Synthesis,chemistry and photochemistry of cyanobutadiyne (HCCCCCN)

Cyanobutadiyne has been synthesized starting from the mono or bistributylstannyl derivative of 1,3-butadiyne and p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide. The UV spectrum of HC₅N and the ¹³C NMR spectrum of the deuterocyanobutadiyne DC₅N have been recorded for the first time. Cyanobutadiyne has been detected in the photolysis of mixtures of gases observed on Titan. Its formation starting from cyanoacetylene and acetylene also occurs in the presence of huge amounts of dinitrogen, the major constituent of the Titan’s atmosphere. The application of these findings to the atmosphere of Titan is discussed. The chemistry and photochemistry of cyanobutadiyne have been investigated. A photoadduct has been observed in the photolysis of cyanoacetylene and ethanethiol and, a univocal synthesis of this compound was performed by a nucleophilic addition reaction.     

Plasma chemical reactions in C2H2/N2, C2H4/N2, and C2H6/N2 gas mixtures of a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge

Plasma chemical reactions in C₂H₂/N₂, C₂H₄/N₂, and C₂H₆/N₂ gas mixtures have been studied by means of mass spectrometry at a medium pressure of 300 mbar in a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge. A major reaction scheme is production of larger hydrocarbons like C_nH_m with n up to 12 including formation of functional CN groups.     

Comparison of observed hmF2 and IRI 2007 model with M(3000)F2 estimation of hmF2 at low solar activity for an equatorial station

This is to investigate ways of improving the Equatorial F2-layer peak heights estimated from M(3000)F2 ionosonde data measured using the Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS-42) sounder at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Latitude +12.4°N, Longitude +1.5°W, Dip latitude +5.9°N) during a low solar activity year (1995). For this purpose, we have compared the observed h_mF2 (h_mF2_obs) deduced using an algorithm from scaled virtual heights of quiet day ionograms and the predicted h_mF2 values which is given by the IRI 2007 model (h_mF2_{IRI 2007}) with the ionosonde measured M(3000)F2 estimation of the h_mF2 values (h_mF2_est) respectively. The correlation coefficients R² for all the seasons were found to range from 0.259 to 0.692 for h_mF2_obs values, while it ranges from 0.551 to 0.875 for the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. During the nighttime, estimated h_mF2 (h_mF2_est) was found to be positively correlated with the h_mF2_obs values by the post-sunset peak representation which is also represented by the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. We also investigated the validity of the h_mF2_est values by finding the percentage deviations when compared with the h_mF2_obs and h_mF2_{IRI 2007}.     

Contribution analysis of QZSS to single-frequency PPP of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo

The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) established by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency mainly serves the Asia-Pacific region and its surrounding areas. Currently, four in-orbit satellites provide services. Most users of GNSS in the mass market use single-frequency (SF) receivers owing to the low cost. Therefore, it is meaningful to analyze and evaluate the contribution of the QZSS to SF precise point positioning (PPP) of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo systems with the emergence of GNSS and QZSS. This study compares the performances of three SF PPP models, namely the GRoup and PHase Ionospheric Correction (GRAPHIC) model, GRAPHIC with code observation model, and an ionosphere-constrained model, and evaluated the contribution of the QZSS to the SF PPP of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo systems. Moreover, the influence of code bias on the SF PPP of the BDS system is also analyzed. A two-week dataset (DOY 013–026, 2019) from 10 stations of the MGEX network is selected for validation, and the results show that: (1) For cut-off elevation angles of 15, 20, and 25°, the convergence times for the static SF PPP of GLONASS + QZSS are reduced by 4.3, 30.8, and 12.7%, respectively, and the positioning accuracy is similar compared with that of the GLONASS system. Compared with the BDS single system, the convergence times for the static SF PPP of BDS + QZSS under 15 and 25° are reduced by 37.6 and 39.2%, the horizontal positioning accuracies are improved by 18.6 and 14.1%, and the vertical components are improved by 13.9 and 21.4%, respectively. At cut-off elevation angles of 15, 20, and 25°, the positioning accuracy and precision of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo + QZSS is similar to that of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo. And the convergence times are reduced by 7.4 and 4.3% at cut-off elevation angles of 20 and 25°, respectively. In imitating dynamic PPP, the QZSS significantly improves the positioning accuracy of BDS and GLONASS. However, QZSS has little effect on the GPS-only, Galileo-only and GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo. (2) The code bias of BDS IGSO and MEO cannot be ignored in SF PPP. In static SF PPP, taking the frequency band of B1I whose multipath combination is the largest among the frequency bands as an example, the vertical component has a systematic bias of approximately 0.4–1.0 m. After correcting the code bias, the positioning error in the vertical component is lower than 0.2 m, and the positioning accuracy in the horizontal component are improved accordingly. (3) The SF PPP model with ionosphere constraints has a better convergence speed, while the positioning accuracy of the three models is nearly equal. Therefore the GRAPHIC model can be used to get good positioning accuracy in the absence of external ionosphere products, but its convergence speed is slower.     

