文通过仿真分析了方法的效能和性能影响因素，并与现有自适应编码方法进行了对比，验证了本方法的有效性和可靠性。     

深空探测光量子通信信道的主要参数

深空探测器距离地球路程遥远,保持探测器与地面站高效、实时的信息通信,将探测器采集的科学数据及时、完整地传输回地球,是亟待解决的问题。量子通信可以在确保信息安全、增大信息容量以及提高检测精度等方面突破经典通信的物理极限,研究量子通信在深空探测中的应用意义非常。通过对深空量子通信信道的研究与分析仿真,得到光束发射角、接收器口径、收发端距离等与可靠量子通信的关系,为深空量子通信的工程实现提供设计、仿真依据。     

国外星地激光通信试验及其链路分析

介绍了国外典型星地激光通信终端的技术指标及试验验证情况,针对不同的通信终端,对影响激光通信链路设计指标的瞄准、捕获和跟踪方式(PAT)、发射和接收系统设计进行了分析比较,最后对星地激光通信链路余量设计进行了总结,可为我国星地激光通信系统设计提供参考。     

“太赫兹科学与技术”栏目编者按

正电磁频谱是关乎国家安全和发展的重要战略资源,开发利用电磁频谱是建设科技强国的重要支撑。太赫兹波是最后一段被集中开发利用的电磁频谱,位于微波和红外之间,处于宏观经典理论向微观量子理论过渡的区域。太赫兹技术关乎国家电磁频谱安全和制信息权优势,是新一代航天信息技术发展的战略方向。太赫兹技术是多学科交叉技术,涉及到电子信息全产业链。在学科方面,太赫兹技术涉及微电子学与固体电子学、半导体激光光学、     

空间通信链路半实物仿真平台设计与实现

在空间通信数字仿真中接入通信链路和通信信号等实物,使仿真具有更强的实时性,仿真结果也具有更好的实际应用价值.本文分析比较了空间通信链路数学仿真和半实物仿真的优缺点,提出了空间通信链路半实物仿真平台的原理框图,设计出开路和闭路2种空间通信链路半实物仿真方法,重点阐述了空间微波链路传输特性模拟、空间微波链路通信质量评估的实现.通过对某星间链路的通信与对抗实例分析,该方法是可行的.     

Results of Kirari optical communication demonstration experiments with NICT optical ground station (KODEN) aiming for future classical and quantum communications in space

Bi-directional ground-to-satellite laser communication experiments were successfully performed between the optical ground station developed by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), located in Koganei City in suburban Tokyo, and a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, the “Kirari” Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS). The experiments were conducted in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and called the Kirari Optical communication Demonstration Experiments with the NICT optical ground station (or KODEN). The ground-to-OICETS laser communication experiment was the first in-orbit demonstration involving the LEO satellite. The laser communication experiment was conducted since March 2006. The polarization characteristics of an artificial laser source in space, such as Stokes parameters, and the degree of polarization were measured through space-to-ground atmospheric transmission paths, which results contribute to the link estimation for quantum key distribution via space and provide the potential for enhancements in quantum cryptography on a global scale in the future. The Phase-5 experiment, international laser communications experiments were also successfully conducted with four optical ground stations located in the United States, Spain, Germany, and Japan from April 2009 to September 2009. The purpose of the Phase-5 experiment was to establish OICETS-to-ground laser communication links from the different optical ground stations and the statistical analyses such as the normalized power, scintillation index, probability density function, auto-covariance function, and power spectral density were performed. Thus the applicability of the satellite laser communications was demonstrated, aiming not only for geostationary earth orbit-LEO links but also for ground-to-LEO optical links. This paper presents the results of the KODEN experiments and mainly introduces the common analyses among the different optical ground stations.     

深空光通信技术现状及发展趋势

深空通信是深空探测任务顺利进行的重要保障。以激光为载波的通信系统具有通信速率高、体积小、重量轻和功耗低等特点，已成为深空通信未来发展的主要方向。总结了深空光通信系统的发展现状和未来发展趋势，分析了深空光通信系统的组成以及关键技术。在此基础上，就未来技术发展、组网规划、标准化和生态演进、演示验证等方面，给出了我国深空光通信发展的思考和建议。     

深空通信中继下行链路特性研究及仿真分析

在深空通信中,由于信号传输距离遥远,功率受限的下行链路信号衰减巨大。为解决上述问题,分析地球大气层和外层自由空间的传输特性差异,提出以地球同步轨道卫星为中继站的下行链路的构想,根据每一段链路特性的不同选择载波频率。仿真结果表明,中继链路可以提高信号传输的信噪比、增大信道容量、降低误码率,提高了深空通信下行链路的可靠性。     

