用Kane方法建立的空间站大型伸展机构柔性多体动力学模型

本文采用Ｋａｎｅ方法建立了空间站大型伸展机构柔性多体系统动力学模型。该模型考虑了系统的轨道运动、姿态运动、构件伸展运动和构件弹性运动，通过约束矩阵建立系统的约束关系，所得方程具有程式化特点，便于计算机编程。该模型还可适用于空间飞行器、地面车辆、复杂机械等多体系统。     

运载火箭机加零件成组编码系统研究

以运载火箭机加零件为研究对象,建立了相应的成组分类编码系统。采用固定码对一般零件进行编码,而用固定码+辅助码对复杂零件进行编码。实现了零件分类编码系统和派生式CAPP系统的集成。在使用过程中,将特征码位提前,使得使用过程大为简化。依据零件编码划分了零件组,建立零件组的特征矩阵,通过对典型零件编码,实现了对典型工艺的快速查找和应用。     

The simulated silicification of bacteria--new clues to the modes and timing of bacterial preservation and implications for the search for extraterrestrial microfossils

Evidence of microbial life on Earth has been found in siliceous rock formations throughout the geological and fossil record. To understand the mechanisms of silicification and thus improve our search patterns for evidence of fossil microbial life in rocks, a series of controlled laboratory experiments were designed to simulate the silicification of microorganisms. The bacterial strains Pseudomonas fluorescens and Desulphovibrio indonensis were exposed to silicifying media. The experiments were designed to determine how exposure time to silicifying solutions and to silicifying solutions of different Si concentration affect the fossilization of microbial biofilms. The silicified biofilms were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Both bacterial species showed evidence of silicification after 24 h in 1,000 ppm silica solution, although D. indonensis was less prone to silicification. The degree of silicification of individual cells of the same sample varied, though such variations decreased with increasing exposure time. High Si concentration resulted in better preservation of cellular detail; the Si concentration was more important than the duration in Si solution. Even though no evidence of amorphous silica precipitation was observed, bacterial cells became permineralized. High-resolution TEM analysis revealed nanometer-sized crystallites characterized by lattice fringe-spacings that match the (10-11) d-spacing of quartz formed within bacterial cell walls after 1 week in 5,000 ppm silica solution. The mechanisms of silicification under controlled laboratory conditions and the implication for silicification in natural environments are discussed, along with the relevance of our findings in the search for early life on Earth and extraterrestrial life.     

Comparative Metagenomics of Two Microbial Mats at Cuatro Ciénegas Basin II: Community Structure and Composition in Oligotrophic Environments

Abstract Microbial mats are self-sustained, functionally complex ecosystems that make good models for the understanding of past and present microbial ecosystems as well as putative extraterrestrial ecosystems. Ecological theory suggests that the composition of these communities might be affected by nutrient availability and disturbance frequency. We characterized two microbial mats from two contrasting environments in the oligotrophic Cuatro Ciénegas Basin: a permanent green pool and a red desiccation pond. We analyzed their taxonomic structure and composition by means of 16S rRNA clone libraries and metagenomics and inferred their metabolic role by the analysis of functional traits in the most abundant organisms. Both mats showed a high diversity with metabolically diverse members and strongly differed in structure and composition. The green mat had a higher species richness and evenness than the red mat, which was dominated by a lineage of Pseudomonas. Autotrophs were abundant in the green mat, and heterotrophs were abundant in the red mat. When comparing with other mats and stromatolites, we found that taxonomic composition was not shared at species level but at order level, which suggests environmental filtering for phylogenetically conserved functional traits with random selection of particular organisms. The highest diversity and composition similarity was observed among systems from stable environments, which suggests that disturbance regimes might affect diversity more strongly than nutrient availability, since oligotrophy does not appear to prevent the establishment of complex and diverse microbial mat communities. These results are discussed in light of the search for extraterrestrial life. Key Words: Cuatro Ciénegas-Metagenomics-Microbial mats-Oligotrophic-Phosphorus limitation-Stromatolites. Astrobiology 12, 659-673.     

Computational methodology to predict satellite system-level effects from impacts of untrackable space debris

This paper presents a computational methodology to predict the satellite system-level effects resulting from impacts of untrackable space debris particles. This approach seeks to improve on traditional risk assessment practices by looking beyond the structural penetration of the satellite and predicting the physical damage to internal components and the associated functional impairment caused by untrackable debris impacts. The proposed method combines a debris flux model with the Schäfer–Ryan–Lambert ballistic limit equation (BLE), which accounts for the inherent shielding of components positioned behind the spacecraft structure wall. Individual debris particle impact trajectories and component shadowing effects are considered and the failure probabilities of individual satellite components as a function of mission time are calculated. These results are correlated to expected functional impairment using a Boolean logic model of the system functional architecture considering the functional dependencies and redundancies within the system.     