SIS/LPB/PAn导电橡胶复合物

采用原位聚合法,在SIS(苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物)/LPB(液体聚丁二烯)橡胶基体中合成PAn(聚苯胺),形成单面导电的导电橡胶复合物.研究了基体聚合物交联度、苯胺、氧化剂用量和聚合反应时间等几种主要反应条件对复合物导电性的影响.导电层中PAn含量只有6.1%,导电面电导率就可达5.5S/m.该复合物的电导率:①随基体聚合物的交联度的增大而减小;②随苯胺用量的增大而增大;③随氧化剂用量的增大先增大后减小.      

135.6nm夜气辉峰值电子密度反演算法及误差

根据夜间135.6nm大气辉光光强与F₂层峰值电子密度N_mF₂平方成正比的物理机制,在前期夜间135.6nm气辉辐射激发模型研究的基础上建立了峰值电子密度的反演算法,把全球经纬度分成若干格点,每个格点的电离层及中性成分信息分别由IRI2000和MSISE90提供,将电离层及中性成分廓线输入夜气辉辐射激发模型,计算每个格点135.6nm气辉的辐射强度,然后将各个格点的135.6nm气辉辐射强度与电离层廓线输入的N_mF₂平方拟合得到气辉强度与N_mF₂的转换因子.利用此方法可获得不同地方时、季节和太阳活动周期的转换因子组成查算表,进而根据实际探测的135.6nm气辉辐射强度反演相应时空的N_mF₂.最后对该算法的反演误差进行了综合分析,为该算法适用的时空特性提供重要理论支撑.      

卡尔曼滤波和自相关分析方法短期预报电离层f0F2的比较

电离层参数f₀F₂的预报是电离层研究的一个重要方向.本文选取2011年北京、长春、青岛和苏州四个常规观测站的f₀F₂数据,分别采用卡尔曼滤波、自相关分析法和国际参考电离层模型（IRI）对f₀F₂实施短期预报（提前1h预报）,并通过与实际观测数据的对比,对三种方法预报f₀F₂的性能进行了比较.研究结果表明,在磁平静时期,采用卡尔曼滤波方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方误差为0.532MHz,相对误差8.11%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.47MHz和14.58%;采用自相关分析方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方根误差为0.967MHz,相对误差11.46%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.035MHz和11.23%.比较结果说明二者对f₀F₂短期预报的精度相对于国际电离层参考模型均有大幅提升.对磁暴期间三种方法的预测性能做了进一步比较,试验结果表明卡尔曼滤波短期预报性能总体上优于自相关分析法,这为f₀F₂短期预报的方法选择提供了一定指导.      

