一种卫星信道的反馈优化接入机制

提高卫星信道资源利用率，探索高效可行的端站接入机制是卫星通信发展亟待解决的问题之一。当前卫星通信DVB-RCS标准基于带宽预先规划的接入机制与端站随遇接入的需求矛盾凸显，因此提出一套信道反馈优化接入机制，综合考虑各端站数据业务需求，在不改变原有协议信令特征的基础上，探索性地引入谦虚度激励方法，创造性地构造动态协商反馈模型并加以求解，达到提高端站接入数量、满足随遇接入需求、提升信道利用效率、最大化整体带宽通信业务效益的目的。通过试验验证，带宽分配反馈优化机制比传统模式提高近1倍接入率，最大端站数接入时算法耗时约只有0.67s，可为卫星信道使用提供技术参考。     

自组织网络中UPMA协议的群间仿真

基于有效竞争预约接入、无冲突轮询传输的思想,结合分层分布式网络结构为自组织网络提出了依据用户妥善安排的多址接入(UPMA)协议,UPMA协议可以支持节点移动性和多跳网络拓扑,并使用网络仿真工具OPNET仿真评估了它的群间通信性能.该协议利用分群算法将多跳网络拓扑形成轮询所需要的两跳分群结构,包括预约接入和无冲突的轮询服务阶段.有分组发送的节点在每帧的竞争接入时隙中竞争接入.如果成功,则进入轮询服务过程;否则,在本帧重新开始的接入阶段中进行冲突避免和分解的预约接入过程.仿真结果表明,UPMA协议显著提高了多跳群间的业务传输效率,可以提供较高的端到端信道利用率、较低的端到端平均消息时延和较小的平均消息丢弃率.      

一种用于图像翘曲变换的高速缓冲存储器设计

车载平视显示（HUD）系统通过图像翘曲变换将原始平面图像信息显示在挡风玻璃曲面上，原始图像数据的非线性访问会造成存储器访问效率下降。为此，设计了一种高速缓冲存储器（Cache），以最大程度保证像素数据访问的连续性，减少存储器访问次数并提高带宽资源利用率。为优化Cache性能，提出存储空间分离管理技术和地址分级比较技术，提高图像像素在Cache中的存储密度，并节省逻辑资源。此外，提出一种Cache容量动态调整的方法，在保证命中率前提下减少Cache存储资源的使用、降低功耗。实验结果显示，存储空间分离管理技术使存储资源节省25%，地址分级比较技术使逻辑资源节省近10%，Cache容量可以减少75%，且动态功耗减少67.578%，静态功耗减少14.060%。      

Measuring the economic benefits of a national planetary protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars: Results of a contingent valuation survey in Greece

The emergence of private space actors may soon enable the growth of the novel market segments of space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The interdisciplinary field of Planetary Protection has to keep up with these advances. Planetary Protection is defined as a set of guidelines that aim to prevent the forward contamination of celestial bodies with biological material from Earth and the backward contamination of the terrestrial biosphere with extraterrestrial biological material. As space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies for commercial access to space, significant questions are expected to be raised in the future with respect to potential forward and backward contamination issues, particularly with respect to activities between Earth and Mars. Although such private activities do not seem to pose a serious Planetary Protection threat at the moment, certain preparatory steps need to be taken in order to prudently inform the relevant policy-making procedures. This work describes the application of the Contingent Valuation Method, a useful tool of the environmental economics discipline, with the aim of demonstrating a novel approach to estimate the economic valuation of the external benefits of preventing forward and backward contamination between Earth and Mars. Particularly, via a survey specifically developed for this purpose, a set of questions are used to elicit the perceived economic value that respondents place on the prevention of forward and backward contamination; the survey is administered to a national probability sample in Greece, and the generated data is processed through statistical analysis. The Contingent Valuation Method is a popular and well-established stated preference valuation technique; these techniques are often the more suitable choice for ex-ante valuations of future changes, and are currently the only known approach to capture all the aspects of the economic value of non-market goods. Through an initial proof-of-concept in Greece, the goal of this work is to provide useful insights on the expected external benefits of a national Planetary Protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars, and to encourage a larger-scale application of this tool in other countries around the world.     