Space solar power vs space communications

To meet the future needs of energy on Earth, the transmission of solar power from space is being extensively studied. Since the power station will occupy a position in the geostationary orbit and will use radio frequency spectrum for transmission of energy to Earth, the relative benefits of space solar power and space communications should be considered. The resource allocation of orbit-spectrum to a power station requires a sacrifice from space communications as they both utilize similar limited resources. The power station is to energy what communication is to information. While the cost of energy is going up, the cost of information processing, storage, sharing and transmission is decreasing. Also, increased means of communication are used as a measure of energy conservation. With the advent of computer communication and the Large Scale Integrated (LSI) microprocessors, the technique of multiple access, message switching and satellite switching can be cost-effectively combined. The computer-satellite communication will allow information resource sharing among large numbers of users besides the conventional application of space communications. Since space communication means work effectively in many other areas where ultimate energy use and conservation is possible, the space solar power will not be able to compete or substitute on the basis of equality and social benefits. But, as the transmission technology is similar for both areas, the R & D effort for solar power will certainly increase efficiency and reduce cost for space communications.     

Iteration-based identification of faulty links in LEO/MEO satellite communication networks

Satellite systems are going to be an important part of the future personal communication infrastructure. The first-generation candidates for satellite personal communication networks (S-PCN) will rely on low earth orbiting (LEO) and medium earth orbiting (MEO) constellations. For LEO satellite systems employing intersatellite links (ISLs), we present a iteration-based algorithm to identify faulty links, which applies to a satellite network assuming a connection-oriented network structure, e.g., ATM or ATM-type switches on-board satellites. In the algorithm a management satellite can autonomously and real-time identify a ranked list of the most probable failed network links through building discrete-time dynamic virtual topology graph (DT-DVTG), then testing can be used to quickly pinpoint the actual faulty links. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through simulations.     

Feasibility assessment of optical technologies for reliable high capacity feeder links

Space telecom scenarios like data relay satellite and broadband/broadcast service providers require reliable feeder links with high bandwidth/data rate for the communication between ground station and satellite. Free space optical communication (FSOC) is an attractive alternative to microwave links, improving performance by offering abundant bandwidth at small apertures of the optical terminals. At the same time Near-Earth communication by FSOC avoids interference with other services and is free of regulatory issues. The drawback however is the impairment by the laser propagation through the atmosphere at optical wavelengths. Also to be considered are questions of eye safety for ground personnel and aviation. In this paper we assess the user requirements for typical space telecom scenarios and compare these requirements with solutions using optical data links through the atmosphere. We suggest a site diversity scheme with a number of ground stations and a switching scheme using two optical terminals on-board the satellite. Considering the technology trade-offs between four different optical wavelengths we recommend the future use of 1.5 µm laser technology and calculate a link budget for an atmospheric condition of light haze on the optical path. By comparing link budgets we show an outlook to the future potential use of 10 µm laser technology.     

一种短时猝发GMSK扩频多普勒估计算法研究

多普勒估计是猝发传输背景下的GMSK (Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying,高斯最小频移键控)扩频通信系统接收端同步过程中的关键一环。针对短时猝发GMSK扩频通信系统信息传输时间极短的特点,搭建了系统接收端同步段结构,并以此为基础设计了适应该短时猝发同步段结构的多普勒估计算法,建立了短时猝发多普勒估计算法模型,推导该算法公式的同时对算法模型进行了理论分析,详细阐述了该算法进行多普勒估计的实现过程,并对该算法进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,该算法在信噪比为1 dB时,多普勒估计准确度可达到97.2%,信噪比≥3 dB时,准确度均能在99%及以上,该结果验证了该算法应用在猝发传输背景下的GMSK扩频通信系统中的有效性、可行性,同时也表明当通信系统处于弱信号的条件下时,该多普勒估计算法性能依然能达到一个较为优异的准确度值。     

深空通信中Ka频段自适应纠删编码研究

未来深空通信将采用Ka频段进行深空探测任务,但余量有限的Ka频段链路受地面站区域天气的影响较大,容易产生中断。将Ka频段链路的噪声温度建模为两状态马尔科夫链的Gilbert Elliot信道,结合异步CFDP传输模式,设计了低误差的天气状态预测模型,同时针对给定噪声阈值下天气状态转换对下行链路丢包率的影响,提出一种基于天气状态转换的RS码与弱鲁棒孤波分布LT码级联的分组纠删编码技术,通过预测模型实现自适应码率调整以保持Ka频段的数据链路连续性以及有效吞吐量。仿真表明算法可实现对数据分组的纠删保护,提高接收端的译码性能,增大系统吞吐量,提高文件传输效率。