新世代超级“塑料虫”在天F/A-18E/F超级“大黄蜂”战机 美国海军的新宠

1991年的第一次海湾战争中，美国空军的F-15E首度参战，身为冷战后美军第一种新战机，即使参与的数量很有限，也揭示了未来美国空军的面貌。与它的前辈：F-111相较，F-15E低空穿透速度较慢，作战半径也较短．怎么看都不能在“深入打击”的任务中名正言顺地取代F-111。     

GPS/DRS/DMAP汽车定位导航系统

阐述了一种基于单片机的由速率陀螺、磁罗盘和里程仪组成的新型航迹推算系统及其工作原理,在此基础上设计了多级滤波组合方式GPS(Global Positioning System)/DRS(Dead Reckoning System)汽车定位导航系统,并通过地图匹配进一步提高定位精度,同时利用GSM(Global System for Mobile communications)进行定位数据的无线传输.跑车实验表明该系统具有较高的定位精度和可靠性.     

Hall MHD reconnection with an initial guide field By0

An uniform out-of-plane magnetic field component B_y0 is added to the equilibrium Harris sheet with plasma β = 0.5 and L_c = 0.5d_i (where L_c is the half-width of the equilibrium current layer and d_i is the ion inertial length). Driven by the continuous boundary inflows, the magnetic reconnections with the guide field B_y0/B₀ ranging from 0 to 4.0 are investigated using a 2.5D Hall magnetohydro-dynamic (MHD) code developed from a multi-step implicit scheme. The features of the reconnection field are substantially altered in the presence of the guide field. The openness of the magnetic separatrix angle is slightly reduced and the anti-symmetric quadrupolar structure of B_y field and the symmetric distribution of plasma pressure P are replaced by an asymmetric B_y four-wing structure and an asymmetric P plot as a non-zero B_y0 is added. The decoupling of electrons and ions also occurs near the X line in the case with a finite B_y0, but the effect of initial B_y0 on the electron flow is greater than that on the ion flow. The reconnection rates at the X-line drops from 0.151 to 0.06, namely, ∂A/∂t is reduced by a factor of 2.5 as B_y0/B₀ increases from 0 to 4.0. The reduction of reconnection rate might be related to the reducing openness of reconnection layer with the increasing B_y0.     

The model of turbulent plasma sheet during IMF Bz > 0

Theory of the plasma sheet with medium-scale developed turbulence gives the possibility to explain the main processes of plasma sheet bifurcation and theta-aurora formation during IMF B_z > 0. The model suggests that during IMF B_z > 0 small bulge structure in the plasma sheet center is formed. The polarization of the bulge due to dawnward electron motion and duskward ion motion decreases the large-scale electric field in the bulge region. The decrease of the large-scale field in the conditions of constant coefficient of diffusion leads to the bulge growth. The results of plasma sheet bifurcation and theta-aurora formation modelling are presented.     

Radio/FADS/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

Supposing future orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission as the potential project background, this paper addresses the issue of Mars entry integrated navigation using radio beacon, flush air data sensing system (FADS), and inertial measurement unit (IMU). The range and Doppler information sensed from an orbiting radio beacon, the dynamic pressure and heating data sensed from flush air data sensing system, and acceleration and attitude angular rate outputs from an inertial measurement unit are integrated in an unscented Kalman filter to perform state estimation and suppress the system and measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the proposed integrated navigation scheme can enhance the navigation accuracy, which enables precise entry guidance for the given Mars orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission.     

Optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation for Mars orbiter

In this paper, we address the issue of the integrated navigation algorithm with different combination of measurements for Mars orbiter. First, system dynamic model and navigation measurement models using optical measurement information, radio measurement information and X-ray pulsars measurement information are respectively established. Second, optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation algorithm is proposed, and observability analysis of the integrated navigation system is also conducted. Third, adaptive extended Kalman filter is adopted to fuse measurement information and suppress measurement and process noise to optimally estimate the state of Mars orbiter. Monte Carlo simulation results show that optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation can effectively improve the navigation accuracy and satisfy the navigation requirements of Mars orbiter.     