Capacity building in regional space cooperation: Asia-pacific space cooperation organization

The increasing gap in the space capabilities of different countries has led to the need for capacity building in modern times. Space capacity building of countries without or with limited space capacity via international cooperation with advanced spacefaring nations is a good practice towards intragenerational equity among all spacefaring countries, and between spacefaring and non-spacefaring countries at the same period of time. A case study is used here to show the current situation of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) and its member states that are associated with their space capacity building. The study finds that neither the satellite technology development model developed by Wood and Weigel (2011) nor the model developed by Ercan and Kale (2017) is a good fit for the development of space capability in all of the developing countries. Therefore, using the APSCO member states as a case study may offer guidelines towards the space capacity building of other developing countries. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the merits and flaws of APSCO’s capacity building programs through comparing them with similar projects carried out by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) and some other countries is conducive to providing some references for regional cooperation in the field of space capacity building. While international space law and the APSCO Convention can provide the general principles for capacity building activities under the framework of APSCO, they are only relevant to the development of scientific and technological capacities for space and human resources rather than organizational development and legal frameworks. Some international soft laws can likewise provide guidance for the capacity building activities of APSCO and its member states in the areas of international direct television broadcasting, remote sensing and cooperative way. To enhance its and its member states’ space capabilities, APSCO, in the context of space commercialization and maintaining the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA), should establish a comprehensive internal regime that addresses scientific and technological capacity building for space, human resources, organizational development and legal frameworks, a flexible regime for international cooperation with other developed spacefaring nations and international organizations with relevant technical capabilities and an internal research center for space law, and actively expand its membership by embracing other economically or technologically developed spacefaring nations in the Asia-Pacific region.     

Establishing space industry in developing countries: Opportunities and difficulties

Although it is generally agreed that the outer space should be used for the benefit of all mankind, only a fraction of the countries have the necessary technological base for accessing space. Space technology, with its implications on science, economy and well-being of citizens, is mostly chosen as one of the priority areas for technological development by developing countries. However, there is already an over-capacity in global space industry and there are doubts on necessity of additional capacity establishment by developing countries. In this study, the importance and benefits of capacity-building in these countries are emphasized and the advantages and disadvantages that developing countries have in the framework of space technology acquisition are briefly presented. The feasibility of certain levels of space technology is discussed and the necessity of combining existing indigenous capabilities with technology obtained from foreign sources in the optimal way is stressed. We have also mentioned various general mechanisms of technology transfer and argued the importance of licensing in catching-up developed countries. After considering the necessary conditions of efficiency of technology, such as establishment of regional centers of space science and technology education by United Nations, joint development of space systems, complete technology transfer packages, cooperative space projects within regional organizations, coordinated constellations and special agreements with large space agencies, which are specific mechanisms already in use, are reviewed. Some typical examples of mechanisms are also given with special emphasize on small satellite technology that makes access to space affordable for many countries. Through sharing and analyzing the experience of developing countries in their odyssey of space capacity-building, the difficulties can be negotiated and the vicious circles can be broken. This study, in our view, is a step to incite a general discussion of obstacles and opportunities for developing countries, that could help them in using their limited resources effectively, hence, enable them to offer better conditions to their citizens and to contribute space science to a larger extend.     

基于策略的网格应用服务QoS管理模型

R.Al-Ali提出了一个基于网格的服务质量(QoS)管理框架模型,该模型将网格QoS问题划分为应用层QoS、网格中间层QoS以及网络层QoS,并重点对应用层的QoS表示和优化等问题进行了研究.目前关于网格QoS方面的大多数研究都集在对应用层如何扩充WSDL文档以实现服务等级协商(SLA)的表示等问题上.对于如何将应用层所需要的QoS与网络传输层的QoS机制模型结合起来以适合于网格计算的研究还是相当少,为此提出了一种基于策略的网格QoS管理模型,该模型既能够屏蔽由于网格应用服务使用不同的QoS级别带来的映射差别,也能够屏蔽由于跨越不同组织所采用不同QoS机制模型带来的映射差别.当组织的QoS机制模型采用差分模型(DiffServ)时,对所提出的模型进行了初步仿真,仿真结果表明可以将这一策略模型集成到开放网格服务体系(OGSA)中实现对网格应用服务的QoS管理.     