异形构件化学气相沉积SiC涂层的数值模拟

根据化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制备SiC陶瓷涂层的工艺特点和典型异形构件的结构特点,建立了异形构件表面化学气相沉积SiC涂层的数学模型。利用该模型,对CVD法在典型异形表面制备SiC涂层进行了数值计算和分析。计算结果显示,带有斜面的构件对CVD SiC沉积过程有显著影响,在反应器大小允许的情况下,构件放置时,斜面与水平面的夹角越小越好,并尽可能将构件长的一面与水平面平行,这样有利于沉积的涂层均匀。此外,对于带有台阶的构件来说,正放的构件表面浓度大于倒放的构件,而浓度梯度则小于倒放的构件。因此,在实际应用中,应尽量使台阶部分放在气流的下游。上述研究结果对CVD工艺制备SiC涂层的优化具有一定的指导意义。     

基于主成分的编队级网络对抗效能评估指标体系

分析建立编队级网络对抗评估指标体系的原则,用主成分分析法对指标进行处理,求得7个主成分.根据正交原则将20个指标分配到7个主成分中,赋予每个主成分以实际含义,最终建立了编队级网络对抗效能评估指标体系.     

In situ microbial detection in Mojave Desert soil using native fluorescence

We report on the use of a portable instrument for microbial detection in the Mojave Desert soil and the potential for its use on Mars. The instrument is based on native fluorescence and employs four excitation wavelengths combined with four emission wavelengths. A soil dilution series in which known numbers of Bacillus subtilis spores were added to soil was used to determine the sensitivity of the instrument. We found that the fluorescence of the biological and organic components of the desert soil samples studied can be as strong as the fluorescence of the mineral component of these soils. Using the calibration derived from B. subtilis spores, we estimated that microbial content at our primary sampling site was 10(7) bacteria per gram of soil, a level confirmed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. At a nearby site, but in a slightly different geological setting, we tested the instrument's ability to map out microbial concentrations in situ. Over a ～50 m diameter circle, soil microbial concentrations determined with the B. subtilis calibration indicate that the concentrations of microorganisms detected varies from 10(4) to 10(7) cells per gram of soil. We conclude that fluorescence is a promising method for detecting soil microbes in noncontact applications in extreme environments on Earth and may have applications on future missions to Mars.     

Modified Rake architecture for GNSS receiver in a multipath environment

Multipath is one of the major error sources in satellite-based navigation systems. This paper proposes a new anti-multipath architecture, named Modified Rake (MRake), for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The architecture derives from RAKE receiver in communication system. It can track direct-path and multipath components separately from the received signal without consumption of much hardware resources or complex calculation. The MRake architecture uses an Amplitude Estimation Unit (AEU) to estimate the amplitude of each component, and a noncoherent DLL to adaptively control its time-delay. Since the receiver only uses the direct-path signal to calculate the user's position, the tracked multipath components are subtracted from the composite signal to reduce the multipath effect, and thus to reduce tracking error. MRake receiver shows better performance or consumes much fewer resources than traditional anti-multipath techniques.     

Greenhouse design integration benefits for extended spaceflight

It has been demonstrated that plants can be grown in microgravity, and almost every space programme has included experimental greenhouses to investigate technical and biological feasibility, as well as the habitability-related benefits of plant growth activities in space.Aside from nutritional and life support system applications, these benefits include sensory and spatial enhancement of the spacecraft environment, both through the plants as such and the design of their growth chambers, as well as by providing meaningful occupation through individual interaction. In view of long duration missions, plant growth facilities should not be regarded as a desirable add-on, but as an essential component of the habitat.Following a review of existing greenhouse designs and plants grown on past missions, the paper summarizes the benefits of greenhouses and outlines potential forms of architectural integration within the spacecraft interior.     

具有多层试验数据的成败型元件之串并联系统及并串联系统可靠性置信下限的近似解

设系统A由K个独立的子系统B_1,B_2,…,B_K并(串)联而成,设第i个子系统B_i又由m_i个相互独立的成败型元件C_(i1),C_(i2),…C_(imi)串(并)联而成,设有多层试验数据: 元件C_(ij)试验N_(ij)次,成功S_(ij)次,失败F_(ij)次(i=1,2,…,K,j=1,2,…,m_i) 子系统B_i有成败型试验数据:试验N_i次,成功S_i次,失败F_i次(i=1,2,…,K) 系统A有成败型试验数据:试验N次,成功S次,失败F次。 本文给出利用此多层成败型试验数据,求系统A的可靠性置信下限的近似解的方法,本文利用一、二阶矩拟合的原则将上述数据折合为原系统A的伪成败型数据:伪试验数N~*,伪成功数S~*,然后从N~*,S~*出发利用单个成败型元件之可靠性的经典精确方法求出原系统A的可靠性置信下限的近似值。本文推导了伪试验数N~*,伪成功数S~*的计算公式,并给出了计算实例。     