Interconnection of high-latitude and low-latitude boundary layers when IMF BY is dominant

The antiparallel merging model places the location of the reconnection region for a dominant interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B_Y at high latitudes at the dayside magnetopause and predicts that the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) is located on open field lines of the magnetospheric flanks. Interball-1 data obtained in the wide local time range near the low-latitude magnetopause makes it possible to analyze the LLBL plasma population and to find a link between possible reconnection at high latitudes and LLBL occurrence. We found that no boundary layer was observed in the regions which have no topological connection with the merging site. All cases of LLBL observations are located downstream from a specific boundary. This boundary coincides with the first magnetospheric field line touching the reconnection region and can be located in a wide local time region depending on the instant IMF direction. Even the LLBL on closed field lines shows the tendency to be concentrated in the vicinity of this boundary. Thus we show that all types of observed LLBLs are linked to reconnection sites predicted by the antiparallel merging model.     

一种双捷联微小型惯性组合导航系统设计研究

介绍了一种使组合导航系统具有系统级冗余的基于MEMS-IMU的双SINS／GPS／Doppler组合导航系统，讨论了系统的体系结构及分层联合卡尔曼滤波器的设计和计算方法，给出了基于滤波器测量残差检验的硬故障FDIR算法和基于状态估计的软故障FDIR算法。计算机仿真结果表明，该系统具有结构灵活、计算方便、可靠性高的优点。     

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统研究

通过对多星座组合导航系统的分析,对多星座组合导航定位算法进行了研究。由于GPS、GLONASS、GALILEO系统分别采用了不同的坐标系,文中利用坐标系变换将不同星座统一到同一个坐标系中,采用增加状态变量的方法实现了组合系统的时间统一,从而实现了多星座间的时空统一;针对多星座组合系统的可见卫星数目大大增加的特点,采用最小二乘的方法实现了用户的导航定位解算,提高了用户的定位精度。通过对GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统的仿真研究,其结果表明:与GPS单星座相比,GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统,同一时间内可见卫星数目大大增加,PDOP值明显减小,有效提高了导航定位精度,具有良好的定位性能和可靠性。     

信阳陨石热历史与原始氩特征

信阳陨石于1977年12月1日18时57分, 陨落在我国河南省信阳县肖王公社。陨落后, 破裂为X-Ⅰ(48kg)及X-Ⅱ(27.5kg)两大块和几小块碎屑。陶克捷等对该陨石做过化学组成、矿物组分及结构特征研究, 指出属H6型。本文试图根据40Ar/39Ar快中子活化资料及原始捕获氩同位素特征, 探讨信阳陨石的演化特点。      

富氢/富氧燃气同轴直流喷嘴燃烧过程数值模拟

为研究全流量补燃FFSC(Full Flow Staged Combustion)循环发动机气-气喷注器性能,以气氢/气氧(GH2/GO2)预燃室提供的758K富氢燃气和676K富氧燃气为推进剂对同轴直流喷嘴燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.考察了相同燃烧室结构、流量、入口燃气温度条件下,富氧燃气压降、富氢燃气和富氧燃气的速度比、氧喷嘴厚度和氧喷嘴缩进变化对燃烧性能的影响,获得了4个参数的影响规律.数值模拟结果对燃气气-气喷注器结构设计有参考价值.     

Mesospheric H2O and H2O2 densities inferred from in situ positive ion composition measurement

The measurements of positive ion composition in the high latitude D-region have revealed an excess of 34⁺ under distrubed conditions which has been interpreted as H₂O₂⁺. At the same altitude range near the transition height oxonium ions were measured as well. This paper presents a new model for the production and loss of oxonium ions with their production from H₂O₂⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HO₂ and their loss by attachment of N₂ and/or CO₂. A reaction constant of 8.5×10^?28 (300/T)⁴ cm⁶s^?1 has been obtained for the three body attachment H₃O⁺ + CO₂ + M → H₃O⁺.CO₂ + M from the measured density profile of 63⁺ in flight 18.1020. Mesospheric H₂O and H₂O₂ densities are inferred from measurements of four high latitude ion compositions based on the oxonium model. The mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide are up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous model calculations. In order to explain the missing production of odd hydrogen, we consider larger O(¹D) densities, surface reactions of O(³P) on particles, and cathalytic photodissociation of water vapor on aerosol particles.