合成孔径雷达压缩感知成像方法

为解决大带宽、多通道空间雷达系统的数据量大导致数据无法存储和传输的问题,介绍了一种基于压缩感知理论(CS,Compressive Sensing)的、全新的合成孔径雷达数据获取体制和脉冲压缩方法.在观测场景满足一定稀疏特性的前提条件下,使用该方法取代传统的匹配滤波方法进行脉冲压缩处理,可以从远远低于常规雷达所获取的数据量中恢复出原始场景.压缩感知脉冲压缩是通过使用一种贪婪追踪算法解一个逆问题来重建脉冲压缩后的信号.给出了该方法的原理和过程,并通过计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性.这种新方法可以简化雷达系统,有效降低存储和传输的数据量,将设计重点从昂贵的接收机硬件上转移到智能信号重建算法上去.      

Key ecological challenges for closed systems facilities

Closed ecological systems are desirable for a number of purposes. In space life support systems, material closure allows precious life-supporting resources to be kept inside and recycled. Closure in small biospheric systems facilitates detailed measurement of global ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. Closed testbeds facilitate research topics which require isolation from the outside (e.g. genetically modified organisms; radioisotopes) so their ecological interactions and fluxes can be studied separate from interactions with the outside environment. But to achieve and maintain closure entails solving complex ecological challenges. These challenges include being able to handle faster cycling rates and accentuated daily and seasonal fluxes of critical life elements such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, macro- and mico-nutrients. The problems of achieving sustainability in closed systems for life support include how to handle atmospheric dynamics including trace gases, producing a complete human diet, recycling nutrients and maintaining soil fertility, the maintenance of healthy air and water and preventing the loss of critical elements from active circulation. In biospheric facilities, the challenge is also to produce analogues to natural biomes and ecosystems, studying processes of self-organization and adaptation in systems that allow specification or determination of state variables and cycles which may be followed through all interactions from atmosphere to soils. Other challenges include the dynamics and genetics of small populations, the psychological challenges for small isolated human groups and backup technologies and strategic options which may be necessary to ensure long-term operation of closed ecological systems.     

Planetary protection on international waters: An onboard protocol for capsule retrieval and biosafety control in sample return mission

Planetary protection has been recognized as one of the most important issues in sample return missions that may host certain living forms and biotic signatures in a returned sample. This paper proposes an initiative of sample capsule retrieval and onboard biosafety protocol in international waters for future biological and organic constituent missions to bring samples from possible habitable bodies in the solar system. We suggest the advantages of international waters being outside of national jurisdiction and active regions of human and traffic affairs on the condition that we accept the Outer Space Treaty. The scheme of onboard biological quarantine definitely reduces the potential risk of back-contamination of extraterrestrial materials to the Earth.     

Planetary protection issues for sample return missions.

Sample return missions from a comet nucleus and the Mars surface are currently under study in the US, USSR, and by ESA. Guidance on Planetary Protection (PP) issues is needed by mission scientists and engineers for incorporation into various elements of mission design studies. Although COSPAR has promulgated international policy on PP for various classes of solar system exploration missions, the applicability of this policy to sample return missions, in particular, remains vague. In this paper, we propose a set of implementing procedures to maintain the scientific integrity of these samples. We also propose that these same procedures will automatically assure that COSPAR-derived PP guidelines are achieved. The recommendations discussed here are the first step toward development of official COSPAR implementation requirements for sample return missions.     