航天器部件真空检漏试验管理系统的设计

航天器部件真空检漏试验管理系统是航天器件特殊环境试验管理系统的一个重要组成部分。文章根据航天器部件真空检漏试验管理的需求,结合软件设计开发流程规范,对试验技术流程进行了分析,设计出系统总体框架和功能模块:系统总体框架分为数据资源层、业务逻辑层和客户层;功能模块分为试验任务管理模块、个人任务管理模块、试验数据管理模块、试验归档管理模块、试验资源管理模块、基础配置管理模块和系统管理模块。该试验管理系统将使航天器部件真空检漏试验管理工作更加高效、合理。     

Topological biosignatures: large-scale structure of chemical networks from biology and astrochemistry

The chemical basis of life involves more than simply the presence of biological molecules; biochemical systems embody a complex network of reactions with characteristic topological features. At the same time, chemical complexity is also present in nonbiological contexts, inviting us to clarify the relationship between chemistry and life through comparative studies. This study examines chemical networks from biology (the metabolism of E. coli) and astronomy (gas-phase reactions in dark molecular clouds) to establish common topological features that may be generic for any complex chemical system, as well as clear differences that may be topological signatures of life. The biological and astrochemical networks exhibit different scaling behaviors, and the network motifs found in the two systems show similarities as well as significant differences. The PageRank algorithm was used to quantify the degree to which individual species act primarily as products or reactants; in the metabolic network, these two roles are nearly identical for most species, whereas the astrochemical network shows a clearer partitioning into reactants and products.     

液体火箭发动机起动过程减损控制研究

为了控制液体火箭发动机起动过程中故障的发展,以便提高发动机的可靠性与安全性,在其关键部件损伤与系统性能之间折衷考虑,实施减损控制。提出一种以减小部件损伤为目的的发动机开环控制结构,并对其所涉及的相关模型作了简短的分析;通过综合分析减损控制律,可对控制输入序列进行优化选择。仿真研究了某火箭发动机起动过程实施减损控制后的两个实例,结果表明通过减损控制,可以实现在系统性能不明显损失的情况下,较大幅度地减小关键部件损伤。     

Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. Part 2: options and weight analysis

Life support components are evaluated for application to an idealized closed life support system which includes an algal reactor for food production. Weight-based trade studies are reported as "break-even" time for replacing food stores with a regenerative bioreactor. It is concluded that closure of the life support gases (oxygen recovery) depends on the carbon dioxide reduction chemistry and that an algae-based food production can provide an attractive alternative to re-supply for longer duration missions.     

Animal protein production modules in biological life support systems: novel combined aquaculture techniques based on the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.)

Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily deveoloped for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and arc. in addidition. able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 °C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e. g.. lunar or planetary bases including some psychologiccal aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.     

复杂系统的Bayes可靠性评估

讨论了复杂系统的Bayes可靠性评估。首先，对各种不同分布类型的单元进行Bayes可靠性分析；其次利用最大熵方法把单元可靠性信息进行综合，得到系统可靠性的验前分布；最后根据Bayes定理，利用系统可靠性试验信息来更新系统可靠性的验前分布得到系统可靠性的验后分布，依据此验后分布对系统可靠性进行评估。仿真算例说明了评估方法的合理性。     

Acetylene as fast food: implications for development of life on anoxic primordial Earth and in the outer solar system

Acetylene occurs, by photolysis of methane, in the atmospheres of jovian planets and Titan. In contrast, acetylene is only a trace component of Earth's current atmosphere. Nonetheless, a methane-rich atmosphere has been hypothesized for early Earth; this atmosphere would also have been rich in acetylene. This poses a paradox, because acetylene is a potent inhibitor of many key anaerobic microbial processes, including methanogenesis, anaerobic methane oxidation, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen oxidation. Fermentation of acetylene was discovered approximately 25 years ago, and Pelobacter acetylenicus was shown to grow on acetylene by virtue of acetylene hydratase, which results in the formation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde subsequently dismutates to ethanol and acetate (plus some hydrogen). However, acetylene hydratase is specific for acetylene and does not react with any analogous compounds. We hypothesize that microbes with acetylene hydratase played a key role in the evolution of Earth's early biosphere by exploiting an available source of carbon from the atmosphere and in so doing formed protective niches that allowed for other microbial processes to flourish. Furthermore, the presence of acetylene in the atmosphere of a planet or planetoid could possibly represent evidence for an extraterrestrial anaerobic ecosystem.     

制导工具误差折合的遗传主成分方法

制导工具误差折合是导弹精度评定中的重要问题,传统主成分方法中主要成分选择根据试验弹道环境函数矩阵特征值选择,仅考虑了试验弹道的影响,而在试验弹道中作为主要成分,在全程弹道中并不一定是主要成分。提出了充分考虑试验弹道与全程弹道特点的主成分确定方法,并利用遗传算法确定最佳主成分子集。仿真计算表明,与最小二乘和经典主成分方法相比,遗传主成分算法获得的全程弹道遥外差与落点偏差更接近于真实值。