MultiWaveLink: An interactive data base for the coordination of multiwavelength and multifacility observations

MultiWaveLink is an interactive, computerized data base that was developed to facilitate a multiwavelength approach to studying astrophysical sources. It can be used to access information about multiwavelength resources (observers, telescopes, data bases and analysis facilities) or to organize observing campaigns that require either many telescopes operating in different spectral regimes or a network of similar telescopes circumspanning the Earth.     

个性化定制企业门户桌面系统的设计与实现

提出了一种为用户提供个性化定制功能的企业门户桌面系统PD4EP(Personalized Desktop for Enterprise Portal).PD4EP划分了门户频道类别并对各类频道需提供的个性化功能进行了约束,实现了同类别的不同门户频道个性化定制方式的一致化,从而允许用户同时对多个门户频道批量个性化操作.采用了与企业门户具体业务和资源相分离的模块化系统结构,有效降低了门户桌面系统与其他组成单元间的耦合程度,提高了通用性;因此,PD4EP可用于新建企业门户桌面系统,还可以个性化功能插件的形式扩展现有企业门户桌面系统.PD4EP设计了基于控制反转思想的个性化功能操作流程,增强了门户桌面系统对不同开发者开发的门户频道的兼容性.      

多光谱遥感之最佳波段选择

本文提出一种以提供最大信息量为准则的最佳遥感波段选择方法.由于不同波段信号之间存在较强的相关性, 因此本方法从地面主要目标的光谱特性出发, 计算出所有可能使用波段之间的全部相关系数.假设信号是近似正态分布的, 就可以从相关矩阵的行列式计算出每个波段的条件信息量.比较各种可能波段组合的信息量, 就可以找出最佳的波段组合.文中也介绍了一种比较简单的方法, 可以得到“准最佳”的波段选择.最后, 对遥感卫星设计时遥感波段的选择问题做了一些探讨.      

多终端在星上多频时分多址系统中的分配

由于卫星资源有限并且昂贵,多频时分多址(MF-TDMA)接入方式被广泛应用于现代宽带通信系统的上行链路设计中。时隙分配算法的有效性是高效利用MF-TDMA系统资源的保证。针对卫星系统的特性,提出了一种基于函数权值的卫星时隙的分配算法,通过最优化权值的方法,有效地提高了资源利用率。通过仿真分析了不同业务的时延性能和信道利用率,并且与几种典型的分配算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,文中的分配算法能够有效地提高信道利用率,在终端数量较多时,优势更为明显。文中提出的新算法简单,计算时间短,能够有效地在卫星网络中实现。     

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO MERIDIAN PROJECT

Early in 1994, sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and then the State Science and Technology Commission of China (SSTC, now Ministry of Sci ence and Technology), Chinese space scientists (including scientists from Taiwan) gathered together to discuss issues on the development of space physics researches in China. Following it, several special seminars were held to continue the discus sion which finally led to a proposal to CAS and SSTC for establishing a station chain along the 120°E to monitor the space environment. This proposal was care fully reviewed and thoroughly evaluated by many leading scientists in the com munity and then listed in the State Plan of Chinese Central Government in June 1997. The project then has been formally called as "Meridian Chain of Compre hensive Ground-Based Space Environment Monitors in the Eastern Hemisphere" "Meridian Project". After several years of preparations the project has been par tially initiated with the efforts devoted by institutes and universities involved.     

Gravitaxis and graviperception in flagellates.

There is strong evidence that gravitactic orientation in flagellates and ciliates is mediated by an active physiological gravireceptor rather than by passive alignment of the cells in the water column. In flagellates the threshold for graviorientation was found to be at 0.12 x g on a slow rotating centrifuge during the IML-2 mission on the Shuttle Columbia and a subsequent parabolic rocket flight (TEXUS). During the IML-2 mission no adaptation to microgravity was observed over the duration of the space flight, while gravitaxis was lost in a terrestrial closed environmental system over the period of almost two years. Sedimenting statoliths are not likely to be involved in graviperception because of the small size of the cells and their rotation around the longitudinal axis during forward locomotion. Instead the whole cytoplasmic content of the cell, being heavier than the surrounding aqueous medium (1.05 g/ml), exerts a pressure on the lower membrane. This force activates stretch-sensitive calcium specific ion channels which can be inhibited by the addition of gadolinium which therefore abolishes gravitaxis. The channels seem to mainly allow calcium ions to pass since gravitaxis is blocked by the addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 and by vanadate which blocks the Ca-ATPase in the cytoplasmic membrane. Recently, a gene for a mechanosensitive channel, originally sequenced for Saccharomyces, was identified in Euglena by PCR. The increase in intracellular free calcium during reorientation can be visualized by the fluorophore Calcium Crimson using laser excitation and image intensification. This result was confirmed during recent parabolic flights. The gated calcium changes the membrane potential across the membrane which may be the trigger for the reorientation of the flagellum. cAMP plays a role as a secondary messenger. Photosynthetic flagellates are suitable candidates for life support systems since they absorb CO2 and produce oxygen. Preliminary experiments are discussed.     

Science operations planning expertise: A neglected component of mission design

In this paper, Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) is defined as the expertise that is held by people who have the two following qualities. First they have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Second, they can be used, on request and at least, to provide with advice the teams that design and implement science operations systems in order to optimise the performance and productivity of the mission. However, the relevance and use of such SOPE early on during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) is not sufficiently recognised. As a result, science operations planning is often neglected or poorly assessed during the mission definition phases. This can result in mission architectures that are not optimum in terms of cost and scientific returns, particularly for missions that require a significant amount of science operations planning. Consequently, science operations planning difficulties and cost underestimations are often realised only when it is too late to design and implement the most appropriate solutions. In addition, higher costs can potentially reduce both the number of new missions and the chances of existing ones to be extended. Moreover, the quality, and subsequently efficiency, of SOPE can vary greatly. This is why we also believe that the best possible type of SOPE requires a structure similar to the ones of existing bodies of expertise dedicated to the data processing such as the International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), the Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) or the Planetary Data System (PDS). Indeed, this is the only way of efficiently identifying science operations planning issues and their solutions as well as of keeping track of them in order to apply them to new missions. Therefore, this paper advocates for the need to allocate resources in order to both optimise the use of SOPE early on during the MDP and to perform, at least, a feasibility study of such a more structured SOPE.     

电力系统厂站接线图拓扑关系检测技术

厂站接线图中电气元件的拓扑关系是厂站接线图自动生成技术所需的核心数据。目前，已知的厂站接线图自动生成技术仍然依靠人工获取图中的拓扑关系。通过利用基于深度学习的目标检测技术与传统的计算机图像处理技术相结合的方式，能够实现厂站接线图拓扑关系检测。首先，利用基于深度学习的目标检测方法对电气元件进行识别，并利用计算机图像处理技术对标量格式接线图进行预处理，完成电气元件与连接线的分割。然后，利用轮廓跟踪算法对连接线连通区域进行检测标记。最后，根据获取的电气元件信息与连接线信息获取图纸的拓扑关系。采用国家电网有限公司提供的数据集，并设计了对比实验，验证了所提方法的有效性。      

Track structure in biological models.

High-energy heavy ions in the galactic cosmic radiation (HZE particles) may pose a special risk during long term manned space flights outside the sheltering confines of the earth's geomagnetic field. These particles are highly ionizing, and they and their nuclear secondaries can penetrate many centimeters of body tissue. The three dimensional patterns of ionizations they create as they lose energy are referred to as their track structure. Several models of biological action on mammalian cells attempt to treat track structure or related quantities in their formulation. The methods by which they do this are reviewed. The proximity function is introduced in connection with the theory of Dual Radiation Action (DRA). The ion-gamma kill (IGK) model introduces the radial energy-density distribution, which is a smooth function characterizing both the magnitude and extension of a charged particle track. The lethal, potentially lethal (LPL) model introduces lambda, the mean distance between relevant ion clusters or biochemical species along the track. Since very localized energy depositions (within approximately 10 nm) are emphasized, the proximity function as defined in the DRA model is not of utility in characterizing track structure in the LPL formulation.